Industrial Revolutions Flashcards
What is the industrial revolutions
It was the change of people working from hand to factories
Where did it begin
It began in Britain
Why did the industrial revolution take place
Population explosion
Raw materials from mines
Coal and iron ore
Inventions
New farming methods
Causes for population explosion
Fewer famine-people had a wider range of food meaning that famine decreased. This is due to foods like rice and potatoes brought from other countries
Plagues ended- by 1700 the plague such as the Black Death disappeared
Medical discoveries- Edward Jenner discovered the cure to small pox. He created vaccinations.
How did the new farming methods take part in population explosion
The new methods of farming produced a lot more food. This led to population increasing.
What was the steam engine
It was used to drive machines in factories
Who created the steam engine
James Watt in 1763
What was the farming method used before the agricultural revolution
The three field system or open field system.
What is the agricultural revolution
It was the change in farming methods in the 18 century
Disadvantages of the three field system
Each year a field had to be left fallow
Weeds could spread easily between strips
Animal diseases spread easily
Land wasted at end of strips where oxen turned
What was he new farming system called
The four field system/ Norfolk system
Advantaged of the new farming system
The turnips and grass restored nutrients back into the soil
The food supply increased and no fields were left fallow
It means cattle didn’t have to be killed
No. Of animals increased feeding the new population
What is enclosure
It is when the landlord takes each tenants strips of arable and brings them together into a single farm
What was the parliament that allowed landlords to force enclosure
Enclosure Acts
The advantages of enclosure
It reduced weed disease
Farmers could use new methods of farming
More food could be produced
Landlords regret higher rents
Disadvantages of enclosure
Small farmers could not afford to plant hedges and dig drains. They sold their farms and went to towns and cities to work in Factories.
Labourers never had land and lost their grazing rights on the commons. The new machinery men’s t that many of them had no work. As a result they moved to the city to find work
What did Robert bakewell create
Selective farming
Explain Robert bakewells invention
It was when he takes the largest of the the same animal and bred them,resulting in a large animal.
The weight of cattle and sheep. Ore than doubled
What is broadcasting
It was the old way of planting seeds by simply scattering them by hand
What did Jethro Tull invent
The seed drill
Horse drawn hoe
Explain Jethro Tulls invention
It was pulled be horse or cattle This drill made a furrow and dropped seed into it. A blade covered the seed into it. The blade covered the seed in soil protecting it from the birds.
The horse drawn hoe could remove weeds from between crops
What did Cyrus McCormick invent
He invented the mechanical reaper. It reduced time used to harvest crops
What were the affects of the agricultural revolution
More food was produced
Fewer people needed land due to the machinery
The increase in food supply meant that it would deal with the population growth
What is a loom
A machine used to. Are cloth
What is a spinning wheel
A machine used to make thread
What is the domestic system or cottage industry
It was the use of a loon/ spinning wheel which is powered by hand
What is a factory
It is a building use to house the new machines
What is mass production
It is producing large amounts of cloth at a cheap price
When if the effects of factories
The factories need a large amount of people to work it resulting in cities being built around the,
What did john Kay create
The flying shuttle
Who invented the spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves
What did Richard Arkwright invent
The water frame
What did Samson crompton
The spinning mule
Who created the power loom
Edward Cartwright
What were the new inventions in the textile industry
Flying shuttle Spinning Jenny Water frame Spinning mule Power mule
What was Lancashire
It was the centre of the cotton industry
What was coal used for
To heat water to create steam
Power locomotives on the railway and steam ships
It was used to make coke
Define smelt
Separate the iron from the rock which it is contained
What is coke
Coal is burnt to remove harmful gases and this turns the coal to coke. Coke burns at a higher temperature in the furnace
What are the dangers of coalmining
Flooding- the dangers of underground water stopped colliers from digging to deeply. However Watts steam engine meant water could be pumped from the mine
Explosions- carbon gas gets built up in a mine. When exposed to a naked flame it explodes however the invention of the Davy safety lamp
What is a collier
A coal miner
What is pig iron
Iron produced by smelting
What was iron used for
It was needed for making machinery. Like steam engine and locomotives
What is wrought iron
It is when coke is used to smelt the iron instead of coal. The pig iron is then beaten to remove impurities
Who created wrought iron
Abraham Darby
What did Henry cort create
He invented the puddling and rolling method
What did Henry courts method do
It made better quality wrought iron
And the method that Henry Bessemer created
He created the converter method of making steel
Describe the converter method of making steel
A vessel was filled with liquid pig iron and some chemicals were added. A blast if hot air passed through the mixture
Advantages of steel
Cheaper to make
Stronger than wrought iron
Less likely to crack and more flexible
what was the transport revolution
it was a time where roads and other transportation devices were improved
what were turnpike trusts
they were private companies which got permission from parliament to improve and maintain a section of the road
whaten are turnpikes
barriers on roads where tolls were collected
what is a toll
money paid for travelling along a road
how did thomas telford improve roads
digging deep foundations
putting a layer of heavy stones and and smaller stones
covered this layer
putting a layer of tightly packed gravel on top wich give a smooth surface
making roads high in the middle and sloping towards in the sids witch allowed water to run of
what did john MacAdam state
there was no need for deep foundations. a layer of small stones 30cm deep was enough
the carts and coaches would grind the stones on the top to powder and the rain would wash the powder down which would hold layers together
what were the effects of road improvements
it cut the journey time between london and manchester fro four days to 18 hours
more people wanted to travel. they did so in stagecoaches
greater amounts of raw materials and finished products could be transported more quickly
who built a canal
james brindly
why did the creator of the canal create it and what was the result
he built the canal for the duke of bridgewater from his cornfields to manchester. it was then called the bridgewater canal. the result of this is the dukes sales went up
who created the locomotive
richard trevithick
who created the first train
george stephenson
what else did george stephenson create
the rocket
what were the effects of the railway
they provided cheaper and faster transport
heavy goods were transported really quickly over short distances
they gave a huge boost to the mining, iron and steel industries
they also boosted tourism as people were able to get to resorts
they created many jobs
they led to a decline for the use of canals and road transport
what were the effects of the transport revolution
it meant that raw materials and manufactured goods could be transported more quickly and cheaply
the less time it tool to carry goods from the factory to the market the lower the cost
this made the goods chaper and as a result people could afford to buy them
iron and stal and coal production increaCED CREATLY DUE TO THE TRANSPORT REvolution
describe the steam ships
until the 18 centrut
what is urbanisation
it is the movement from people in the countryside to the cities
name the two main reasons for urbanisation
small farmers and labourers were forced off the land due to the enclosure system
the domestic system could not compete with the factory system. as a result spinners and weavers had lost their jobs had to move to the cities to work in the factories
describe the growth of cities during the industrial revolution
in 1750, 25 per cent of britain’s population lived in towns and cities. by 1850 this has risen to 50 per cent.the move of people form countryside to cities is called urbanisation. (name the two main reasons for it).
there was a huge increase in the size of the cities. for example the 1750,45000 people lived in manchester. by 1850 it was 303,000
