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Microscopic Anatomy > The Nucleus > Flashcards

The Nucleus Flashcards

1
Q

how many membranes does the nucleus have

A

2

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2
Q

what is the name for the dense fibrillar network inside the nucleus of most cells that provides mechanical support and regulates important cellular events such as DNA replication and cell division

A

nuclear lamina

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3
Q

what is chromatin composed of

A

complex of five structural proteins and DNA

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4
Q

when is chromatin movement active

A

when there is genetic activity such as gene turning on

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5
Q

how many chromosomes does the human cell contain

A

46

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6
Q

how many autosomes or homogenous pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

22

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7
Q

what is the diploid number of somatic cells

A

2n

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8
Q

what cells have a haploid number of chromosomes

A

sperm and ovarian cells

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9
Q

what does the lowercase d stand for in mitosis

A

DNA content

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10
Q

how many base pairs are present in the human genome

A

more than 3 million DNA base pairs

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11
Q

what are the four DNA bases

A

adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine

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12
Q

what are the four phases of the cell cycle

A

Gap 1 (G1)
synthesis
Gap 2 (G2)
mitosis

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13
Q

what does G0 represent in the cell cycle

A

phase where the cell exits the cell cycle

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14
Q

at what phase of the cell cycle does the cell divide

A

mitosis

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15
Q

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle

A

G1 or growth phase

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16
Q

what happens to the chromosomes during the S phase of the cell cycle

A

each of the 46 chromosomes are duplicated

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17
Q

during mitosis, one nucleus will become how many nuclei with identical genetic information

A

2 nuclei

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18
Q

what happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase

A

it disappears

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19
Q

when do the 2 nuclei of mitosis and cytoplasm split into 2 cells

A

during cytokinesis

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20
Q

what types of cell undergo meiosis, forming with a haploid number

A

gametes

21
Q

what are the two major check points for cell regulation during the cell cycle

A

between G1 and S
between G2 and M

22
Q

what is considered the most critical check point in the cell cycle that can result in what is referred to as a mitotic catastrophe that can lead to cell death or tumor development

A

between G1 and S

23
Q

what controls the cell cycle checkpoints

A

cyclin dependent kinases

24
Q

what protein forms from the cyclin kinase complex, is produced by a tumor suppressor gene, and when defective can lead to retinoblastoma

A

RB

25
Q

what protein binds to DNA directly to produce proteins that block the progression of the cell cycle

A

P35 known as the guardian of the genome

26
Q

what protein functions to inhibit CDK so it won’t be able to activate DNA replication or mitosis, but does not lead to cancer when defective

A

P21

27
Q

defective suppressor genes often lead to what

A

neoplastic growth

28
Q

what does the number of mitotic metaphases indicate

A

the mitotic activity of the cell

29
Q

what are the 3 major cell population classifications related to cell mitotic activity

A

static cell populations
stable cell populations
cell renewal populations

30
Q

what 3 types of cells that are considered static or no longer divide

A

CNS cells
skeletal muscle cells
cardiac muscle cells

31
Q

what 4 cell types are considered stable or mitotically active during injury

A

periosteal and perichondrial cells
smooth muscle cells
endothelial cells of the blood vessels
fibroblasts of the connective tissue

32
Q

what are the 3 examples of slow renewing cells

A

smooth muscle cells of most hollow organs
fibroblasts of the uterine wall
epithelial cells of the lens of the eye

33
Q

what are 3 examples of fast renewing cells

A

blood cells
epithelial and dermal fibroblasts of the skin
epithelial and sub epithelial fibroblasts of mucosal lining of the GI tract

34
Q

how many cells are produced in the human body per day

A

100 billion

35
Q

what is the frequency of somatic cell mutations

A

1 every million replications of a cell

36
Q

what are some common features of neoplastic cells

A

high mitotic rates
mass forming
failure to activate apoptosis
mutations of future DNA
metastasis
invasion

37
Q

what are some microscopic features suggestive of malignancy

A

large, variably sized nuclei
increased cell division
disorganized cell pattern
variation of cell size and shape
loss of normal features

38
Q

the T antigen of simian virus (SV40) protein that binds to pRb interferes with the specific checkpoints in the cell cycle that have been fond to be involved in which 3 tumors

A

mesothelioma
osteosarcoma
ependymoma

39
Q

reserve stem cells may be re-activated into the cell cycle in what 3 circumstances

A

normal wound healing
radiation
organ regeneration

40
Q

what happens if the damage to tissue is extensive enough to cause the reserve stem cells to die

A

no healing or regeneration will occur

41
Q

what are the three germs layers that can result from an embryonic stem cell

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

42
Q

what are the 3 major differences between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells

A

adult cells have determined type
adult are difficult to culture in-vitro
can only be autologously transplanted

43
Q

homeostasis is critical in maintaining a balance between what

A

cell accumulation and cell death

44
Q

how does cancer impact the balance of homeostasis

A

it causes cell accumulation

45
Q

how does ischemic injury impact the balance of homeostasis

A

it causes cell death

46
Q

what type of injury may result in necrosis

A

hypothermia
hypoxia
radiation
low pH
cell trauma

47
Q

what type of 2 immune cells can destroy cancer transformed cells or cells infected with a viral pathogen

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes
natural killer (NK) cells

48
Q

what factors inhibit apoptosis

A

growth factors
hormones like androgens and estrogen
neutral amino acids
zinc
interactions with extracellular matrix proteins
several cellular and viral proteins act as a cascade inhibitor

Microscopic Anatomy (11 decks)

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