Physiology of normal WBCs Flashcards
What is haematopoiesis?
Haematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production in the body.
What is a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)?
A hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a self-renewing cell that has the potential to differentiate into different blood cell lineages.
What are the two lineages that a HSC can differentiate into?
A HSC can differentiate into the myeloid lineage and the lymphoid lineage.
What cells are produced in the myeloid lineage?
The myeloid lineage produces granulocytes, antigen presenting cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
What cells are produced in the lymphoid lineage?
The lymphoid lineage produces T cells and B cells.
What is the function of granulocytes?
Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection by engulfing and destroying foreign particles.
What is the function of red blood cells?
Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body tissues to the lungs.
What is the function of platelets?
Platelets are involved in the formation of blood clots to stop bleeding.
What is the function of T cells?
T cells play a role in the immune response by recognizing and attacking foreign invaders.
What is the function of B cells?
B cells produce antibodies that recognize and neutralize foreign invaders.
What are the two lineages that the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) can differentiate into?
The myeloid lineage and the lymphoid lineage.
What are the different types of granulocytes?
The different types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.
What is the function of granulocytes?
Granulocytes are first responders in the immune response, and they contain cytoplasmic granules that carry proteins and other molecules essential for the immune response to infection.
What are phagocytes/antigen-presenting cells?
Phagocytes/antigen-presenting cells include monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
What is the function of lymphoid cells?
Lymphoid cells are involved in adaptive immunity.
How do granulocyte granules appear when stained with haematoxylin/eosin?
Granules that appear dark pink or red stain primarily with eosin and are called eosinophilic granules. Granules that appear dark purple or blue stain primarily with haematoxylin and are called basophilic granules.
What are azurophilic granules?
Azurophilic granules are abundant in neutrophils, and they do not stain well with the standard haematoxylin/eosin stain.
What is the function of neutrophils?
Neutrophils are involved in the immune response to infection, and they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy invading microorganisms.
What is the function of eosinophils?
Eosinophils are involved in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies.
What is the function of basophils?
Basophils are involved in the immune response to allergies and parasitic infections, and they release histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
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neutrophil
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monocyte
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eosinophils
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basophils
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lymphocyte
What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)?
PRRs are receptors present in myeloid white blood cells and other cells that recognize Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs).
What are some examples of PRRs?
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs) are two examples of PRRs.
What is the function of PRRs?
PRRs are essential for recognizing microorganisms and pathogens and initiating the immune response.
Are PRRs only found in white blood cells?
No, PRRs are also present in skin cells, epithelial and mucosal cells, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other cells.
What are PAMPs and DAMPs?
PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) are molecules found on microorganisms that are recognized by PRRs, while DAMPs (Damage Associated Molecular Patterns) are released by damaged cells and tissues and can also be recognized by PRRs.
Why are PRRs important for the immune response?
PRRs allow white blood cells to recognize and respond to a wide variety of microorganisms and pathogens, even those they have not encountered before.
How do TLRs and CLRs differ?
TLRs are membrane-bound receptors that recognize a variety of PAMPs, while CLRs are primarily involved in recognizing fungi and other specific types of pathogens.
Can PRRs cause an immune response without the presence of a pathogen?
Yes, in some cases PRRs can recognize DAMPs released by damaged cells and tissues, which can trigger an immune response.
Are PRRs specific to particular types of microorganisms or pathogens?
Some PRRs are specific to certain types of pathogens (such as CLRs and fungi), while others can recognize a wide variety of PAMPs from different microorganisms (such as TLRs).
How do PRRs help white blood cells distinguish between self and non-self?
PRRs are able to distinguish between self and non-self by recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs that are not present on normal, healthy cells.
What are monocytes?
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that make up 2% - 12% of white blood cells.