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heart, lungs and blood > Respiratory microanatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are bronchioles

A

air conducted passways

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2
Q

what are the smallest bronchioles

A

terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

where to terminal bronchioles lead

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

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4
Q

what do the alveolar ducts lead to

A

alvolar sacs then the alveoli

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5
Q

what is the blue structure?

A

supporting cartilage

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6
Q

do bronchioles contain large cartilage plates in their submucosa

A

no

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7
Q

do bronchioles contain glands in their submucosa

A

no

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8
Q

do bronchioles contain a layer of smooth muscle in their submucosa

A

yes

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9
Q

what are the features of Clara cells

A

tall
columnar
non-ciliated
dome-shaped
apical ends (apex)

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10
Q

what cells are in the primary bronchiole

A

goblet cells
Clara cells
ciliated simple columnar & cuboidal cells

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11
Q

what is the epithelium of the primary bronchiole consist of

A

ciliated simple columnar & cuboidal cells
Clara cells

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12
Q

what happens to the primary bronchiole as you move distally

A

diameter decreases
transition to simple ciliated columnar epithelium with clara cells instead of goblet cells

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13
Q

what are the blue yellow and orange structures

A

Clara cells, ciliated simple columnar cells, cuboidal cells

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14
Q

what are the blue, yellow and green structures

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and goblet cells

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15
Q

what happens to the lumen when a patient has bronchial asthma

A

mucus in the lumen

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16
Q

what happens to the bronciolar wall when a patient has bronchial asthma

A

thicker due to muscle hypertrophy

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17
Q

what happens to the blood vessels if the patient has bronchial asthma

A

inflammation and enlarged blood vessels

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18
Q

what are curschmanns spirals

A

spiral-shaped mucus plugs

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19
Q

where are curschmanns spirals found

A

the sputum obtains from tracheal and bronchoalveolar lavage

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20
Q

where does curschmanns spirals originate from

A

small bronchioles

21
Q

what are curschmanns spirals associated with

A

chronic lesions

22
Q

what are features of respiratory bronchioles

A
  • thinner walls
  • smaller number of alveoli
  • simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium
  • more clara cells
  • some ciliated cells
23
Q

what are alveolar ducts

A

linear airways with multiple alveoli along the duct

24
Q

what are the cells within the alveolar ducts

A

smooth muscle and simple cuboidal epithelium

25
Q

what are the structures in this picture

A
26
Q

where are alveolar macrophages present

A

connective tissues of the septum
lumen of the alveoli

27
Q

what are all the structures in the resp tract

A
  • olfactory epithelium (nasal cavity)
  • trachea
  • bronchi (primary/main, secondary/lobar and tertiary/segmental)
  • terminal bronchiole
  • respiratory bronchiole
  • alveolar ducts
  • pores of Kohn
  • alveolar sacs
28
Q

what do goblet cells look like

A

white

29
Q

what are all of these

A

O: olfactory cells
S: sustentacular cells
B: basal cells
V: olfactory vesicles

30
Q

what do basal cells do

A

stem cells from which new olfactory cells can develop

31
Q

where are basal cells found

A
  • lie closest to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium.
  • furthest from the lumen.
32
Q

what are olfactory cells

A

receptors that are responsible for our sense of smell

33
Q

where are olfactory cells found

A

between sustentacular and basal cells

34
Q

what does the cell body of the olfactory cell looks like

A

central bulge that containts the nucleus

35
Q

what comes off the central body of olfactory cells

A

two cytoplasmic processes that extend towards the epithelium surface and the basement membrane

36
Q

what is the process of the olfactory cell that goes towards the epithelium surface

A

dendritic process that ends to the ciliated olfactory vesicle

37
Q

what is the process of the olfactory cell that goes towards the basement membrane

A

proximal process which participates in the formation of synaptic connections in the olfactory bulb

38
Q

what are sustentacular cells

A

olfactory receptor support cells

39
Q

where are sustentacular cells found

A

Extend a more bulky cytoplasm towards the olfactory epithelium and a narrow side towards the basement membrane.

40
Q

what are these structures

A

OC: olfactory receptor cells
N: nerves
ON: olfactory nerve

41
Q

how do you stain nerves

A

immunostaining of nuerofilament proteins

42
Q

what cells are within the trachea

A

M: muscle
Joins the two ends of the trachea cartilage.
Part of a ligament that includes elastic fibres.
S: submucosa
C: cartilage
E: epitheliumPseudostratified epithelium of ciliated columnar cells including goblet cells.
G: seromucous glands

43
Q

what cells are within the broncho wall

A

Ep: epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated columnar cells including goblet cells, basal cells and neuroendocrine cells.
El: elastin
C: cartilage
SM: smooth muscle
G: seromucous glands

44
Q

what cells are within the bronchi epithelium

A

E: elastin fibres
C: columnar ciliated cells
I: intermediate cells
B: basal cells
NE: neuroendocrine cells, appear close to the basement membrane like basal cells, but have a dark stained nucleus and a clear cytoplasm. They secrete hormones and peptides.

45
Q

what cells are within the bronchioles

A

M: muscle, submucosal.
E: epithelium consists of columnar epithelial cells and it is not pseudostratified. Some goblet cells and neuroendocrine cells can be found
B: bronchiole
PA: pulmonary artery

There are no seromucous glands.

46
Q

what are type I pneumocytes

A

squamous epithelial cells and carry out gas exchange. Provide 90% of the alveolar surface area.

47
Q

what are type II pneumocytes

A

cuboidal epithelial cells with a dome shape and project into the lumen. These are secretory cells that secrete a surfactant that covers the surface of the alveoli and reduces surface tension, protecting the alveoli from collapsing.

48
Q

label these structures

A

AS: alveolar sacs
AD: alveolar ducts
T: terminal bronchiole
R: respiratory bronchiole

49
Q

what are pores of Kohn

A

provide communication between alveoli and allow for quick and even air distribution in the lung.

heart, lungs and blood (51 decks)

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