The Periodic Table Flashcards
Who invented chemical symbols?
Jons Jakob Berzelius thought of it in the early 1800’s.
What are the origins of the periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev designed the original based on atomic weight, where he successfully predicted proprieties of unknown elements.
In 1914, Henry Moseley proved that atomic # would be a superior way of organizing the table.
Groups are……
Vertical Columns that are families, elements sharing proprieties. The families also share valence electron #.
Periods are……
Horizontal lines on the periodic table. Elements in periods have the same # of valence electron shells.
What are the proprieties of Alkali metals?
- soft, low density metals.
- low melting points and easily oxidized
- hyper-reactive.
- React violently with water.
- have 1 valence electron
- highly likely to give away said electron.
- react well with halogens.
- commonly form solutions with a base pH
Proprieties of sodium are…….
Sodium is commonly found in rock salt.
- tarnishes quickly
- soft and malleable
- not found pure
- essential for living beings.
Proprieties of potassium are?
- soft, silvery metal.
- lower density than water.
- reacts with water to produce KOH, heat, and hydrogen, which ignites the hydrogen.
Common proprieties of Alkaline Earth metals?
- harder & denser than Alkali metals
- gray or silver with high melting points.
- almost as reactive as alkali metals.
- found commonly, though not purely
- 2 valences which they tend to give away.
Proprieties of Magnesium?
- a grayish white metal
- essential for human health
- lightest industrial metal
- burns with a bright white light, used in flares.
Proprieties of Calcium?
- 5th most abundant element in earths crust
- not naturally found in pure form
- necessary for bones, teeth, leaves, and shells.
Common proprieties of transition metals?
- good thermal & electrical conductivity
- hard metals with high melting points
- low to moderate connectivity
- cannot be easily divided into individual groups.
Oxidation is?
The loss of at least one electron during a reaction.
Iron proprieties?
- exists in small amounts in all stars
- mainly gotten from hematite and magnetite
- strongly magnetic
- essential for living beings
- alloying with carbon creates steel.
Proprieties of Zinc?
- Bluish-white shiny metal
- used in dry cell batteries
- used to form alloys with copper, nickel, aluminum, and lead
- used for galvanization to protect iron from corrosion.
Proprieties of Silver?
- bright white luster
- very ductile and malleable
- highest thermal & electrical conductivity of all metals
- tarnishes in presence of sulfur compounds
- reflects almost 100% of light that hits it
- sterling silver is 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper
Proprieties of gold?
- money standard for many countries, hyper-valuable
- very ductile and malleable
- excellent conductor of electricity and thermal energy
- reflects infrared radiation well
- pure gold is obscenely soft, leading to the carat system of purity.
Proprieties of mercury?
-only metal element liquid at room temperature
(297 K)
-has extremely high surface tension
-good conductor of electricity but not heat
-commonly found in Mercury sulfide HgS
-used in thermometers and amalgams previously
General Proprieties of Halogens?
- Nonmetals
- at room temp. they are diatomic molecules
- highly reactive and not found pure in nature
- have 7 valence naturally
- bond well with alkali metals
- form halides, or a halogen with a element with a lower electronegativity
Proprieties of Fluorine?
- most electronegative element
- can react with almost everything
- is pale yellow and VERY corrosive as a gas
- fluorine can even react with noble gases
Proprieties of chlorine?
- very reactive, can directly react with most elements
- often found as NaCl
- commercially used as a disinfectant and bleach
- high density for a gas .0032g/mL
- used to chlorinate water
General proprieties of noble gases?
- all colorless and odorless under normal conditions
- low boiling points
- almost no reactivity
- have a full valence shell
- do not tend to react or gain or lose electrons
- commonly used for lighting
Proprieties of Helium?
- would be called helion if found on earth
- lightest noble gas
- 2nd most abundant element in the universe
- lowest boiling point of any element (4 K)
- used for lighter than air balloons
- not combustible
- lowest freezing point of any element
Proprieties of Argon?
- colorless & odorless as a gas & liquid
- 1% of of atmosphere by volume
- used in incandescent light bulbs to prevent corrosion
- argon-40 is used in the radioactive dating process potassium-40-argon-40 dating
Know the General proprieties of the Lanthanide-Actinide Series.
- silvery-white metals
- chemically similar, but atomic # changes proprieties slightly
- high melting & boiling points
- oxidize and tarnish quickly in air
- react with water to release hydrogen
- lanthanides are found naturally on earth
- lanthanides compounds can be catalysts
- all actinides are hard and radioactive
What is “Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle”
The more accurately we can determine the position of an electron, the less accurately we can determine its momentum.
In turn, the more accurate we can determine its momentum, the less accurately we can determine the position of an electron.
What is an orbital?
A specific energy level where an electron is likely to be found.
What is a principle quantum number?
A whole number that gives an idea of the size of an orbital and energy level of electrons inside it.
List types of orbitals
S- 1 orbital, 2 electrons max
P-3 orbitals, 6 electrons max
D-5 orbitals, 10 electrons max
F-7 orbitals, 14 electrons max
