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**Oral Biology > Development of Craniofacial Skeleton > Flashcards

Development of Craniofacial Skeleton Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bone is ________ formed on a ________ with various attendant ________

A
  1. Hydroxyapatite
  2. Collagenous Matrix
  3. Non-collagenous proteins
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2
Q

Name the two types of bone (from a developmental point of view)

A
  1. Endochondral

2. Intramembranous

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3
Q

What is endochondral bone?

A

Bone that is formed on a cartilage template (the long bones)

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4
Q

What is Intramembranous bone?

A

Bone that is formed from a condensation of mesenchyme (most of the mandible, skull plates)

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5
Q

Define Initiation

A

Start of ossification, whether conversion of cartilage to bone, or condensation and ossification of mesenchyme/neural crest

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6
Q

Define Growth

A

Addition of more bony matrix to a pre-existing bone; thickening, elongation, etc.

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7
Q

Define Displacement (primary)

A
  • Movement of a bone due to its own growth

- Can occur in either direction, depending on the ratio of resorption to deposition and other structures

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8
Q

Define Displacement (secondary)

A
  • Movement of a bone due to the growth of other bones

- Growth of one bone causes growth in another

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9
Q

Define Remodeling

A

Growth involving simultaneous deposition and resorption on all peri- and endosteal surfaces; changes in size, shape, proportion, relationship with adjacent structres

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10
Q

Define Drift

A

Remodeling that results in movement of a bone towards the deposition surface

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11
Q

Define Functional Matrix

A

A tissue that guides a bones growth by exerting a force upon the bone

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12
Q

How can directional bone growth occur? Where can it occur?

A
  1. By the deposition of bone on a surface, with concomitant resorption on another
  2. At endosteal or periosteal surfaces (inside or outside of the bone)
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13
Q

T/F Bone growth is usually equal in all directions

A

FALSE, It is usually asymmetric so as to maintain some proportion

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14
Q

T/F Deposition and resorption rates at a surface change over time and can even switch

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Define Growth fieds

A

Where matrix can be laid down or resorbed

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16
Q

Define Growth Sites

A

Fields of significance to growth of a bone (Mandibular condyle, maxillary tuberosity)

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17
Q

Define Growth centers

A

Special growth sites, control overall growth of bone (epiphyseal plates of long bones)

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18
Q

What makes up the Neurocranium?

A
  1. Calvaria

2. Cranial Base

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19
Q

What is the origin of the Calvaria?

A

both paraxial mesoderm and neural crest origin

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20
Q

What is another name for the Calvaria?

A

Desmocranium

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21
Q

What type of bone makes up the calvaria?

A

Intramembranous bone

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22
Q

What is the cranial base derived from and what is its early form called?

A
  • Derived from special sense organ capsular tissues
  • Endochondral bone, primarily neural crest
  • Early form called Chondrocranium
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23
Q

What is the facial skeleton called?

A

Viscerocranium

**consists of basically what we call the face: anterior, lower skull

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24
Q

What is the viscerocranium derived from?

A

Pharyngeal arches

25
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

26
Q

Which part of the skull grows more postnatally, the Viscerocranium or the Desmoranium?

A

Viscerocranium

27
Q

Name the bones that make up the calvaria

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Parts of Occipital
  4. Temporal
  5. Sphenoid bones
28
Q

What are the two layers formed by condensed Mesechyme?

A
  1. Endomeninx (inner layer)

2. Ectomeninx (outer layer)

29
Q

What is the endomeninx?

A
  • Neural crest

- Gives rise to pia mater and arachnoid

30
Q

What is the ectomeninx?

A
  • Neural crest and paraxial mesoderm,

- gives rise to dura mater and the Calvaria/bone

31
Q

What part of the ectomeninx forms the calvaria bones?

A

The superficial portion

32
Q

What does the inner ectomeninx form?

A

Dura

33
Q

What does Desmo mean?

