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oral biology and clinical sciences 1 > the oral environment > Flashcards

the oral environment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

state the oral fluids

A

saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, oral bacteria, food debris and epithelial cells

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2
Q

what are the 2 main functions of oral fluid?

A

protective and digestive

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3
Q

in which ways does the oral fluid perform a protective function?

A

cleansing, mucosal protection, buffering, remineralisation, antimicrobial

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4
Q

in which ways does the oral fluid perform a digestive function?

A

digestive enzymes, lubricates bolus for chewing and swallowing

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5
Q

what may a reduced saliva flow cause?

A

caries in abnormal places (buccal and labial area), xerstomia

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6
Q

name the 3 major pairs of salivary glands glands

A

parotid, sublingual and submandibular

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7
Q

where are the minor salivary glands located?

A

buccal, labial, lingual, palatal

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8
Q

what are the basic secretory units of salivary glands?

A

clusters of cells called acini

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9
Q

which duct leads directly from the acini of salivary glands?

A

intercalated duct

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10
Q

which duct leads directly from the intercalated duct?

A

striated duct

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11
Q

where is all saliva produced by salivary glands gathered?

A

collecting duct

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12
Q

which major salivary gland produces mixed secretions?

A

submandibular

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13
Q

which major salivary gland produces serous secretion

A

parotid

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14
Q

which major salivary gland produces mucous secretion

A

sublingual

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15
Q

which minor salivary glands produce mucous secretion

A

buccal, labial, lingual and palatal

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16
Q

which minor salivary gland produces serous and mucous secretions?

A

lingual

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17
Q

where is gingival crevicular fluid produced?

A

the epithelium lining gingival crevice

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18
Q

what may gingival crevicular fluid also be called?

A

secular fluid

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19
Q

what increases the flow of gingival crevicular fluid?

A

inflammation (gingivitis)

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20
Q

what is the average daily salivary flow?

A

500-700ml

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21
Q

which salivary gland is the major contributor when sleeping?

A

submandibular

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22
Q

which salivary gland is the major contributor when awake?

A

submandibular

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23
Q

which salivary gland is the major contributor when stimulated?

A

parotid

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24
Q

which factors affect unstimulated salivary flow rate?

A

state of hydration, previous stimulation, circadian and circannual rhythms, medication and salivary gland disease

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25
Q

what are the inorganic components of saliva and their % composition?

A

water (99.5%), ions (0.2%)

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26
Q

what are the organic components of saliva and their % composition?

A

mainly proteins (0.3%) and very little carbohydrates or lipids

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27
Q

which buffering ion concentration is greater at higher salivary flow rate?

A

bicarbonate

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28
Q

which ions are present in saliva?

A

fluoride, calcium and phosphate, thiocyanate, bicarbonate, phosphate

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29
Q

what is the function of the fluoride ion in saliva?

A

antibacterial, forms fluoroapatite, promotes remineralisation

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30
Q

what is the function of the calcium ion in saliva?

A

remineralisation

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31
Q

what is the function of the bicarbonate ion in saliva?

A

buffering

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32
Q

what is the function of the phosphate ion in saliva?

A

remineralisation and buffering

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33
Q

what is the function of the thiocyanate ion in saliva?

A

antibacterial

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34
Q

what are the salivary buffers?

A

bicarbonate, phospahtes, proteins, bacterial ammonia

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35
Q

describe the series of events that occur in acini cells to produce saliva

A

. increase in calcium opens calcium dependant potassium and chloride ion channels
. chloride ions cross the apical membrane into lumen of acinus
. sodium follows chloride across cell to maintain electroneutrality
. resulting osmotic gradient moves water

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36
Q

name the 13 main salivary proteins

A

amylase, lipase, cystatin, gusting, statherins, histatins, immunoglobin, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, plasma proteins, proline-rich proteins, mucoproteins

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37
Q

what type of protein is amylase?

A

enzyme

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38
Q

which 2 ions does amylase require?

A

chloride and calcium

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39
Q

what is another name for the lysozyme proteins produced in saliva?

