cardiovascular exam Flashcards
What is a murmur?
A murmur is an abnormal sound heard during heart auscultation, which is not normally present.
What is a thrill?
A thrill is a vibration felt upon palpation that is associated with a murmur.
What is a systolic murmur?
A systolic murmur occurs during ventricular contraction/ejection of blood, in the period after the first heart sound (S1) and before the second heart sound (S2).
What is a diastolic murmur?
A diastolic murmur occurs during ventricular relaxation/filling with blood, in the period after S2 and before S1.
What is a benign murmur?
A benign murmur is a soft mid-systolic murmur that is otherwise normal.
What are the characteristics of aortic stenosis?
Aortic stenosis is characterized by an ejection systolic murmur that is loudest in the aortic area, radiates to the neck, and has a slow-rising pulse and forceful apex beat.
What are the characteristics of mitral regurgitation?
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by a pan-systolic murmur that is loudest in the mitral area, radiates to the axilla, and has a displaced and forceful apex beat.
What are the characteristics of aortic regurgitation?
Aortic regurgitation is characterized by an early diastolic murmur that is heard at the lower left sternal border, is best heard in expiration, has a rapid upstroke (‘collapsing’) pulse, and has a displaced and forceful apex beat.
What are the characteristics of mitral stenosis?
Mitral stenosis is characterized by a low-pitched rumbling mid/late diastolic murmur that is loudest in the mitral area, is louder with the patient lying on their left, has a loud first heart sound, and has a parasternal heave.
What is a ventricular septal defect?
A ventricular septal defect is a congenital heart defect characterized by a pan-systolic murmur that is loudest at the left sternal border. In small defects, there may be no other signs.
What are the signs and symptoms of heart failure?
Signs and symptoms of heart failure include leg edema, low volume pulse, low blood pressure, raised jugular venous pressure, displaced apex beat (heart enlargement), crackles at the lung bases, and sacral edema.
