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**Oral Biology > Pharyngeal Arches: Development of the Face and Neck > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Arches: Development of the Face and Neck Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two general phases of pharyngeal arch development?

A
  1. Formation of pharyngeal stem

2. Development of Pharyngeal derivatives

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2
Q

List some birth defects involving the pharyngeal region

A
  1. 1st Arch Syndrome
    • Treacher-Collins
    • Pierre Robin
    • DiGeorge Syndrome
  2. Auricular Cysts and sinus
  3. Branchial Cysts, Sinus, Fistula
  4. Cervical Thymus
  5. Accessory Thymus
  6. Thyroid
    • Thyroiglossal Duct
    • Thyroglossal Cysts
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3
Q

Define Cyst

A

Sealed Cavity filled with air, pus, fluid

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4
Q

Define Sinus

A

Cavity within a tissue, can open externally

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5
Q

Define Fistula

A

Abnormal connection between two structures

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6
Q

Define Migration

A

Movement of cells during development

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7
Q

Define proliferation

A

Growth in cell number through cell division

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8
Q

Define Genetics

A

Mutations change patterns in migration, proliferation, etc.

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9
Q

How many Pharyngeal arches are there?

A

6, but 5th does not form

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10
Q

How many Pharyngeal grooves are there?

A

4 pairs

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11
Q

How many Pharyngeal pouches are there?

A

4 or 5 pairs

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12
Q

Where is the pharyngeal membrane located?

A

Between arches

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13
Q

Where/When do pharyngeal arches emerge?

A

At neural tube closure around 4 weeks of development

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14
Q

T/F The Arches contain the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, and also neural crest

A

TRUE

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15
Q

The Oropharyngeal membrane breaks down during week ________ and connects ______ to _________

A
  1. 4
  2. Stomodeum
  3. Primitive gut
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16
Q

List the components of pharyngeal arches

A
  1. Aortic Arch
  2. Cartilaginous rod
  3. Muscular component
  4. Nerve
  5. Nueral Crest
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17
Q

What is the aortic arch in terms of it being a component of pharyngeal arches?

A
  1. An artery that arises from the truncus arteriosus of the primordial heart
  2. Aortic Arches arise from mesoderm, bridge between the truncus arteriosus and the dorsal aorta
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18
Q

What purpose does the cartilaginous rod serve?

A
  • forms the skeleton of the arch

- Definite Structures are formed from these

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19
Q

What does the muscular component of pharyngeal arches do?

A

-Differentiates into muscles of the head and neck

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20
Q

What does the nerve in the pharyngeal arches do?

A

Supplies the mucosa and muscles derived from the arch

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21
Q

By the 3rd week the arches are primarily __________, but by the 4th week, primarily ___________ has migrated into the arches.

A
  1. Mesenchyme

2. Neural Crest

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22
Q

What happens to the aortic arches of pharyngeal arches 1 and 2?

A
  • They largely disappear
  • There are some remains:
    • Maxillary, ext. Carotic (1)
    • Stapedial (2)
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23
Q

What happens to aortic arches 3, 4, and 6?

A
  • They are remodeled to form portions of some large arteries
    • Common and Int. Carotid (3)
    • Aortic, Subclavian (4)
    • Pulmonary (6)
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24
Q

Where do muscles come from?

A

The mesoderm of the individual arches

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25
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of Arch 1?

A

Muscles of Mastication

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26
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of Arch 2?

A

Muscles of Facial expression

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27
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of Arch 3?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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28
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of Arch 4?

A

Pharyngeal Constrictors

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29
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of Arch 6?

A

Laryngeal Muscles

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30
Q

What are the sensory modalities of cranial nerves derived from?

A

Neural Crest and Ectodermal Placode

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31
Q

What are the Motor cranial nerves derived from?

A

CNS

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32
Q

What 2 main processes are formed by the 1st arch?

A
  1. Mandibular process

2. Maxillary Process

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33
Q

What does the Mandibular process form?

A
  • Lower Lip
  • Lower Face
  • Lower cheek regions
  • Chin
  • Mandible
  • Body of the tongue
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34
Q

What does the Maxillary process form?

A
  • Midface
  • Upper cheek regions
  • Upper lip sides
  • Secondary palate
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic bone
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35
Q

What bone is associated with the 2nd arch?

A

Hyoid

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36
Q

What nerves are a product of the 1st arch?

A

V2 and V3

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37
Q

What muscles are a product of the 1st arch?

A
  • All the muscles of Mastication
  • Mylohyoid
  • Anterior Belly of the digastric
  • Tensor Veli Palatini
  • Tensor Tympani
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38
Q

What Skeletal components are a derivative of the 1st arch?

A
  1. Meckel’s Cartilage
  2. Maxilla
  3. Malleus
  4. Incus

Others Not highlighted in red:

  • Anterior ligament of malleus
  • Sphenomandibular LIgament
  • Zygomatic bone and process
  • part of temporal bone
  • Vomer
  • Palatine bone
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39
Q

What nerves are a derivative of Arch 2?

