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**Oral Biology > The Periodontium I > Flashcards

The Periodontium I Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the periodontium

A

The tissues that invest and support the tooth

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2
Q

What are the 3 principle components of the periodontium?

A
  1. Alveolar Process
  2. Cementum
  3. Periodontal LIgament
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3
Q

What is a Gomphosis?

A

Fibrous peg-in-socket joint

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4
Q

The periodontium develops during a series of complex interactions of ________, _____, and _______

A
  1. Mesenchyme
  2. HERS
  3. Dental Follicle
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5
Q

What are the cells involved in the origin of the periodntium?

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Cementoblasts
    • HERS/Follicle cells
  3. PDL fibroblasts
  4. Odontoblasts
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6
Q

Where do osteoblasts come from in the periodontium?

A

Surrounding Mesenchymal tissues

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7
Q

Where do cementoblasts come from in the periodontium?

A

HERS/Follicle cells

*Ectomesenchymal cells

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8
Q

Where do PDL fibroblasts come from in the periodontium?

A

Follicle cells/Ectomesenchymal celss

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9
Q

What do Odontoblasts contribute to the periodontium?

A

Form dentin part of cemento-dental junction, and dental papilla

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10
Q

T/F the periodontium contains 3 out of 4 types of mineralized tissues found in the oral cavity

A

True

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11
Q

How does the alveolar process form?

A

Intramembranous ossification

*Mesenchyme direct to bonef, no cartilage intermediate

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12
Q

When does the alveolar process form?

A

During the 8th week of uterine life

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13
Q

__________ are contained in horseshoe-shaped grooves of the mandible and maxilla

A

Tooth germs

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14
Q

What develops around tooth germs that eventually forms the sockets?

A

Crypts

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15
Q

Alveolar Processes develop substantially during _______, under the influence of ______

A
  1. Tooth eruption

2. Dental follicle

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16
Q

T/F Alveolar processes are remodeled throughout life

A

True

*Post-eruptive movement

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17
Q

What is an anodontic individual?

A

People whose alveolara process development is impaired

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18
Q

What kind of bone is alveolar bone proper?

A

Compact bone

*Cribiform plate, lamina dura

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19
Q

Supporting alveolar bone is what type of bone?

A

Both compact and trabecular

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20
Q

What is the compact component of supporting alveolar bone?

A

Cortical plates

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21
Q

What is the trabecular portion of supporting alveolar bone?

A

Central Spongiosa

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22
Q

What are the 3 main descriptors associated with Alveolar bone proper?

A
  1. Cribiform plate
  2. Lamina dura
  3. Bundle bone
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23
Q

T/F Cribiform plate has volkmann’s canals running through it

A

True

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24
Q

What is the lamina dura?

A

Radiographic term for alveolar bone proper: area of PDL attachment

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25
Q

What is bundle bone?

A

Histological term for alveolar bone proper: Sharpey’s fibers (PDL) embedded in bone

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26
Q

T/F There is an inner and outer aspect ot alveolar bone proper

A

True

*inner is towar the PDL

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27
Q

Describe the remodeling rate of the inner alveolar bone proper

A

May be high due to constant adaptation to tooth movements

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28
Q

Because of its higher rate of remodeling, inner alveolar bone proper primarily consits of ______ bonne but _______ is also present

A
  1. Woven bone

2. Lamellar bone

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29
Q

Describe the texture of the surface of inner alveolar bone proper as it changes with age

A

Smooth surface in young individuals, but becomes rougher with age

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30
Q

Describe the outer alveolar bone proper

A
  • Lamellar bone

- Continuous with supporting alveolar bone

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31
Q

What are the 3 main parts of supporting alveolar bone?

A
  1. Cortical plate
  2. Alveolar crest
  3. Central spongiosa
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32
Q

What are the two parts to the cortical plate?

A
  1. INNER: Lingual and palatal surface

2. OUTER: Labial and buccal surface

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33
Q

Describe the alveolar crest

A
  • Junction of cortical plate and alveolar bone proper
  • Thinner in maxilla
  • Thickest in premolar and molar region of mandible
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34
Q

What are the 2 components associated with the central spongiosa?

