The Notion Of Cavities, Bony Spaces, Compartments And Their Neuronal Innervation Flashcards
What is bone?
- it is a living tissue of the body that forms the skeleton of the body
- it is constituted from dense connective tissue and thus made from: cells (secretion), fibres (connective tissue), matrix (ground substance)
What are the 2 forms of bone?
Compact bone
- solid mass of dense connective tissue
Cancellous bone
- branching network of trabeculated dense connective tissue
What are the 5 classes of bone?
- Flat
- Short
- long
- irregular
- sesamoid
What is seen in the cross section of flat bones?
- Tri-laminar:
- Compact bone (outer table)
- trabecular bone (diploe) - contains bone marrow
- compact bone (inner table)
- Inner and outer tables are lined with periosteum
Flat bones are considered strong and protective due to 3 layers of bone and 2 layers of compact
what are flat bones used for?
trapping bone marrow
what is a long bone?
a bone that is longer than it is wide and had a marrow cavity in the middle (excluding clavicle which has no cavity and so a modified long bone)
What are the 2 surfaces of a long bone?
(due to a marrow cavity)
- inner surface - lines the marrow cavity
- outer surface - forms the outer margin of the bone
what are the 2 surfaces of the long bone lined by?
- periosteum - lines the outer surface
- endosteum - lines the inner surface
what is the importance of periosteum?
- generates cells known as osteoblasts (osteoclasts & osteocytes)
- rich blood supply that nourishes bone
- maintains bone in healthy state
- repairs bone in case of fractures
- rich innervation from sensory nerves of somatic nervous system for pain sensation from bone
what is the gross structure of the periosteum (or endosteum)?
- fibrous layer (outer)
- cellular later (inner)
- collagen fibres of the periosteum are continuous with those of bone, adjacent joint capsule, tendon and ligaments
what is the lining of cartilage called?
- soft tissue known as perichondrium
what are the components of cartilage?
- periochondrium
- mesenchyme cell (chondroblast)
- extracellular matrix containing chondroytes (which are within lacuna), proteoglycans, collagen and hyaluronic acid)
- periochondrium
what is the gross structure of perichondium?
- fibrous layer (outer) - maintained by fibrocytes
- cellular layer (inner) - chondrogenic layer which generates cartilage itself (chondrocytes)
what is a bony space?
Surfaces of bones onto which muscles, tendons, ligaments and soft tissues attach
Can be sites for pathologies
what are fossae?
superficial ditches on surfaces - used as support or receive another bone
what are para nasal sinuses?
- series of strategically organised, hollow spaces of cavities within bones of the head
what characteristics do paranasal sinuses have?
- open into nasal cavity
- are lined by:
: periosteum (like any bone)
: secretory epithelium (pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (ciliated with goblet cells for blood supply)) - thin membrane that is continuous and so same as nasal cavity
how is epithelium lining of paranasal sinuses innervanted?
@ somatic sensory
- derived from sensory division of trigeminal nerve
- sensations are somatic and therefore we are consciously aware
- pain, temperature, irritation etc.
@ autonomic parasympathetic innervation
- efferent division of ANS
- increase secretions from nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
- commonly derived from the autonomic division of CN VII (greater petrosal branch of this)
what is the structure of muscles of body wall (generic overview)?
- muscle fibres lie in different slopes of obliquity
- intermediate layer is reinforced with bony condensation (ribs) to a cranio-caudal extent
- outmost layer passes outside ribs
- innermost layer passes inside ribs
- all three layers are inner ages segmentally by anterior primary rami
what are the tissue layers of the anterior abdominal wall?
SUPERFICIAL ==> DEEP
- skin edge
- camper fascia (superficial fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue)
- scarpa fascia (deep membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue)
- investing fascia - superficial
- external oblique
- investing fascia - intermediate
- internal oblique
- investing fascia - deep
- transversus abdominis
- endoabdominal (transversalis) fascia
- extraperitoneal fat
- parietal peritoneum
why is it difficult to work out boundaries of major cavities?
they all continue onto one another
Structure of tissues in cranial cavity
- Skull
- Dura
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
- Brain tissue
what is the cranial cavity?
- has a closed box like compartment of the head created from sutures between bones of the cranium
- special lining by 3 layers of connective tissue deep in the internal layer of the periosteum - meninges
- meninges receive somatic sensory innervation from the sensory division of the trigeminal nerve (headache)
what are the main sub-compartments the meninges separate the intracranial compartment into?
- supra-tentorial compartment
- infra-tentorial compartment
what is the structure of tissues in the thoracic cavity?
- chest wall
- parietal pleura
- pleural cavity
- visceral pleura
- lung
what lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
periotneum
what is the abdomen divided into?
- intra-peritoneal zone (or just peritoneal)
- extraperiotenal zone (retro peritoneal zone)
what is the intra peritoneal zone divided into?
greater sac
lesse sac
what are important anatomical pouches (slide 35)
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