Respiratory microanatomy Flashcards
what are bronchioles
air conducted passways
what are the smallest bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
where to terminal bronchioles lead
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
what do the alveolar ducts lead to
alvolar sacs then the alveoli
what is the blue structure?
supporting cartilage
do bronchioles contain large cartilage plates in their submucosa
no
do bronchioles contain glands in their submucosa
no
do bronchioles contain a layer of smooth muscle in their submucosa
yes
what are the features of Clara cells
tall
columnar
non-ciliated
dome-shaped
apical ends (apex)
what cells are in the primary bronchiole
goblet cells
Clara cells
ciliated simple columnar & cuboidal cells
what is the epithelium of the primary bronchiole consist of
ciliated simple columnar & cuboidal cells
Clara cells
what happens to the primary bronchiole as you move distally
diameter decreases
transition to simple ciliated columnar epithelium with clara cells instead of goblet cells
what are the blue yellow and orange structures
Clara cells, ciliated simple columnar cells, cuboidal cells
what are the blue, yellow and green structures
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and goblet cells
what happens to the lumen when a patient has bronchial asthma
mucus in the lumen
what happens to the bronciolar wall when a patient has bronchial asthma
thicker due to muscle hypertrophy
what happens to the blood vessels if the patient has bronchial asthma
inflammation and enlarged blood vessels
what are curschmanns spirals
spiral-shaped mucus plugs
where are curschmanns spirals found
the sputum obtains from tracheal and bronchoalveolar lavage
where does curschmanns spirals originate from
small bronchioles
what are curschmanns spirals associated with
chronic lesions
what are features of respiratory bronchioles
- thinner walls
- smaller number of alveoli
- simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium
- more clara cells
- some ciliated cells
what are alveolar ducts
linear airways with multiple alveoli along the duct
what are the cells within the alveolar ducts
smooth muscle and simple cuboidal epithelium
what are the structures in this picture
where are alveolar macrophages present
connective tissues of the septum
lumen of the alveoli
what are all the structures in the resp tract
- olfactory epithelium (nasal cavity)
- trachea
- bronchi (primary/main, secondary/lobar and tertiary/segmental)
- terminal bronchiole
- respiratory bronchiole
- alveolar ducts
- pores of Kohn
- alveolar sacs
what do goblet cells look like
white
what are all of these
O: olfactory cells
S: sustentacular cells
B: basal cells
V: olfactory vesicles
what do basal cells do
stem cells from which new olfactory cells can develop
where are basal cells found
- lie closest to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium.
- furthest from the lumen.
what are olfactory cells
receptors that are responsible for our sense of smell
where are olfactory cells found
between sustentacular and basal cells
what does the cell body of the olfactory cell looks like
central bulge that containts the nucleus
what comes off the central body of olfactory cells
two cytoplasmic processes that extend towards the epithelium surface and the basement membrane
what is the process of the olfactory cell that goes towards the epithelium surface
dendritic process that ends to the ciliated olfactory vesicle
what is the process of the olfactory cell that goes towards the basement membrane
proximal process which participates in the formation of synaptic connections in the olfactory bulb
what are sustentacular cells
olfactory receptor support cells
where are sustentacular cells found
Extend a more bulky cytoplasm towards the olfactory epithelium and a narrow side towards the basement membrane.
what are these structures
OC: olfactory receptor cells
N: nerves
ON: olfactory nerve
how do you stain nerves
immunostaining of nuerofilament proteins
what cells are within the trachea
M: muscle
Joins the two ends of the trachea cartilage.
Part of a ligament that includes elastic fibres.
S: submucosa
C: cartilage
E: epitheliumPseudostratified epithelium of ciliated columnar cells including goblet cells.
G: seromucous glands
what cells are within the broncho wall
Ep: epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated columnar cells including goblet cells, basal cells and neuroendocrine cells.
El: elastin
C: cartilage
SM: smooth muscle
G: seromucous glands
what cells are within the bronchi epithelium
E: elastin fibres
C: columnar ciliated cells
I: intermediate cells
B: basal cells
NE: neuroendocrine cells, appear close to the basement membrane like basal cells, but have a dark stained nucleus and a clear cytoplasm. They secrete hormones and peptides.
what cells are within the bronchioles
M: muscle, submucosal.
E: epithelium consists of columnar epithelial cells and it is not pseudostratified. Some goblet cells and neuroendocrine cells can be found
B: bronchiole
PA: pulmonary artery
There are no seromucous glands.
what are type I pneumocytes
squamous epithelial cells and carry out gas exchange. Provide 90% of the alveolar surface area.
what are type II pneumocytes
cuboidal epithelial cells with a dome shape and project into the lumen. These are secretory cells that secrete a surfactant that covers the surface of the alveoli and reduces surface tension, protecting the alveoli from collapsing.
label these structures
AS: alveolar sacs
AD: alveolar ducts
T: terminal bronchiole
R: respiratory bronchiole
what are pores of Kohn
provide communication between alveoli and allow for quick and even air distribution in the lung.