A
  1. Trabecular (spongy/cancellous) bone supporting alveolar bone proper and cortical plate
  2. Marrow: red (hemeopoietic) in young, yellow in aged
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35
Q

Spongiosa is more prevalent in the ________ than in the __________

A
  1. Maxilla

2. Mandible

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36
Q

The spongiosa is often absent or diminished in what part of both jaws?

A

The anterior region

37
Q

What are the 4 functions of Alveolar bone?

A
  1. Protection and structure of the socket for the tooth to rest in
  2. Attachment of sharpey’s fibers of the PDL which are embedded in bone
  3. Support of tooth roots, especially facial/lingual
  4. Distribution of loading from the tooth and PDL to the surrounding bone
38
Q

The Bone septa is divided into what two parts?

A
  1. Interradicular septum

2. Interalveolar septum

39
Q

What is the interradicular septum?

A

Bony septum between roots of a single tooth

40
Q

What is the interalveolar septum?

A

Bony septum between adjacent teeth

41
Q

Periodontal ligament development occurs concamitant with _______ and _______ development

A
  1. Cementum

2. Alveolar process

42
Q

The periodontal ligament develops after ______, and starts of as ________

A
  1. Detachment / fragmentation of HERS

2. Unorganized, fibrillar short connective tissue

43
Q

What develops from the dental follicle and differentiate into fibroblasts which produce and organize collagen fibers, and are generally oriented in an oblique manner?

A

Ectomesenchyme cells that form PDL

44
Q

PDL fiber orientation changes with ______

A

eruption

45
Q

PDL fibers form from the CEJ in what direction?

A

apically

46
Q

The PDL fiber orientation changes with eruption. What is that change based on?

A

The relative positions of the tooth and alveolar crest

47
Q

T/F Remodeling of the PDL occurs throughout life

A

True

48
Q

Developing cells of the PDL may also prevent _________, preventing _______

A
  1. Mineralization

2. Ankylosis

49
Q

What is the width of the PDL?

A

Between .15mm to .38mm

*decreases with age

50
Q

The PDL is composed of what type of cells?

A

Composed of:

  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Mesenchymal cells
  3. Epithelial cells and macrophages

*Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and cementoblasts are also associated with the ligament on the adjacent mineralized surfaces

51
Q

Primarily the PDL is ________, supported by a ________

A
  1. Collagen fibers

2. Non-collagenous protein matrix

52
Q

What types of collagen are in the PDL?

A

Type I, III, XII

53
Q

Describe the arrangement of Collagen in the PDL

A

Arranged in fibers, which in turn are grouped into bundles

*Individual fibers can be remodeled while the overall bundle is not changed, making a very dynamic environment

54
Q

The main elastic fiber of the PDL is _______

A

Oxytalan

*NOT mature elastin

55
Q

Oxytalan is distributed extensively throughout the _____ and are largely associated with _______

A
  1. PDL

2. Vasculature

56
Q

Describe the orientation of Elastic fibers in the PDL

A

Fibers run vertically from cementum to the tooth apex, terminating in the neurovascular complex

57
Q

T/F Elastic fibers (Oxytalan) Possible regulate vascular responses of the PDL

A

True

*Stretching these fibers increases exfiltration into the PDL

58
Q

Describe the ground substance of the PDL

A
  • Similar to other connective tissues
  • 70% water
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure, possibly means greater ability to absorb loads
59
Q

T/F the PDL is well vascularized

A

True

60
Q

What supplies the PDL with blood?

A

Superio/inferior alveolar arteries

61
Q

In the vasculature of the PDL, arterioles penetrate the ________

A

Cribiform plate

*called penetrating arteries

62
Q

Where do you typically see more Penetrating arterioles?