A

Facial Nerve

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40
Q

What muscles are derived from arch 2?

A

All the muscles of facial expression

Also:

  • Posterior belly of the digastric
  • Stylohyoid
  • Stapedius
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41
Q

What skeletal components are derived from arch 2?

A
  1. Stapes
  2. Styloid Process
  3. Lesser horn and upper portion of body of hyoid
  4. Stylohyoid ligament
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42
Q

What nerve is derived from arch 3?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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43
Q

What muscle is derived from arch 3?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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44
Q

What skeletal components are derived from arch 3?

A

Greater horn and lower portion of body of hyoid bone

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45
Q

What Nerves are derived from arches 4-6?

A

VAGUS

  • Superior Laryngeal (4th arch)
  • Recurrent Laryngeal (6th arch)
46
Q

What Muscles are derived from the 4th arch?

A
  1. Constrictors of the pharynx
  2. Cricothyroid
  3. Levator Veli Palatini
47
Q

What muscles are derived from arch 6?

A

Intrinsic muscles of Larynx

48
Q

What skeletal components come from Arches 4-6?

A

Laryngeal Cartilages

49
Q

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

A
  • Congenital First arch syndrome
  • Hypoplasia of arch derived facial bones:
    • Malar
    • Zygomatic
    • Down slanting of palpebral fissures
    • lower eyelid colobomas
    • ear deformations
    • Cleft palate and tooth defects
50
Q

What Causes Congenital First arch syndromes?

A

Failure of the neural crest to proper migrate in to the 1st arch causing deficits in resulting tissues

51
Q

What is Pierre Robin Sequence?

A
  • Hypoplasia of the mandible (micrognathia)
  • Misplacement of tongue (glossoptosis)
  • Cleft Palate
  • Defects to the eye and ear
  • Airway obstruction

**Cause is unknown

52
Q

Pharyngeal Grooves can also be called Pharyngeal ______

A

Clefts

53
Q

What are pharyngeal Clefts?

A

Indentations or pits between arches, as seen from the exterior

54
Q

What are clefts lined with?

A

Ectoderm

55
Q

What is unique about cleft 1?

A

It is the only cleft NOT obliterated in development

56
Q

Can clefts 2-4 persist?

A

Yes, in abnormal situations

57
Q

Pharyngeal cleft 1 gives rise to what?

A

External Auditory Meatus

58
Q

What would cause a preauricular sinus or cyst congenitally?

A

1st or 2nd arch defect

*These are often unilateral

59
Q

What are two types of Branchial sinuses, cysts, or fistulas that can develop?

A
  1. Lateral Cervical

2. Internal Branchial

60
Q

Describe Lateral Cervical Sinuses, cysts, or fistulas

A
  • Uncommon
  • Open Externally (neck)
  • Failure of 2nd groove or cervical sinus to obliterate
61
Q

Describe Internal Branchial sinuses, cysts, or fistulas

A
  • Rare
  • Persistent 2nd pouch
  • Open into intratonsillar cleft (into pharynx)
62
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

They form as Pits INTERNALLY in the pharynx, between the arches

63
Q

Pouch linings are ___________ in origin

A

Endodermal

64
Q

What structure fuses on the midline during development but still retains bilateral characteristics?

A

Thymus

65
Q

What does the first pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

The middle ear

Distal: 

      - Together with lining of 1st cleft, forms tympanic membrane (eardrum)
      - Widens and forms tympanic cavity (middle ear)

Proximal:
       -Stays narrow, forms auditory (Eustachian) tube
66
Q

What are the ossicles in the middle ear derived from?

A

1st and 2nd arch cartilage (derived from neural crest)

67
Q

What is the tympanic membrane in the middle ear derived from?

A

1st cleft/pouch membranes, later neural crest

68
Q

What are the tympanic cavity and internal auditory meatus derived from?

A

1st pouch

69
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Lining of the crypts in the palatine tonsils

70
Q

Tonsils themselves are mostly composed of ________

A

Mesoderm

71
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland and the thymus

72
Q

What specifically does the dorsal wing of the 3rd pouch become?

A

Inferior parathyroid glands

-regulates body calcium and phosphate levels

73
Q

What specifically does the Ventral wing of the 3rd pouch become?

A

Thymus

-Produces T-cells, part of the immune system

74
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A
  1. Superior parathyroid gland

2. Ultimobranchial body

75
Q

What specifically does the Dorsal wing of the 4th pouch give rise to?

A

Superior parathyroid glands

-Regulates body calcium and phosphate levels

76
Q

What specifically is derived from the ventral wing of the 4th pouch?

A

Ultimobranchial body

-Embryonic structure will contain C-cells of thyroid (regulate calcium levels via calcitonin)

77
Q

T/F the Ventral 4th pouch is sometimes considered a 5th pouch

A

TRUE

78
Q

T/F Primordia originate at mature functional sites

A

FALSE, they need to migrate

79
Q

What is Cervical Thymus?

A
  • Abnormality resulting from defects in migration
  • Cord of thymus persists in neck on path of descent
  • This is rare
80
Q

What is Accessory Thymus?

