The Plantations

Question 1

what was ireland like in the 1500

Answer 1

Thick forests and scrub covered the whole country. There were few bridges so it was difficult to travel across rivers or streams. traveling alone in the dark is dangerous iin ireland in. There was no central government. King Henry VII was king of England and cold himself ‘ the lord of Ireland ‘. But he only controlled a small amount of Ireland called the pale. In Ireland it was divided into 2 sections- Gaelic lords, the pale, old English lords

Question 2

Name the three sections that Ireland was divided into

Answer 2

The pale, the Gaelic lords, old English lords

Question 3

What is the pale

Answer 3

The small area around Dublin the king controlled

Question 4

What where the laws and customs of the Gaelic lords

Answer 4

Who ruled-Gaelic lords rules over the clan. this was a group of people who share the same name. in theory all members of the clan elected the lord from the ruling family called the derbhfine. in practice the new lord was likely to be brother or son of previous lord

language- Irish

law-brehon law. the brehon was in charge of carrying out the law. the only form of punishment was the éiric or fine. the guilty persons family had to pay the victims family.there was no executions or gaols.

marriage laws-wives could keep their property when married.divorce is allowed.children born outside of the marriage we entitled a share in their fathers property

land-land belonged to the whole clan. the clans huge herd grazed on the land and the persons wealth was determined by the amount of cows owned.those who farmed the land had few rights but moved from lord to lord depending where they could get the best deal

dress-women:long tunic and a mantle
men:knee-length tunic and a mantle.they often
wore an mustache and a fringe called a gib

Question 5

what did the people of the pale think of irish lords

Answer 5

the landowners and the merchants of the pale hated the irish and the old english lords.it made it difficult for the pale to do business

Question 6

what is black rent

Answer 6

itis money pale farmers pay to the gaelic lords to stop them from raiding their farms

Question 7

what is the lords deputy

Answer 7

the kings representative in ireland

Question 8

what is surrender and regrant

Answer 8

the gaelic lorsa would surrender their lands and promise to use their laws and language

they would swear loyalty to the english king

the king would tehn regrant their land back to th lords with english titles such as barol or earl. for example it was in the way that the chief of o’neills became earl of tyrone

Question 9

name a clan leader that got granted a english title

Answer 9

chief of o’neills became earl of tyrone

Question 10

what is a plantation

Answer 10

people from one country are sent to another to take land and to live and work here

Question 11

how did the laois-offaly plantation work

Answer 11

queen mary took land from the o’conners and the o’mores and organised the laois-offaly plantation

the land was divided into two parts
one third was given back to the o’connors ans the o’moors. it was the land closest to the river shannon and was very boggy

two thirds was given to loyal english families. each family was given about 360 acres

Question 12

describe the laois-offaly plantation

Answer 12

queen mary planned the first plantation in ireland in the 1550.two gaelic clans the o’connors and the o’mores were raiding the pale and stealing cattle. the lord deputy suggested to queen mary she give the land around them to english soldiers. they would farm the land and at the same time guard the pale

Question 13

why did the english use plantations

Answer 13

bringing new settlers would be cheaper than having and english army constantly in ireland

teh settlers would bring english laws to replace the irish and customs. they would set up towns and increace trade and improve the economy

settlers would be protestant so the plantation is a good way of spreading the religion

Question 14

name the 2 counties queen mary divided the land into

Answer 14

the o’connors territory(laois) was called the queens county

the o’mores territory(offaly) was called kings county

Question 15

what is a sheriff

Answer 15

a person appointed to enforce the law

Question 16

what were the results of the laois-offaly plantation

Answer 16

it wasn’t a success.only 88 planter families settles there. nobody came from england. but this plantation became the blueprint for other plantations

Question 17

why did the fitzgeralds of desmond rebel

Answer 17

400 yrs teh fitzgerwalds have run muster without a interfierence from england. but elizabeth wanted the to accept english officials who would bring common law into their territiories.they would not give up a fight

they were catholic and didnt want to become protestant

in elizabeth’s reign adventurers began to arrive ion ireland they were adventurers from england and wales descended from the norman lords that once descended from ireland. tehy claimed that some land ion munster actually belonged to them even though their families haven’t lived there in hundreds years. when they took theri claims to couurt the queen usually accepted them. this worried the fitzgerald and other lords because they could lose a lot of land this way

Question 18

what are adenturers

Answer 18

welsh and english descendents who hoped to make of their fortune on irish lands

Question 19

how did the munster plantations work

Answer 19

the land was divided into thirty five estates of 12,000 8,000 6,000,4,000 acres.
each estate was given to a man called a undertaker.By doing so he agreed to

To bring our in English families as servants and tenant
To build a castle and to pay for soldiers and arms to protect them
Not to employ Gaelic Irish as servants or to rent land to them
To follow the Protestant religion and English laws

And undertake there was also expected to build a town that would have a weekly markets where the farmers could sell their goods

Question 20

What is an undertaker

Answer 20

A man who received an estate an apprentice in and undertook to follow the rules of the plantation

Question 21

What were the results of the Munster plantation

Answer 21

Elizabeth hoped that 20,000 English settlers would come to Munster but only 4,000 arrived

Many undertakers rented land to Gaelic Irish tenants who were willing to pay more rent than English settlers. They also employed Gaelic Irish seventh because they were willing to work for a lower wages
For some undertakers got huge estates which they could not defend properly for example, Sir Walter Raleigh, an English explorer, got a massive 42,000 acres and youghal, County Cork

But the plantation did have some success. The settlers build new towns such as Kilkarney, Glynn and Malo Malo. They also developed industries such as timber mining and fishing.