A

Posterior teeth have more of them generally and they are more prevalent in the mandible as opposed to the maxilla

63
Q

In the vasculature of the PDL, arteries occupy loose connective tissue ‘bays’ in the PDL, called ______

A
  • Interstitial areas

* Tucked into the principle fiber bundles

64
Q

What is the arrangement of blood vessels in the PDL critical for?

A

Tissue healing/regeneration

65
Q

How do nerves arrive to innervate the PDL?

A

Both apically and through the cribiform plate

66
Q

Nerves innervating the PDL run _______

A

Axially in relation to the tooth

67
Q

Generally the concentration of nerve endings is greatest in the _______. With the exception of ________

A
  1. Tooth apex
  2. Upper Incisors
    • Greater nerve density, especially in the coronal, labial part of PDL
68
Q

T/F PDL has sympathetic innervation of the vasculature

A

True

69
Q

What are the 4 types of nerve endings of PDL innervation?

A
  1. Free nerve endings
  2. Ruffini’s Corpuscles
  3. Coiled nerve endings
  4. Spindle nerve endings
70
Q

Describe the Free nerve endings of PDL innervation

A
  • Most prevalent
  • Heavily branched
  • Nociceptive and mechanoreceptive
  • These reach the cementum and each innervates a region of the root
  • Some are associated with schwann cells
71
Q

Describe the Ruffini’s corpuscles in PDL innervation

A
  • Bulbous dendritic endings
  • Associated with schwann cells, and are associated with collagen fibers
  • Slow adapting mechanoreceptive fibers
  • Can be simple or compound
72
Q

Describe Coiled nerve endings in PDL innervation

A
  • Around mid-region of the PDL

- Unknown Function

73
Q

Descdribe Spindle nerve endings in PDL innervation

A
  • Surrounded by a fibrous capsule
  • Unknown function
  • Found apically and are relatively rare
74
Q

Name the 5 main histological groups of PDL fibers

A
  1. Alveolar Crest group
  2. Horizontal group
  3. Oblique group
  4. Apical group
  5. Interradicular group

*based on orientation

75
Q

Describe the alveolar crest group

A

Attach just at the CEJ and run ‘outward’ to attach into the alveolar socket rim

76
Q

Describe the horizontal group

A

Run from cementum at a right angle to the tooth into the alveolar socket

77
Q

Describe the Oblique group

A
  • Most numerous

- Run at an oblique angle from the cementum most of the way down the root

78
Q

Describe the apical group

A

From the root apex to the underlying tissue

79
Q

Describe the interradicular group

A

Only on multi-root teeth, they attach to the interradicular septum

80
Q

The 5 types of PDL fibers terminate in _________ or ________ and are attached to these structures via ________ which are embedded in ______

A
  1. Cementum
  2. Alveolar Bone
  3. Sharpey’s fibers
  4. Collagen fibers
81
Q

T/F The gingival ligament is part of the PDL proper

A

False,

*But they are intamitely associated with the periodontium

82
Q

T/F Gingival ligament is composed of collagen fibers which pass through oral lamina propria

A

True

83
Q

What does the gingival ligament do for the teeth?

A

Gives the tooth a connection to surrounding soft tissues and neighboring teeth (attachment of gingival margin)

84
Q

Name the 5 main bundles that make up the gingival ligament

A
  1. Dentogingival group
  2. Alveologingival group
  3. Circular group
  4. Dentoperiosteal group
  5. Transseptal Fibers
85
Q

Describe the dentogingival group

A
  • Most numerous

- Run from cervical cementum to lamina propria of the free attached gingivae

86
Q

Describe the alveologingival group

A

-Run from the alveolar crest (bone) to the lamina propria of free/attached gingivae

87
Q

Describe the Circular group

A
  • Circular band around the neck of the tooth

- Attaches to other fibers and the free gingiva

88
Q

Describe the dentoperiosteal group

A

-Run apically from cementum to the periosteum of the outer cortical plate

89
Q

Describe the transseptal fibers

A
  • Run from cementum just under the junctional epithelium, over the alveolar crest and into the cementum of adjacent tooth
  • Significant cause of orthodontic relapse

**Oral Biology (10 decks)

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