A
  • Abnormality resulting from defect in migration

- Piece of thymus remaining in path of descent

81
Q

List 4 typically benign abnormalities resulting from defects in migration

A
  1. Undescended parathyroid gland
  2. Accessory thymic Issue
  3. Persistent cord of thymic tissue
  4. Ectopic inferior parathyroid gland
82
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A
  • Failure of 3rd and 4th pouches to differentiate into thymus, parathyroid
  • Neural Crest Defects
  • Sporadic, teratogens?
  • Variability in severity and outcome
83
Q

What are the predominan defects for DiGeorge Syndrome? (Catch 22)

A 
Cardiac Abnormality (especially Tetralogy of Fallot)
Abnormal Facies
Thymic Aplasia
Cleft Palate
Hypocalcemia/Hypoparatthyroidism
84
Q

What are the 4 things present in a heart showing Tetralogy of fallot?

A
  1. Overriding Aorta
  2. Pulmonic Stenosis
  3. Ventricular Septal Defect
  4. Right Ventricular hypertrophy
85
Q

Generally speaking, define a pharyngeal membrane

A

They form where the epithelia of the grooves and pouches approach each other

86
Q

What are the 2 pharyngeal membranes?

A
  1. Oropharyngeal Membrane

2. Tympanic membraine

87
Q

Describe the Oropharyngeal membrane

A
  1. Strictly speaking, not a pharyngeal membrane
  2. Breaks down in 4th week to connect the mouth (stomodeum) with the gut/pharynx
  3. marks site where ectoderm and endoderm meet
  4. Glossopalatine arch marks location, separates oral cavity from pharynx
88
Q

Describe the Tympanic membrane

A
  • Derived from layers between 1st cleft and 1st pouch

- 1st ectoderm and endoderm only, then neural crest moves

89
Q

What do Hox genes regulate?

A

A-P Identity

90
Q

What are Hox genes involved in?

A

Bodily segmentation during embryonic development

91
Q

What type of DNA sequence is a homeobox?

A

180 bp DNA sequence

92
Q

As a transcription factor what to they turn on?

A

Cascades of other genes

93
Q

What patterns the Neural crest in the Proximal-Distal orientation?

A

DLX genes

94
Q

What does the tongue develop from?

A

The floor of the arches

95
Q

Which arches form which parts of the tongue? Generally speaking

A

Arch 1: forms anterior 2/3 of the tongue epithelium

Arch 2: it is covered up as arch 3 portion grows

Arch 3: Forms most of the remaining 1/3 of tongue epithelium

Arch 4: Forms just a bit of tongue at the very back of the throat

96
Q

For tongue development, what does arch 1 form at weeks 4 and 5 respectively?

A

Week 4: Forms median swelling: Median tongue bud (tubercular impar)

Week 5: forms lateral swellings: distal tongue buds (lateral lingual swellings)

97
Q

What does arch 2 form at week 4 to develop the tongue?

A

Forms midline swelling called Copula

98
Q

What does arch 2 form at 5-6 weeks to develop the tongue?

A

Is overgrown by hypopharyngeal eminence from Archese 3, 4

99
Q

Where does epiglottis arise?

A

Posterior to hypopharyngeal eminence

100
Q

What gives rise to the tongue muscles?

A

Occipital somites

101
Q

What is the terminal sulcus on the tongue?

A
  • Dividing line between oral tongue and pharyngeal tongue
  • Dividing line between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/2
  • It is between CN V and CN IX innervation
    • Except circumvallate Papillae–innervated by CN IX but anterior to the sulcus
102
Q

What is the foramen cecum the sit for?

A

Thyroid primordium

103
Q

T/F Origination of the thyroid is bilateral

A

FALSE, it originates on the midline

104
Q

What is an endodermal diverticulum?

A
  • Forms during the development of the thyroid gland just posterior to the floor of the 1st arch (This is not a pharyngeal pouch)
  • It is NOT biliateral: originates on the midline
  • Elongates into the thyroglossal duct
105
Q

What is the thyroglossal duct?

A
  • Elongation of the Diverticulum

- Gland remainsin contact with tongue early, but duct is normally obliterated later in development

106
Q

Where does the Thyroglossal duct connect with the tongue?

A

Foramen Cecum

107
Q

What are the thyroid anomalies?

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts and sinuses

108
Q

Why do thyroid anomalies form?

A

Failure of thyroglossal duct to completely pinch off and degenerate

109
Q

Where an thyroglossal anomalies form?

A

May form anywhere along the course followed by the thyroglossal duct

110
Q

By what age are most thyroglossal anamolies seen?

A

Most seen by 5 yrs old

111
Q

T/F most thyroid anomalies are symptomatic

A

FALSE

112
Q

How does the pituitary gland form?

A
  • Forms from the upward invagination of the oral ectodermin the stomodeum (Rathke’s pouch)
  • *This is not a pharyngeal pouch
  • Separates from the oral epithelium, moves into contact with diencephalon

**Oral Biology (10 decks)

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