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Heart, Lungs and Blood > Fundementals of blood and RBC's > Flashcards

Fundementals of blood and RBC's Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood

A

has a cellular component and an extra-cellular matrix liquid component which is blood plasma

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2
Q

what is plasma

A
  • blood plasma is yellow
  • consists of mainly water, biomolecules and inorganic compounds
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3
Q

what does blood transport

A

nutrients
proteins,hormones, antibodies
removes metabolic waste

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4
Q

what do inorganic salts do in the blood

A

buffer the pH and contribute to osmotic balance and the regulation of the cell membrane potential

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5
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

RBC’s

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6
Q

what do erythrocytes do

A

transport O2 and CO2 around the body

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7
Q

what is a haematocrit

A

the % of red blood cells relative to total blood volume

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8
Q

what are leukocytes

A

WBC’s

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9
Q

what are examples of leukocytes

A

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

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10
Q

what are platelets made from

A

cytoplasmic cell fragments of cellular precursors

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11
Q

what are platelets

A

essential for blood clotting

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12
Q

what are characteristics of the RBC

A
  • flexible disc
  • biconcave shape
  • no nucleus
  • reduced number of organelles and cellular membrane structures
  • short life span
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13
Q

what is the lifespan of a RBC

A

120 days

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14
Q

what is the overall structure of the RBC

A

plasma membrane
biconcave shape

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15
Q

what are features of the plasma membrane

A
  • asymmetrical
  • negatively charged phospholipids
  • located on the inner part of the lipid bilayer
  • important for cell signalling communication
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16
Q

what are features of the biconcave shape

A
  • spectrin has a filamentous shape
  • primary component of the RBC cytoskeleton
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17
Q

what do spectrin gene abnormalities cause

A

spherical and fragile RBC’s

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18
Q

what is the clotting process

A
  • platelets come in contact with collagen fibers
  • platelets will then swell and form a sticky patch which begins the blood clotting cascade
    prothrombin and fibrinogen are cleaved to thrombin and fibrin leading to the formation of a blood clot prior to the formation of scar tissue in wound healing
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19
Q

what are platelets released by

A

released by megakaryocytes

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20
Q

what do platelets do

A

contain enzymes that initiate blood clotting

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21
Q

what is the site of erythropoiesis

A

bone marrow
takes place in haematopoietic or red marrow which is located within trabecular bone at the end of long bones

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22
Q

what does erythropoiesis do

A

RBC production =RBC volume / RBC lifespan

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23
Q

what drives erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoiesis is driven mainly by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which is a glycoprotein cytokine.

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24
Q

what does EPO do

A
  • In response, there is a surge in EPO production, which acts on the bone marrow to stimulate increased red blood cell production.
  • all erythroblasts are EPO dependent then after they are iron dependent
  • when EPO binds to an EPO receptor it causes cell proliferation and cell differentiation
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25
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

an immature red blood cell without a nucleus

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26
Q

what does an elevated number of reticulocytes mean?

A

An elevated number of reticulocytes indicates active bone marrow response to blood loss through trauma or anaemia

27
Q

how do reticulocytes form

A

When haemoglobin synthesis has been completed the erythroblast nucleus, that has been progressively condensing, gets expelled yielding the reticulocyte

28
Q

what is HbA or adult haemoglobin

A

Consists of four subunits, two identical α chains and two identical β chains

29
Q

what is HbF or fetal haemoglobin

A

consists of two identical α chains and two identical γ chains.

30
Q

what is the main secondary structure of the haemoglobin protein subunits.

A

α-helix

31
Q

what is the structure of haemoglobin

A

Four heme groups are bound to each of the subunits.

32
Q

what does haemoglobin do

A

Binds and transports O2 around the body.

33
Q

what which haemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2

A

HbF

34
Q

what gives haemoglobin its red colour

A

heme group

35
Q

what does heme do

A
  • Fe atom (Fe2+), which binds oxygen.
  • When O2 binds to heme there is a partial transfer of an electron from Fe to O2 yielding Fe3+ and a superoxide ion (O2-
36
Q

why is the haemoglobin subunits there

A

The haemoglobin protein subunits ensure that O2 and not O2- is released in tissues.