Question 22

What happen in Ulster and 1590s

Answer 22

By 15 9030 English controlled every part of Ireland except Ulster. The ruling Lord of Ulster became worried about the spread of English law to their land. Some of them had English titles under surrender and re-grant scheme. The most powerful Gaelic Lords where Hugh O’Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and Hugh O’Donnell, Earl of Tycronell

Question 23

What is the tullaghoge

Answer 23

It was the place where all the O’Neill clan and leaders were made Chiefs

Question 24

What is the nine years war

Answer 24

at first Hugh O’Neill and her other Gaelic Lords went along with Queen Elizabeth and her officials. But by the 1590s the English officials were telling the Lord’s how to run their land. Many Gaelic clans led by Hugh O’Neill joined together and went to war with the English. Hugh O’Neill who was a very skilled soldier won several battles with the English but the Ulster lords wknew they would need outside help to win the war. To get it, they claimed they were fighting for the catholic faith against the Protestant Elizabeth. They asked the King of Spain, who was the most fat powerful Catholic king in Europe to help them

Question 25

Describe the battle of Kinsale and 1601

Answer 25

The Spanish king promised an army but it was a long time coming. At last and 1601 it’s arrived, but it landed in Kinsale, County Cork, not in Ulster. In the middle of the winter, oh Neil and his army had to march south to join the Spanyard. But an English army got there first. A fierce battle followed and the Irish and Spanish forces were defeated. O’Neill held out for two more years but he had to surrender in the end.

The battle of Kinsale is famous because it was the last time Gaelic the Lord had a real chance to rule Ireland

Question 26

What happened after the war

Answer 26

O’Neill was not harshly punished because the new king, James, wanted peace in Ireland but most of the Gaelic Lords found it impossible to a stamped English rule many got into debt to, because they didn’t have the power to collect the rents and taxes as they had done in the past. In 1607, most of the Gaelic Ulster Lords decided to leave Ireland and go to Europe. They hope to persuade the Spanish to send another army. This became known as the flight of the earls

Question 27

What is the flight of the earls

Answer 27

It is when most of the Gaelic Ulster Lords decided to leave Ireland and go to Europe hoping to persuade Spain to send another army in 1607

Question 28

How did the Ulster Plantation work

Answer 28

The land that had been taken was divided into six counties – Donegal, Derry , Tyrone,Armagh,Fermanagh,Cavan

He he divided the area into a state of 1000 acres, 1500 acres, 2000 acres – more manageable sizes than those in Munster. He would give estate to 3 types of planter that undertakers, servitors and’ loyal Irish’

Question 29

define Bawn

Answer 29

A walled courtyard built by planters for defence.

Question 30

define Loyal Irish

Answer 30

Native Irish who stayed loyal to the English during the Nine Years’
War.

Question 31

define Servitors

Answer 31

Mostly English or Scottish soldiers who got land in the Ulster plantation.

Question 32

define The Protestant Ascendancy

Answer 32

The Protestant ruling class in Ireland.

Question 33

Name the three types of settlers

Answer 33

Undertakers, servitors, loyal Irish

Question 34

Who are the undertakers, what did they get, what rent that they had to pay to the King, who is they could rent the land to

Answer 34

Who– English and Scottish land owners
What they got – most got estates of 2000 acres
What rents – 5 pounds per thousand and eight euros per year
Who they could rent land two – English or Scottish tenants

Question 35

Who are the servitors, what did they get, what rent did they pay to the King, who they could rent land to

Answer 35

Who-English man and Scots who worked for the government of Ireland.
What-Estates of 1500 or 1000 acres
What rent paid – 8 pounds per thousand acres
who they could rent two – Irish tenants

Question 36

Who are the loyal Irish, what did they get, what rent did they pay to the king, who could they went rent land to

Answer 36

Who – Gaelic land owners who stayed loyal to the king.
What’s the they gets – estate of 1000 acres or less.
What’s rent they paid – £10 per thousand acres.
Who could be rented land to – Irish tenants

Question 37

Describe the Derry partition

Answer 37

King James made a special arrangement for county Derry. He persuaded 12 London companies (guilds) to invest money in planting it they divided land between the them and renamed it county Londonberry. You can see the 12 companies on the map. The London business men built two large towns Derry and coleraine. In Derry Gaelic people how to live outside of the town walls. They settled on the boggy area. The area is called the bogside

Question 38

What was the results of the Ulster Plantation

Answer 38

New Saturdays. 
New houses.
New religions. 
New ways of farming and trading. 
New towns
New laws

