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Heart, Lungs and Blood > fundamentals of circulation: Physiology and pathology of O2 Delivery and Perfusion > Flashcards

fundamentals of circulation: Physiology and pathology of O2 Delivery and Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

what is hemodynamics

A

how blood flows through the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

what is heterogenous

A

from different origins

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3
Q

what are factors used to describe blood flow

A
  • continual changing of the dimensions of blood vessels
  • different physical and chemical stimuli to the heart muscle
  • blood is not a uniform fluid but a heterogenous mixture of cells and proteins
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4
Q

what is velolcity

A

Velocity- the linear displacement of fluid per unit of time

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5
Q

what is cross-sectional area

A

Cross-sectional area (A)- the area the fluid moves through in any given section of the blood vessel by pi^2

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6
Q

what is flow

A

flow (q)- the volume of fluid that passes through vessel per unit of time

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7
Q

how do you calculate blood flow

A

blood flow Q=VA

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8
Q

what is laminar flow

A
  • streamlined flow
  • flow that occurs in concentric layer as the layers slide past each other at different velocities
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9
Q

what happens to fluid in laminar flow

A

fluid at the center will flow at the highest velocity but fluids in periphery will flow much slower due to higher frictional resistance

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10
Q

what is a turbulent flow

A
  • involves rapid mixing which can disrupt normal laminar flow
  • much higher pressure is necessary to maintain a constant flow
  • less efficient
  • if theres prolonged turbulence it may lead to hypertension
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11
Q

How does blood flow

A
  • blood flows down a pressure gradient
  • flow is pulsatile in the aorta and large arteries and becomes laminar in the capillaries and veins
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12
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A
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13
Q

where is the mitral valve

A

left atrium and left ventricle

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14
Q

where is the aortic valve

A

between left ventricle and aorta

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15
Q

where is the tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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16
Q

where is the pulmonary valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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17
Q

what side of the heart has a lower pressure

A

right

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18
Q

what happens if there is an issue with the aortic valve

A

Left ventricle and aorta systolic pressures will be different

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19
Q

what happens if there is an issue with the pulmonary valve

A

the right ventricles and pulmonary artery systolic pressures will be different

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20
Q

what happens if there is an issue with the mitral valve

A

difference in left atrium and left ventricle diastolic pressure

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21
Q

what happens if there is an issue with the tricuspid valve

A

difference in the right atrium and right ventricle diastolic pressure

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22
Q

which has a higher arterial mean pressure: arteries in the systemic or pulmonary system

A

systemic

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23
Q

what are the arterial walls like in systemic circulation

A

thick
elastic

24
Q

what are the arterial walls like in pulmonary circulation

A

thin
distensible

25
Q

what are lumens of arterioles in systemic circulation like

A

small

26
Q

what are lumens of arterioles in pulmonary circulation like

A

large

27
Q

what is the resistance of the arterioles in systemic circulation like

A

high

28
Q

what is the resistance of the arterioles in pulmonary circulation like

A

low

29
Q

what are arterioles response to hypoxia in systemic circulation

A

vasodilation

30
Q

what are arterioles response to hypoxia in pulmonary circulation

A

vasoconstriction

31
Q

what is the wall thickness like for capillaries in systemic circulation

A

thin

32
Q

what is the wall thickness like for capillaries in pulmonary circulation

A

thin

33
Q

what is the flow like for capillaries in systemic circulation

A

continuous

34
Q

what is the flow like for capillaries in pulmonary circulation

A

pulsatile

35
Q

which has a higher venous mean pressure: veins in the systemic or pulmonary system

A

pulmonary

36
Q

which has a higher venous capacity : veins in the systemic or pulmonary system

A

systemic

37
Q

what is autoregulation

A

Maintains relatively constant flow over a wide range of blood pressures

38
Q

what are the blood flow control mechanisms

A
  • metabolic demand
  • myogenic (originating from muscle) response
  • local vasoactive mediators
  • autonomic nervous system
  • hormones
39
Q

how does metabolic demand control blood flow

A

low O2, high CO2 and low pH cause vasodilation

40
Q

how does myogenic response control blood flow

A

arteriolar smooth muscle contraction in response to stretch- to maintain a certain pressure

41
Q

how does local vasoactive mediators control blood flow

A
  • vasodilators: e.g. adenosine, NO
  • vasoconstrictors: eg endothelin
42
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system control blood flow

A
  • external control
  • basal sympathetic tone and responses
43
Q

how do hormones control blood flow

A

external control

44
Q

what is a portal system

A

2 sets of capillaries in series

45
Q

what are the steps of renal circulation

A

liver secrets angiotensinogen
angiotensinogen binds with renin –> angiotensin I
angiotensin I binds with Lung/renal endothelial ACE (more lung compared to renal)–> angiotensin II

46
Q

what happens overall when renal arterioles are constricted

A

increases overall resistance & reduces renal flow

47
Q

what happens when renal afferent arterioles are constricted

A

decreases GFR- glomelular filtrate rate

48
Q

what happens when renal efferent arterioles are constricted

A

increased GFR

49
Q

what is blood flow controlled by in renal

A
  • Autoregulation
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Tubulo-glomerular feedback
50
Q

how is cerebral blood flow autoregulated

A

maintains constant flow for mean arterial pressures
Low pH and high CO2 levels increase flow to wash out H+ and excess CO2
Oxygen is a weaker controller
Flow only increases when PaO2 is very low

51
Q

how is skin blood flow autoregulated

A

Arteriolar constriction
Arteriovenous anastomoses that bypass capillary beds

52
Q

what are the control mechanisms for autoregulation of the skins blood flow

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Skin ambient temperature receptors
NO local metabolic control

53
Q

how is skeletal muscle blood flow autoregulated

A

vasodilation due to tissue hypoxia (low PaO2)
High CO2, low pH (lactic acid), high K+
Local mediators, eg adenosine, NO
Sympathetic nervous system (b2 vasodilation)

54
Q

what happens to blood flow during fight or flight response

A

To skeletal muscles and the heart (b2 – mediated vasodilation)
Away from skin, kidneys, GI system (a1 – mediated vasocontriction)
But…
Blood flow to the brain is preserved (autoregulation)

55
Q

what is ischemia

A

Blood flow to a part of the body is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the tissue
Oxygen
Nutrients
Removal of waste products (eg CO2)

Heart, Lungs and Blood (51 decks)

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