37
Q

what is cooperative binding behaviour

A
  • O2 binding to one heme group increases the possibility of O2 binding in the other three heme groups.
  • Therefore, the unloading of O2 from one heme groups assists the unloading of O2 from the other three heme groups.
38
Q

what does 2,3-DPG do

A

Lowers the affinity of O2 for haemoglobin, ensuring the release of O2 in tissues.

39
Q

what is the molecular mechanism of 2,3 BPG/ 2,3-DPG

A
  • 2,3 BPG is an allosteric (connection away from active site) regulator of haemoglobin. It binds to the centre of the tetramer (molecule w 4 subunits) at a site different from the O2 binding ones.
  • Causes haemoglobin conformation with lower O2 binding affinity – where more O2 binding sites are occupied.
  • Lower O2 binding affinity ensures easier O2 release
40
Q

what is the binding like for 2,3-DPG for HbF

A
  • Consequently 2,3-BPG does not bind HbF as efficiently as it binds HbA.
  • Fetal RBCs have higher affinity for O2 than maternal RBCs.
41
Q

what is the affinity of myoglobin like

A

It has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to haemoglobin → inefficient/low oxygen release.

42
Q

how des CO2 affect pH

A
43
Q

how does CO2 react with terminal amino groups

A

Carbon dioxide reacts with the terminal amino groups of deoxyhaemoglobin and forms “carbamate” groups.
HCO3- transport across the RBC plasma membrane is coupled with transport of Cl- in the opposite direction.

44
Q

what happens when CO binds to haemoglobin

A

binds to haemoglobin at the oxygen binding site yielding carboxyhemoglobin

45
Q

what does CO do to O2 in the haemoglobin

A
  • displaces bound oxygen
  • CO binding to one of the 4 heme groups will increase haemoglobin affinity for oxygen
46
Q

what are the CO-poisoning symptoms

A

Disorientation
Nausea
Lethargy
Weakness

47
Q

what hypovolaemia

A
  • Loss of extra-cellular fluid.
  • Can be attributed to loss of blood volume.
48
Q

what are the causes of hypovolaemia

A
  • Excess bleeding due to trauma.
  • Diarrhea or vomiting.
  • Renal failure.
  • Use of diuretics.
49
Q

what are symptoms for hypovolamia

A

Fatigue, headaches, cyanosis, tachycardia.

50
Q

what happens if you leave hypovolaemia untreated

A

hypovolaemic shock, organ failure and death.

51
Q

what is anaemia

A

Reduced haemoglobin concentration → reduced oxygen transport.

52
Q

what are the clinical symptoms for anaemia

A

tachycardia, breathlessness, pallor, lethargy.

53
Q

what are the causes of anaemia

A
  • iron deficiency
  • Bone marrow suppression –
  • Blood loss.
  • Folate deficiency
  • Haemolysis
  • Inherited problems in haemoglobin synthesis
  • Autoimmunity
54
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia caused by

A
  • → β-globin position 6 glutamate replaced with valine
  • → production of HbS
  • → oxyhaemoglobin is not affected but deoxyhaemoglobin becomes fibrous and forms aggregates.
55
Q

what do RBC’s look like in sickle cell anaemia

A
  • sickle-like shape, which clog capillaries and prohibit smooth blood flow.
  • RBCs stick frequently to vessel walls and remain in blood circulation for a reduced amount of time.
56
Q

what is α-thalassaemia caused by

A

caused by deletion/inactivation of three or four of the α-globin genes

57
Q

what is the deletion/inactivation of 3 genes

A

HbH disease → enlarged spleen/liver, anaemia (may require blood transfusions), haemolysis.

58
Q

what is the deletion/inactivation of 4 genes

A

Hb Bart syndrome → embryonic lethality.

59
Q

what is β-thalassaemia caused by

A

caused by mutations or deletions of the β-globin gene.

60
Q

what does β-thalassaemia cause

A

Anaemia, haemolysis, erythroid hyperplasia, bone marrow expansion, extramedullary haematopoiesis.

61
Q

what is polycythaemia caused by

A

Decrease in blood volume.
increased RBC production entering circulation – erythrocytosis
Polycythaemia is an example of a myeloproliferative neoplasm

62
Q

what is polycythaemia characterised by

A

elevated haematocrit

63
Q

what are the symptoms of polycythaemia

A

Fatigue, dizziness, headaches
Gum bleeding, nosebleeds
Can affect heart function, spleen function, blood clotting.

Heart, Lungs and Blood (51 decks)

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