A

Membrane

34
Q

Define sutures

A

Mesenchymal gaps between bones of the calvaria, holds together the various bones of the skull

35
Q

Define fontanelles

A

Un-ossified suture between 2 or more skull bones

36
Q

Define Anencephaly

A
  • Calvaria Defect

- Failure of rostral neural tube to close (around week 4), lost of telencephalon)

37
Q

Define Craniosynostosis

A
  • Calvaria Defect
  • Premature fusion of the cranial vault sutures
  • Variable defects including deformities of calvaria and neurologic defects
38
Q

What bones make up the Cranial Base (chondrocranium)?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. parts of the occipital
  4. Temporal
  5. Sphenoid bones
39
Q

How does the chondrocranium form?

A

Ectomeninx in floor of brain forms cartilage in response to notochord and other epithelial signals, becomes chondrocranium and later undergoes endochondral ossification

40
Q

What is the embryological tissue that forms the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal capsule

41
Q

T/F All of the nasal capsule ossifies

A

FALSE, Septal cartilage

42
Q

How does the growth of nasal septal cartilage play a role in facial development?

A

Plays a role in downward/forward growth of midface

43
Q

What happens to the maxilla as the chondrocranium grows?

A

Maxilla and the rest of the facial skeleton get pushed down and forward

44
Q

Name the bones of the facial skeleton

A
  1. Nasal
  2. Lacrimal
  3. Maxilla
  4. Premaxilla
  5. Palatine
  6. Vomer
  7. Mandible
  8. Zygomatic
45
Q

Define the Maxilla Proper

A

Intramembranous ossification of mesenchyme, forms from maxillary prominence/process

46
Q

Define the premaxilla

A

Intramembranous ossification of mesenchyme, forms from frontonasal process, forms primary palate, fuses early with maxilla proper

47
Q

What are the secondary cartilages?

A
  • Zygomatic Process
  • Alveolar plate
  • Hard palate between palatine processes

**mostly these have fetal growth roles and then break down and go away. We don’t have them as adults

48
Q

Describe development and growth of the Maxilla

A
  • The maxilla forms and grows down and forward via both primary and secondary displacement from growth of the zygomatic and nasal septum cartilages
  • Ossification center is closely associated with the cartilage of the nasal capsule and zygomatic or malar cartilage
  • Ossification from the developing maxilla also spreads to the palatine process to form most of thee hard palate
  • Postnatally, thereis quite a lot of growth and expansion here, as the maxillary sinus develops
49
Q

How does 2ndary displacement contribute to maxillary development?

A

Secondary displacement at sutures pushes maxilla down, forward, and out

50
Q

How do the alveolar plates form?

A

From the forming maxilla and the junction of the palatal process.

**Alveolar plates house the tooth germs

51
Q

How does the mandible form?

A
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Bone forms lateral to Meckel’s cartilage
  • Ossification spreads posteriorly to form body and ramus
52
Q

What type of cartilage is meckel’s cartilage?

A

Hyaline

53
Q

T/F the bone of the mandible forms from meckel’s cartilage

A

FALSE, It largely disappears and does not actually become the mandible proper

54
Q

What secondary cartilages form from Meckel’s cartilage?

A
  1. Conylar
  2. Coronoid
  3. Symphyseal
55
Q

Why is the condylar cartilage important?

A
  • It expands into a cone running long the ramus and ossifies through endochondral ossification
  • Condylar cartilage remains at the articular ends on the head
  • Important growth center for the ramus, driving intramembranous ossification, and then ossifies itself through endochondral ossification
56
Q

T/F the Mandible is both membarnous and endochondral in nature

A

TRUE, but the cartilage is not Meckel’s, it is secondary

57
Q

What happens to the coronoid cartilage?

A

It disappears before birth

58
Q

What happens to the symphyseal cartilages (2)?

A

Disappear in the first year after birth.

**They contribute transiently to the growth and development of the surrounding tissues

59
Q

Where does condyle cartilage function?

A

Both in articulation at TMJ and in growth

**Oral Biology (10 decks)

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