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Microscopic Anatomy > Adipose and Muscle > Flashcards

Adipose and Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

how is fat stored for a source of energy

A

lipid droplets of triglyceride

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2
Q

why are triglycerides a more optimal resource than protein and carbohydrates in a food deprivation event

A

they offer twice the number of calories and the body has a limited ability to store protein and carbohydrates

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3
Q

what two signaling mechanisms does fat have to regulate metabolism

A

paracrine and hormone signaling

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4
Q

what are the two types of adipose tissue

A

white (unilocular) and brown (multilocular) adipose tissue

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5
Q

what type of adipose tissue is more prominent in a fetus and infant

A

brown adipose tissue

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6
Q

what are the four main functions of white adipose tissue

A

energy storage
insulation
vital organ cushioning
secretions of hormones

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7
Q

from what cells are white adipose tissue derived

A

perivascular stem cell

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8
Q

from what cells are brown adipose tissue derived

A

skeletal myogenic progenitor cell

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9
Q

what does the term panniculus or abdominal pannus best describe

A

an apron of skin and fat that hangs down from the abdomen

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10
Q

what shape or fat distribution is attributed to higher health risks

A

apple shape or abdominal fat dominance

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11
Q

what is the preferential site for accumulation of adipose tissue for both sexes

A

mammary fat pad

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12
Q

what are some of the broad associated risks of increased internal organ fat

A

stroke
heart disease
cancer
phlebitis
gout
osteoarthritis
gynecologic abnormalities
gallbladder disease
liver disease
lung disease

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13
Q

what are adipokines

A

hormones, growth factors, or cytokines secreted by adipose cells

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14
Q

what five things do adipokines help to regulate

A

energy homeostasis
adipogenesis
steroid metabolism
angiogenesis
immune reponses

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15
Q

what hormone helps to inhibit food intake, stimulates metabolism, and the loss of body weight

A

leptin

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16
Q

what are the five major functions of leptin

A

regulates appetite and body energy expenditure
signals to the brain about body fat storage
increases formation of new vessels
involved in blood pressure control by regulating vascular tone
potent inhibitor of bone formation

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17
Q

an increase in leptin secretion resulting from obesity causes what three things to happen

A

non-adipose tissue becomes resistant to leptin
increased insulin resistance
increase in internal organ fat

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18
Q

what two physiologic factors control an individual’s weight

A

short term weight regulation (appetite and metabolism controlled on a daily basis)
long term weight regulation (appetite and metabolism control on a continual basis)

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19
Q

what are the two main hormones regulating adipose physiology

A

insulin and leptin

20
Q

what are three secondary hormones or steroids that contribute to adipose physiology

A

thyroid homrone
glucocorticoids
hormones of the pituitary gland

21
Q

what percentage of body fat is brown fat in a newborn

A

5%

22
Q

what 3 things regulate and may alter the volume of brown fat

A

sympathetic nervous system
cold outdoor temperatures
physical activity

23
Q

what is the name of the process of converting white fat to brown fat or transforming brown fat to white fat

A

transdifferentiation of adipose tissue

24
Q

what two myofilaments are responsible for muscle contraction

A

actin and myosin 2

25
Q

what term refers to the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

26
Q

what is the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue

A

sarcomere

27
Q

what is the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in muscle tissue

A

myoglobin

28
Q

what are the two primary classifications of muscle

A

striated and smooth muscle

29
Q

what are the three subclassifications of striated muscle

A

skeletal muscle
visceral striated muscle
cardiac muscle

30
Q

what are the three connective tissue layers of a muscle bundle from outer most layer surrounding the bundles of fasicles to the layer that surrounds an individual muscle fiber

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

31
Q

what three broad characteristics are important in considering the function of skeletal muscle fibers

A

speed of contration
enzymatic velocity
metabolic activity

32
Q

what two components of muscle are most needed for optimal muscle performance

A

myoglobin to carry oxygen
ATP for energy

33
Q

rhabdomyolysis can result in which type of damage to the kidneys

A

destruction of the renal epithelium resulting in acute renal failure as evident by dark “coca cola” urine

34
Q

what color would you expect a fast twitching muscle fiber to be

A

white

35
Q

what color would you expect a slow twitching muscle fiber to be

A

red

36
Q

what type of muscle fiber would be expected to have a high oxygen content due to high levels of myoglobin, capillaries, and mitochondria

A

type 1

37
Q

what type of muscle fiber has a fast twitch but fatigues easily

A

type 2b

38
Q

what type of muscle fiber has a fast twitch but is resistant to fatigue

A

type 2a

39
Q

what is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration as muscles are exhausted

A

lactic acid which is associated with pain in the muscle

40
Q

what are the five most prominant microscopic features of skeletal muscle

A

long, cylindrical cells
multiple, peripheral nuclei
striations
sarcomere present
no cell-to-cell junction

41
Q

what are the five most prominent microscopic features of cardiac muscle

A

short cylindrical cells
single central nuclei
striations
intercalated discs
sarcomere present

42
Q

what are the five most prominent microscopic features of smooth muscle

A

small, elongated fusiform cells in sheets
single, central nuclei
do not display a striated pattern
gap junctions present
no sarcomere

43
Q

the myoblast is derived from what cell lineage

A

multipotent myogenic stem cell

44
Q

how do cardiac cells repair themsevles

A

they do not have a reparative mechanism and result in cell death that eventually results in scar tissue

45
Q

how does skeletal muscle repair itself

A

by the activation of the myogenic stem cell called satellite cells

46
Q

what muscle type continues to divide and maintain or increase in cell number

A

smooth muscle cells

Microscopic Anatomy (11 decks)

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