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Microscopic Anatomy > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

the majority of cells in the lymphatic system are derived from what cell

A

hemopoietic stem cell

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2
Q

what are the two fundamental immune cell lineages derived from the stem cell

A

common myeloid proenitor and common lymphoid progenitor

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3
Q

what are the three primary lymphatic organs

A

thymus
bone marrow
fetal liver

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4
Q

what are the five secondary lymphatic organs

A

spleen
lymph nodes
appendix
lymphatic nodules
diffuse lymphatic tissues

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5
Q

what are the two primary functions of an incompetent effector T cell or B cell in the early stages of immune cell differentiation

A

recognize self-antigens from not self-self antigens
recognize only foreign antigens

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6
Q

what four subtances are considered antigens

A

soluble substances
infectious organisms
foreign tissues
transformed tissues

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7
Q

what are two reasons why an antigen may not be recognized by the immune system

A

too small or not yet processed

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8
Q

what are four non-specific immunity protective factors in the body

A

physical barriers
chemical defenses
secretory substances
cells of the innate immune system

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9
Q

how does the body produce a specific adaptive immunity response in the body if the non-specific protective factors fail

A

encoded membrane-bound forms of immunoglobin on B lymphocytes

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10
Q

what are the 2 ways acquired resistance is established through random somatic rearrangements of genes

A

encoded membrane-bound forms of immunoglobin on B lymphocytes
specific receptors on T lymphocytes

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11
Q

what are the two main types of immunity that are part of the adaptive immunity response

A

humoral and cell mediated adaptive immunity

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12
Q

what is the primary cell in humoral immunity

A

B-cells

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13
Q

what is the primary cell in cell mediated immunity

A

T-cells

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14
Q

what are the three main types of lymphocytes in the immune system

A

T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
natural killer cells

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15
Q

where does antigen-independent cell differentiation occur in the immune system

A

thymus and bone marrow

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16
Q

where does antigen-dependent activation occur in the immune system

A

secondary lymph organs and tissues

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17
Q

what are the five main actions of T helper cells

A

form a clone of T helper memory cells
make primary interferons and other cytokines
activate B cells to secrete antibodies
activate macrophages to destroy ingested microbes
help activate cytotoxic T-cells to kill infected targets

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18
Q

what is the main action of natural killer cells

A

target and kill aberrant cells

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18
Q

what is the main action of T cytotoxic killer cells

A

kill target cells bearing specific antigen while sparing neighboring uninfected cells

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19
Q

what T cell can function to suppress an immune respone to foreign and self-antigens by influencing the activity of other cells in the immune system

A

supressor T lymphocytes

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20
Q

what two products do natural killer cells secrete

A

perforins and granzymes

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21
Q

what does an APC (antibody presenter cell) do in an immune response

A

work with CD4 T helper cells

22
Q

what are the two major classes of histocompatibility molecules

A

MHC 1 and MHC 2

23
Q

what is the main function of MHC molecules

A

to display the antigen to the T helper cell and T cytotoxic cell

24
Q

what percentage of lymphocytes are short lived, often immature cells that do not circulate between the blood system and the lymphatic tissue

A

30%

25
Q

what antibody is found in saliva, and other secretory fluids such as tears and breast milk, as well as mucosal surfaces

A

IgA

26
Q

what two antibodies play a role in the primary immune response

A

IgD and IgM

27
Q

what antibody plays a role in the secondary immune response

A

IgG

28
Q

how long can it take to have an initial humeral response to an antigen

A

14 days

29
Q

how does the production of antibodies help in the immune response

A

neutralize and mark antigens for destruction

30
Q

what antibody is the first significant antibody to appear in a primary immune response

A

IgM

31
Q

what lymphatic duct is responsible for the most lymphatic drainage

A

thoracic duct

32
Q

lymph exits a lymph node through what lymphatic channel

A

efferent vessel

33
Q

lymph enters a lymph node through what lymphatic channel

A

afferent vessel

34
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct empty

A

junction at right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

35
Q

where does the left lymphatic duct empty

A

junction of left internal jugular and left subclvian veins

36
Q

what is the most inferior portion of the thoracic duct

A

cisterna chyli

37
Q

what are three MALT regions in the body

A

GI tract
respiratory passages
genitourinary tract

38
Q

where is there an accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the oral pharynx

A

tonsil

39
Q

what specialized lymphoid tissue is evident in the ileum

A

peyer’s patches

40
Q

where would you expect to find germinal centers in the appendix

A

submucosa

41
Q

what are three common regions to find lymphoid tissue nodules and name their associated acronyms

A

GALT - gut
BALT - bronchus
MALT - mucosa

42
Q

what are three unique morphologic features of lymph nodes

A

afferent lymphatic vessel
capsule
efferent lymphatic vessel

43
Q

when does the thymus go through the most prominent involution state, being replaced by adipose tissue

A

65 years of age

44
Q

under what clinical circumstance could a thymus be restimulated to produce mature T cells

A

bone marrow transplant

45
Q

what part of the thymus would Hassel corpuscles be found

A

medulla

46
Q

what part of the thymus protects developing lymphocytes from antigens

A

parenchyma

47
Q

what part of the spleen would T cells and B cells be identified

A

white pulp

48
Q

the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) of the white pulp surrounds what structure

A

mass of lymphocytes around a central artery

49
Q

what organ is responsible for red blood cell production in a fetus

A

spleen

50
Q

what is unique about the migration of T cells and B cells in the spleen

A

T + B cells released enter spleen through open circulation
entry of lymphocytes is unregulated

51
Q

what are the immune system functions of the spleen

A

antigen presentation by APC’s
antigen activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes
production of antibodies against antigen present in circulating blood

52
Q

what are the hemopoietic functions of the spleen

A

removal and destruction of abdnomal red blood cells and platelets
retrieval of iron
formation of red blood cells in early fetal life

Microscopic Anatomy (11 decks)

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