the pleura and the lungs Flashcards
what are the layers of the thoracic wall
- Skin
- Superficial fascia and fat
- Deep fascia – pectoralis fascia
- Muscles – pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, intercostal muscles
- Endothoracic fascia
- Parietal pleura
- Pleural space
- Visceral pleura and lungs
what are the parts of the thoracic cavity
2x Pulmonary cavities: 2x pleural cavities and lungs
Mediastinum
what are the 2 pleura in the thoracic cavity
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pleura
what is the pleural cavity
- Pleural cavity: potential space between the layers of pleura
- Pleural cavity contains pleural fluid.
what are the parts of the parietal pleura
- Parietal: lines the pulmonary cavities in the thoracic cavity.
- Costal part – thoracic wall
- Mediastinal part – mediastinum
- Diaphragmatic part – the superior surface of the diaphragm
- Cervical pleura – lung apex
what is the visceral pleura
invests the parenchyma of the lungs
what is a pleural reflection
change in direction of pleura from one wall of pleural cavity to another.
what are the different parts of the pleural reflection
sternal
costal
vertebral
what is the pleural recesses
larger pleural spaces, allow for lung expansion in forced inspiration.
what are the parts of the pleural recesses
- Costodiaphragmatic recess
- Costomediastinal recess
where are the lungs located
within each pulmonary cavity, surrounded by visceral pleura.
what is the apex of the lungs
covered by cervical pleura, extends into the root of the neck
where is the base of the lungs
lays on each hemi-diaphragm
what are the lobes of the lung
superior, middle (right only), inferior
what are the fissures of the lung
oblique (both), horizontal (right only)
what are the surfaces of the lung
costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal
what are the borders of the lung
anterior, posterior, inferior
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what is a lingula
Any of several tongue-shaped bony structures, especially that which forms the anterior border of the mandibular foramen.
what are the features that the left lung has
- Lingula
- Cardiac notch
- Lobes
- Fissures
- Surfaces
- Borders
what are the features that the right lung has
- Lobes
- Fissures
- Surfaces
- Borders
what is the bronchopulmonary segment
portion of lung supplied by a specific segmental bronchus and its vessels
what are features of bronchopulmonary segments
Apices faces root, base face pleural surface
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have
10
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have
8-10
what level is the trachea at
c6
what level is the primary/main bronchi at
t4/t5
what are features of the right primary bronchus
short
wide
verticle
what are features of the left primary bronchus
long
narrow
inferolateral
what is the respiratory bronchial tree
- Trachea (C6)
- Primary/main bronchi (T4/5)
- Secondary/lobar bronchi (2x left, 3x right)
- Tertiary/segmental bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles (RB)
- Alveolar ducts and sac
- Alveoli
where are bronchopulmonary segments found
tertiary bronchus
how are lungs connected to the mediastinum
by the root
what is the root
structures entering and exiting the hilum of the lung
what are examples of roots
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary veins (superior and inferior)
- Bronchial artery (2x left, 1x right) and vein
- Main bronchus
- Pulmonary plexus
- Lymphatic vessels
what is the hilum
wedge-shaped depression when structures enter and exit
what is the pleural sleeve
reflection from parietal to visceral pleura, surrounding the root of the lung
what is the pulmonary ligament
inferior continuation of the pleural sleeve
what does pulmonary circulation do
supplies the lung parenchyma, involved in gas exchange
what vessels are involved in pulmonary circulation
- Pulmonary arteries (right and left)
- Pulmonary veins (right superior and inferior, left superior and inferior)
where do pulmonary arteries do
- Pulmonary arteries arise from pulmonary trunk directly from the right ventricle of the heart.
- Pulmonary arteries divide down in similar pattern to the bronchial tree travelling with corresponding bronchi.
what do pulmonary veins do
Pulmonary veins drain from segmental veins, merging to form 4 pulmonary veins that drain into the left atrium of the heart.
what is bronchial circulation
Supplies the tracheobronchial tree (to RB), root of the lung, supporting lung tissue, visceral pleura
what vessels are involved in bronchial circulation
- Bronchial arteries (2x left, 1x right)
- Bronchial veins (right and left)
what do bronchial arteries do
left side arise from thoracic aorta, right arise from trunk with the left superior bronchial artery or right 3rd posterior intercostal artery.
what do bronchial veins do
Bronchial veins only drain proximal structures at the root. Right drain into azygos vein, left drain into accessory hemi-azygos vein.
what innervates the parietal pleura
Sensory: phrenic n. (C3-5), intercostal n.
what innervates the visceral pleura
Sensory: sympathetic trunk (T2-6)