Question 39

describe the 1641 rebellion

Answer 39

30 years after also plantation there is peace in Ireland. Some natives and natives get along better but there are still tension below the surface. And 1639 a row broke up between King Charles the first and English parliament. Some people believe that the Parliament should have more power. Supporters of the King Charles are called royalists and opposing them were the parliamentarians. In October 1641 some Gaelic Irish took the opportunity to attack the settlers and get their land back as it thought that between 4000 and 12,000 settlers were killed.the rebellion spread to the rest of country many of the old English also joined in. Settlers fled from my Ulster to Dublin and to England and Scotland they told the stories of how the protestants were murdered by the native Irish. Their stories convinced the Protestants in Britain that the Irish Catholics had killed over 200,000 Protestants. British Protestants were very angry and became determined to punish the Catholics in Ireland. In fact, the population of Ireland in 1641 was about about 1 million. It is not possible that 200000 Protestants were killed

Question 40

Why did Cromwell come to Ireland

Answer 40

The row between King Charles and Parliament lead to a civil war in England that lasted until 1649 the leader of the parliamentary side was Oliver Cromwell he defeated King Charles and the king was executed that’s the left Cromwell free to come to Ireland. He also needed their land to pay the Parliament debts from the English Civil War

Question 41

Describe when Cromwell conquered Ireland

Answer 41

In 1649 “Cromwell brought to 12,000 experience or just to Ireland. He first laid siege to Drogheda. he was determined to make a example of the town.when he conquered it he slaughtered the entire population. he then captured wexford and other important towns.by 1653 the whole of ireland was captured. there was a lot of widows and orphans. his soldiers then rounded them up and forced them to work on the sugar plantation in the west indies.the english 30,000 irish soldiers who surrendered to leave and join foreign armies

Question 42

what is a down survey

Answer 42

it contains the first modern ireland map

Question 43

what was plan cromwellian plantation

Answer 43

in 1652 cromwellian brought the act of settlement among the people. under it the people had to prove that they support the parliamentarian side of the civil war or lose all or part of their land.

wealthy landowners had to leave their land and move across the river shannon. ordinary land owners were left alone
protestant were allowed to stay as long as you payed a fine
it is estimated that 40.000 people had to cross the river shannon by the 1650s
priests were also targeted in a effort to wipe out catholicism.many of them where executed and a reward was given to anyone who gave them in ti the government

Question 44

what is the act of settlement

Answer 44

under it the people had to prove that they support the parliamentarian side of the civil war or lose all or part of their land

Question 45

What where the results of the plantation

Answer 45

The main result was to replace Gaelic land owners in Ireland with Protestants

In 1640 Catholics owned about 60% of the land in Ireland. By 1660 they only owned about 20%, most of it was the poorer land in contact.

Although the owners of the land changed the people who worked on it as farmers and labourers did not. The they were Catholics and easily outnumbered the Protestant and Settlers is who came to Ireland. This destroyed Cromwells plan to turn Ireland into a Protestant country

Question 46

How did Ireland change politically

Answer 46

Why 1700s almost all the Gaelic and old English lords who had ruled Ireland and 1550 were gone. The Protestant settlers now own 85percent of the land

New landlords-most of the Protestant ascendancy were landlords. This means they made their money by renting the land to the tenant farmers. The new landlords usually made a legal agreements called a lease, with their tenants. It’s set out clearly how much the tenant had to pay every year. This made life easier for most farmers

Question 47

How did the new landlords change life in local communities

Answer 47

They often build towns on their estates and owned most of the houses and shops in them
They built large, elegance houses, many of which are still standing
They were the main employers in the area
They were usually the local judges

Question 48

What is a magistrates

Answer 48

They are local judges

Question 49

How did every day life change

Answer 49

New Irish people, new changes in farming, plantation towns, industry, lawn order, Irish customs

Question 50

How did law and order change in the plantations

Answer 50

Brecon law was forbidden and only common law was allowed

Question 51

How did Irish to customs change

Answer 51

The English banned Irish fashions such as the gib, the Irish mantle, and harping. The Irish language was changed/useless and by the 1700s most well – educated people only spoke English.

Question 52

How did in history change due to the plantations

Answer 52

Settlers set up new industry. Iron and glass works began in County Cork. Later Lenin was made on a large scale in Ulster. They also sold a timber from the forest to make ships and barrels.

Question 53

How did religion change in Ireland

Answer 53

The English hoped that the plantations would turn the catholic Irish into Protestants, but that did not happen. In most of Ireland the majority of the people remained catholic. Any priests still operate it in secret. Only in Ulster the plantation produce a large number of Protestants

There is also a tension between Catholics and Protestants. Catholics who had owned a lot of land resented the new settlers. Protestant settlers and their descendants didn’t trust the mainly catholic population

In the 1700s, laws were passed to stop Irish getting power (Irish Catholics) these laws were called the penal laws

Question 54

Name for examples of the penal laws

Answer 54

Priests could not hold mass.
Catholic schools were banned.
Catholics could not keep weapons.
Catholics were not allowed to vote or become members of parliament