Cartilage and Bone Flashcards
what percentage of cartilage by volume does the extracellular matrix represent
95%
how does cartilage maintain its viability, despite the fact that it is an avascular tissue
viability of the tissue is maintained by diffusion of substances between the blood vessels of surrounding tissues and the chondrocytes dispersed in the intracellular matrix
what are the three main types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
what is the main type of collagen present in hyaline cartilage
type 2
what are the main 3 functions of hyaline cartilage
provides a low-friction surface
participates in lubricating synovial joints
provides distribution of applied forces to the underlying bone
what are the three major classes of molecules that compose hyaline cartilage
collagen molecules (2, 6, 9, 10, and 11)
proteoglycans (ground substance)
multiadhesive glycoproteins
what is the name of the process of bone formation in fetal development
endochondral ossification
what adult bone has remnants of residual cartilage
articular (joints)
costal (ribs)
skeletal (trachea, nose, etc.)
what is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage that provides a source of new cartilage cells and contains blood, nerves, lymphatics, collagen fibers, and fibroblasts
perichondrium
what type of cartilage is known to calcify with age
hyaline
what are the 4 common sites for elastic cartilage to be found
external ear
walls of the external acoustic meatus
eustachian tube
epiglottis
what are the 6 common sites to find fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
articular discs of the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints
menisci of the knee joint
triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist
certain places where tendons attach to bones
what is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondrocytes and begins secreting the molecules that form the extracellular matrix
chondrogenesis
what are the two types of cartilage growth
appositional
interstitial
what type of cartilage growth is the result of chondroblast differentiation in the perichondrium, which adds to the exsisting layers of cartilage
appositional growth
what type of cartilage growth is the result of the proliferation and hypertrophy of exsisting cartilage
interstitial growth
what four factors limit the ability for cartilage to repair itself
immobilizaiton of chondrocytes
chondrocytes have less ability to proliferate than other cells
cartilage is avascular
hyaline cartilage calcifies and is replaced by bone
what type of chondral cell is thought to be responsible for removal of cartilage
chondroclasts
what are the two most prominent minerals present in bone
calcium and phosphate
what is the major structural component of bone matrix
collagen type 1
what are the five major noncollagenous protein groups found in bone
proteoglycan macromolecules
multiadhesive glycoproteins
bone-specific, vitamin K-dependent proteins
growth factors
cytokines
what two structures make up the bone matrix
lacunae and canaliculi
what are the four cell types found in bone
osteocyte
osteoprogenitor cells
periosteal (bone-lining) cells
osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells are derived from what type of stem cell
mesenchymal stem cells
what is the name of the primary mature bone cell
osteocyte
what multi-nucleated bone cell resorbs bone and is present on the bone surface when bone is being removed or remodeled, or when bone has been damaged
osteoclasts
a bone that forms a freely movable joint, surfaced by hyaline cartilage is called what
a synovial joint
what are the two major classes of bone tissue
compact (dense) bone
spongy (cancellous) bone
what are the four main classifications of bone by shape
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
what is the shaft of the bone called
diaphysis
what are the ends of the long bones called
epiphysis
what is the flared portion of bone between diaphysis and epiphysis called
metaphysis
what is the name for the bone growth plate in children
epiphyseal plate
what is the layer of connective tisue that contains osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and bone-lining cells
endosteum
what type of bone marrow consists of blood cells in different stages of development
red bone marrow
what type of bone marrow consists of primarily fat cells
yellow matter
what is the name of the channels in lamellar bone containing blood vessels and nerves
Volkmann’s canals
what is the name for the cylindrical units of bone
haversian systems (osteons)
what is the name for openings in bone that pass through to the bone marrow
nutrient foramina
what are the four main differences between immature and mature bone
immature bone does not display organized lamellated appearance
immature bone has more cells per unit area that mature bone
immature bone cells are randomly arranged
immature bone has less ground substance
what are the two broad categories of bone formation
endochondral and intramembranous ossification
the presence of what substance is necessary for the growth of long bones and maintaining the growth process
epiphyseal cartilage
what bone cell controls bone minerilzaiton
osteoblasts
what hormone acts on the bone to increase low blood calcium levels to normal
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
what substance acts on the bone to decrease elevated blood calcium levels to normal
calcitonin
what type of bone repair results from immobilization of a bone fractures that are treated with nonrigid or semirigid bone fixation
indirect (secondary)
what type of bone repair typically results from surgical intervention and stabilization of a fracture
direct (primary)
what are the four stages of bone healing from a fracture
formation of blood clot
soft callus
hard callus
bone remodeling
