Lymphatic System Flashcards
the majority of cells in the lymphatic system are derived from what cell
hemopoietic stem cell
what are the two fundamental immune cell lineages derived from the stem cell
common myeloid proenitor and common lymphoid progenitor
what are the three primary lymphatic organs
thymus
bone marrow
fetal liver
what are the five secondary lymphatic organs
spleen
lymph nodes
appendix
lymphatic nodules
diffuse lymphatic tissues
what are the two primary functions of an incompetent effector T cell or B cell in the early stages of immune cell differentiation
recognize self-antigens from not self-self antigens
recognize only foreign antigens
what four subtances are considered antigens
soluble substances
infectious organisms
foreign tissues
transformed tissues
what are two reasons why an antigen may not be recognized by the immune system
too small or not yet processed
what are four non-specific immunity protective factors in the body
physical barriers
chemical defenses
secretory substances
cells of the innate immune system
how does the body produce a specific adaptive immunity response in the body if the non-specific protective factors fail
encoded membrane-bound forms of immunoglobin on B lymphocytes
what are the 2 ways acquired resistance is established through random somatic rearrangements of genes
encoded membrane-bound forms of immunoglobin on B lymphocytes
specific receptors on T lymphocytes
what are the two main types of immunity that are part of the adaptive immunity response
humoral and cell mediated adaptive immunity
what is the primary cell in humoral immunity
B-cells
what is the primary cell in cell mediated immunity
T-cells
what are the three main types of lymphocytes in the immune system
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
natural killer cells
where does antigen-independent cell differentiation occur in the immune system
thymus and bone marrow
where does antigen-dependent activation occur in the immune system
secondary lymph organs and tissues
what are the five main actions of T helper cells
form a clone of T helper memory cells
make primary interferons and other cytokines
activate B cells to secrete antibodies
activate macrophages to destroy ingested microbes
help activate cytotoxic T-cells to kill infected targets
what is the main action of natural killer cells
target and kill aberrant cells
what is the main action of T cytotoxic killer cells
kill target cells bearing specific antigen while sparing neighboring uninfected cells
what T cell can function to suppress an immune respone to foreign and self-antigens by influencing the activity of other cells in the immune system
supressor T lymphocytes
what two products do natural killer cells secrete
perforins and granzymes
what does an APC (antibody presenter cell) do in an immune response
work with CD4 T helper cells
what are the two major classes of histocompatibility molecules
MHC 1 and MHC 2
what is the main function of MHC molecules
to display the antigen to the T helper cell and T cytotoxic cell
what percentage of lymphocytes are short lived, often immature cells that do not circulate between the blood system and the lymphatic tissue
30%
what antibody is found in saliva, and other secretory fluids such as tears and breast milk, as well as mucosal surfaces
IgA
what two antibodies play a role in the primary immune response
IgD and IgM
what antibody plays a role in the secondary immune response
IgG
how long can it take to have an initial humeral response to an antigen
14 days
how does the production of antibodies help in the immune response
neutralize and mark antigens for destruction
what antibody is the first significant antibody to appear in a primary immune response
IgM
what lymphatic duct is responsible for the most lymphatic drainage
thoracic duct
lymph exits a lymph node through what lymphatic channel
efferent vessel
lymph enters a lymph node through what lymphatic channel
afferent vessel
where does the right lymphatic duct empty
junction at right internal jugular and right subclavian veins
where does the left lymphatic duct empty
junction of left internal jugular and left subclvian veins
what is the most inferior portion of the thoracic duct
cisterna chyli
what are three MALT regions in the body
GI tract
respiratory passages
genitourinary tract
where is there an accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the oral pharynx
tonsil
what specialized lymphoid tissue is evident in the ileum
peyer’s patches
where would you expect to find germinal centers in the appendix
submucosa
what are three common regions to find lymphoid tissue nodules and name their associated acronyms
GALT - gut
BALT - bronchus
MALT - mucosa
what are three unique morphologic features of lymph nodes
afferent lymphatic vessel
capsule
efferent lymphatic vessel
when does the thymus go through the most prominent involution state, being replaced by adipose tissue
65 years of age
under what clinical circumstance could a thymus be restimulated to produce mature T cells
bone marrow transplant
what part of the thymus would Hassel corpuscles be found
medulla
what part of the thymus protects developing lymphocytes from antigens
parenchyma
what part of the spleen would T cells and B cells be identified
white pulp
the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) of the white pulp surrounds what structure
mass of lymphocytes around a central artery
what organ is responsible for red blood cell production in a fetus
spleen
what is unique about the migration of T cells and B cells in the spleen
T + B cells released enter spleen through open circulation
entry of lymphocytes is unregulated
what are the immune system functions of the spleen
antigen presentation by APC’s
antigen activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes
production of antibodies against antigen present in circulating blood
what are the hemopoietic functions of the spleen
removal and destruction of abdnomal red blood cells and platelets
retrieval of iron
formation of red blood cells in early fetal life