A

muramidase

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40
Q

what is the general role of salivary amylase?

A

defence

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41
Q

what is the general role of salivary lysozymes?

A

non-specific defence

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42
Q

how do lysozyme carry out defence?

A

attack bonds in bacterial cell walls causing lysis

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43
Q

what is another name for lactoperoxidase in saliva?

A

sialoperoxidase

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44
Q

what type of protein is sialoperoxidase (lactoperoxidase)?

A

enzyme

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45
Q

what does lactoperoxidase in saliva do?

A

releases oxygen from hydrogen peroxide, and allows oxidation of thiocyanate to orodcude hypothiocyanate

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46
Q

which bacteria are intolerant to oxygen?

A

obligate anaerobes

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47
Q

what is the function of hypothiocyante?

A

antibacterial action

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48
Q

what do cystatins in saliva do and what is their function?

A

inhibit cysteine proteases, antimicrobial function

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49
Q

what are cysteine proteases?

A

proteins which breakdown proteins on amino acid cysteine side chain

50
Q

which molecule does gustin require to function?

A

zinc

51
Q

what is the function of the salivary protein gustin?

A

facilitate taste function by activating taste buds, produce bicarbonate buffer

52
Q

what does the salivary proteins histatin do?

A

. inhibits calcium phosphate precipitation (calcium phosphate precipitation forms calculus) by allowing super saturation of calcium phosphate
. antimicrobial
. inhibits candida albicans and strep mutans

53
Q

what compound is hydroxyapatite made from?

A

calcium phosphate

54
Q

what type of protein molecules are immunoglobins?

A

antibodies

55
Q

give an example of an immunoglobin?

A

IgA

56
Q

which salivary protein has a short memory?

A

immunoglobin

57
Q

what is the function of salivary immunoglobin?

A

specific immunity against bacteria

58
Q

which salivary protein binds to iron?

A

lactoferrin

59
Q

what is the function of lactoferrin?

A

takes away iron from oral environment and therefore from iron-requiring bacteria, antibacterial

60
Q

where in the mouth is iron found?

A

gingiva

61
Q

describe the structure of mucoproteins

A

polypeptide backbone with polysaccharide side chains

62
Q

what do salivary mucoproteins do?

A 
. bind to tooth and epithelial surfaces, when it binds conformation changes allowing more bacteria to bind
. protective role
. lubricative role
. forms primary pellicle
. promotes bacterial aggregation
63
Q

what is the primary pellicle?

A

protein film on surface of enamel formed by selective binding

64
Q

what is the function of salivary proline-rich proteins?

A

adsorb onto hydroxyapatite:

  • acting as diffusion barrier
  • decreasing mineral loss
  • resist acid attack
  • allow mineralisation
65
Q

what is the function of salivary statherins?

A

. prevent precipitation of calcium phosphate by super saturation
. maintain high Ca for remineralisation and PO4 for buffering
. anticalculus action

66
Q

give examples of plasma-derived proteins which have spilled over

A

proteins, blood group substances, ummunoglobins, hormones, drugs

67
Q

name the 9 antimicrobial salivary proteins

A

cystatins, histatins, amylase, immunoglobin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, mucoproteins, lactoperoxidase, proline-rich proteins

68
Q

name the 2 buffering salivary proteins

A

gustin, statherins

69
Q

name the 3 digestive salivary proteins

A

amylase, lipase, lysozyme

70
Q

name the lubricating salivary protein

A

mucoprotein

71
Q

name the 2 remineralising salivary proteins

A

proline-rich proteins and statherins

72
Q

what to responses control the secretions of saliva?

A

unconditioned and conditioned responses

73
Q

define unconditioned responses

A

unlearned, innate

74
Q

define conditioned responses

A

learned, acquired y association

75
Q

what are the 2 types of conditioned responses that produce saliva?

A

mechanical and chemical

76
Q

describe how saliva is produced by mechanical stimuli

A

. pressure on PDL/oral mucosa stimulates saliva from ipsilateral gland

77
Q

describe how saliva is produced by chemical stimuli

A

gustation (tasting) or olfaction or common chemical sense triggers saliva

78
Q

what does ipsilateral mean?

A

gland on same side

79
Q

what is common chemical sense?

A

privative response to irritants or injury, mediated by nociceptors (respond to damage) in mucous membranes, contribute to taste of spices

80
Q

what effect do parasympathetic nerves have on salivation and blood flow?

A

increased blood flow and salivation

81
Q

what effect do sympathetic nerves have on salivation and blood flow?

A

increased salivation, decreased blood flow

82
Q

name the 2 mechanism of salivary secretion

A

primary secretion in acinus and secondary modification in striated ducts

83
Q

which cells secrete primary saliva

A

acini

84
Q

which ducts modify saliva?

A

striated ducts

85
Q

how is saliva modified by striated ducts?

A

bicarbonate and potassium secreted into saliva and sodium and chloride removed

86
Q

what is saliva in relation to plasma?

A

hypotonic

87
Q

how is bicarbonate formed?

A

CO2 + H2O in the presence of carbonic anhydrase

88
Q

approximately how much saliva is in the mouth?

A

1.1ml

89
Q

is the saliva film in motion or static?

A

motion

90
Q

where is saliva film velocity flow lowest?

A

labial, buccal regions

91
Q

where is saliva film velocity flow highest?

A

lower, lingual areas

92
Q

how does saliva film velocity influence the incidence of caries?

A

cariogenic sugars are retained longer in regions where flow is lowest

93
Q

where is the mouth is caries most common?

A

upper, labial regions

94
Q

where is the mouth is calculus most common?

A

lower lingual regions

95
Q

define incidence

A

no. within period of time

96
Q

define prevalence

A

overall amount

97
Q

define clearance

A

rate at which substances are removed from the mouth

98
Q

in which 2 ways is clearance important for oral health?

A

. removal of harmful substances

. retention of beneficial substances

99
Q

how is removal of harmful substances increased?

A

high salivary flow rate

100
Q

how is retention of beneficial substances improved?

A

low salivary flow rate

101
Q

how do micro-organism generate acid?

A

metabolising sugars

102
Q

what is a stephans curve?

A

a graph of the plaque pH change over time

103
Q

what is occurring when plaque pH drops to a critical level?

A

demineralisation

104
Q

at what pH are teeth remineralised?

A

approx pH 5.5

105
Q

which bacteria species likes acid?

A

streptococci mutans

106
Q

what is the main benefit to our oral health of chewing gum?

A

increases salivary flow

107
Q

how does gum increase salivation?

A

stimulates mechanoreceptors on PDL

108
Q

how does gum neutralise plaque acid?

A

increases bicarbonate content of saliva

109
Q

why are sweetners not bad for our oral health?

A

they are not metabolised to acid by plaque bacteria

110
Q

name some bulk caloric substances?

A

sucrose, fructose, glucose and lactose

111
Q

are bulk caloric substances cariogenic?

A

yes

112
Q

name some non-caloric/high-intensity sweetners

A

aspartame, cyclamates, saccharin, sucralose

113
Q

name some low caloric sweetners

A

mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol

114
Q

patients complain of dry mouth when salivary flow drops below?

A

50%

115
Q

a reduction in salivary flow by 50% requires loss of what?

A

function of more than 1 major salivary gland

116
Q

what may cause xerostomia?

A

side effect of drugs, radiotherapy, diseases

117
Q

how does radiotherapy cause xerostomia?

A

it damages glands and epithelia

118
Q

what may reduced salivary flow cause?

A

caries, oral disease, dysaesthesia, impaired oral function, diminished taste perception

119
Q

what is the clinical name for burning mouth?

A

dysaethesia

120
Q

what is caused as a result of reduced clearing?

A

loss of protective function

121
Q

what can be used to treat xerostomia with functioning gland tissue?

A

drugs, chewing gum

122
Q

what can be used to treat xerostomia with no functioning gland tissue?

A

saliva substituem containing mucins or cellulose

oral biology and clinical sciences 1 (18 decks)

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