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Anatomy Semester 1 > Abdominal Cavity, Contents And Major Viscera Wk9 > Flashcards

Abdominal Cavity, Contents And Major Viscera Wk9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A
  • It is by far, the largest anatomical cavity of the body by volume
  • Much of it lies under the cover of
  • Lower Ribs
  • &
  • Domes of the Diaphragm
  • An appreciable amount of the abdominal cavity projects backwards into the pelvis just in front of the buttocks
  • It is continuous with the pelvic cavity, inferiorly
  • It is the cavity for:
  • The Digestive Tract
  • Late Pregnancy (Primarily in the Pelvis)
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2
Q

What are the gross anatomical features of the abdominal cavity?

A
  • Diaphragm (Superior)
  • Pelvic Brim (Inferior- Imaginary)
  • Anterolateral Abdomino-pelvic Wall (Ant-Lat)
  • Posterior Abdominal Wall (Posterior)
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3
Q

What are the points of reference on the abdomen?

A

• 2 Vertical planes
• One on each side of the midline
• A line joining the mid-clavicular point to the mid-
inguinal point.
• It passes just lateral to the tip of the ninth costal
cartilage - which is palpable as a distinct step along the costal margin
• 2 Horizontal planes
• Based on lines drawn between easily palpable
bony points
• Subcostal plane ◦
• A line drawn joining the lowermost bony point of
the rib cage - usually 10th costal cartilage
• body of the L3 vertebra; the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery and 3rd part of the duodenum lie on this plane
• Trans-tubercular plane ◦
• A line uniting the two tubercles of the iliac crests
• upper border of the L5 vertebra and the
confluence of the common iliac veins (i.e. IVC origin) lie on this plane

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4
Q

What are other points of reference?

A
  • Linea Alba
    : Xiphoid process
    : Pubic symphysis
  • The umbilicus
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5
Q

What are tissue layers of the abdominal cavity?

A
  • Skin
  • Tissue layers of the walls of the abdomen and pelvis
  • Anterolateral wall of the abdomen
  • Posterior wall of the abdomen
  • Walls of the pelvis
  • Transversalis Fascia
  • Peritoneum
  • A lining that forms the deepest tissue envelope housing viscera of the abdomen & pelvis
  • Hence known as the ‘epithelium’
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6
Q

What is peritoneum?

A
  • Also known as the pavement epithelium
  • It is a one-cell thick tissue membrane
  • It lines the:
  • Interior surfaces of all of the abdominal wall
  • Except Area of the Coronary Ligament
  • This is a small area between the liver and the diaphragm
  • Known as the Bare Area of the Liver
  • Surfaces of all viscera of abdomen
  • Except Bare Area of the Liver
  • It is classified histologically as Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • It shares its characteristics with other epithelia that line inner walls of the body and its organs (in other regions)
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7
Q

What are two variants of peritoneum?

A

• Two variants of peritoneum are recognised
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
• Despite having separate names, these variants of epithelium are continuations of the same layer of membrane
• It is given two separate names depending on its relative location & functions
• The 2 separate sheets of abdominal epithelium
• Parietal peritoneum
– Lines inner walls of the abdomen,
diaphragm and pelvis
• Visceral peritoneum
– Lines visceral organs of the abdomen

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8
Q

What is each layer of the peritoneum innervated by?

A

• Parietal peritoneum
– Innervated by sensory division of the somatic nervous system
• Its pain sensations are sharp & localised
• Visceral peritoneum
– Innervated by the sensory division of the autonomic nervous system
• Its pain sensations are not ‘localised‘ but perceived as ‘non-defined’ discomfort

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9
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • The cavity that is created between parietal and visceral peritoneum is known as the peritoneal cavity
  • It is one of the spaces derived from the coelomic cavity of the embryo
  • Others being the
  • Pleural cavities around the lungs
  • &
  • Pericardial cavity around the heart.
  • The peritoneal cavity is
  • The largest fluid-filled cavity in the body
  • It secretes approximately 50 mL of fluid per day
  • Its fluid acts as a lubricant and has anti-inflammatory properties
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10
Q

What are gross anatomical features of viscera of the abdomen and pelvis?

A
  • Taken together, viscera of the abdomen are deployed anatomically in relation to a cavity created by boundaries of the peritoneum
  • Structures are said to be either
  • Within the compartment created by boundaries of the peritoneum
  • These are Peritoneal organs
  • Outside the compartment created by boundaries of the peritoneum
  • These are Extraperitoneal Organs
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11
Q

What are peritoneal organs covered with visceral peritoneum called?

A

Intraperitoneal organs

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12
Q

What are sub-classifications of extra-peritoneal organs?

A
  • Lying in front of the peritoneal sac
  • Pre-peritoneal structures (conceptual)
  • Exists only conceptually
  • Normally, no structure is found in this area
  • This space can be invaded pathologically at the level of the pelvis
  • Lying behind the peritoneal sac
  • Post-or Retro-peritoneal structures
  • The term ‘Post-peritoneal’ is not much used
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13
Q

Peritoneal relationship to peritoneal sac

A

Covered on all sides or substantially by visceral peritoneum

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14
Q

Intraperitoneal relationship to peritoneal sac

A

Typical clinical usage: term refers to the abdominal viscera that appear to be ‘inside’ the peritoneal cavity when sac is opened

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15
Q

Extraperitoneal relationship to peritoneal sac

A

Outside the peritoneal sac

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16
Q

Retroperitoneal relationship to peritoneal sac

A

Behind the peritoneal sac or not surrounded substantially by peritoneum

17
Q

What is the gross anatomy of retroperitoneal organs?

A
  • Some visceral organs of the abdomen thus lie outside of the cover of the parietal peritoneum
  • These organs are found lying in relation to the posterior abdominal wall
  • In these cases the peritoneum will only line one side of such organs
  • Such organs are thus referred to as retroperitoneal organs
  • These include kidneys & Great Vessels
18
Q

What does it mean for kidneys to be retroperitoneal structures?

A
  • Kidneys are located within the abdomen
  • They are attached to the posterior abdominal wall
  • They lie posteriorly to the posterior surface of the parietal peritoneum
  • Only their anterior surfaces enjoy covering of the parietal peritoneum
  • They are thus, said to be retropritoneal structures
19
Q

How to remember which abdominopelvic organs are retroperitoneal?

A

SAD PUCKER
S = Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
A = Aorta/inferior vena cava
D = duodenum (second and third segments)

P = Pancreas
U = Ureters (Proximal 50%)
C = Colon (ascending and descending only)
K = Kidneys
ER = Oesophagus
20
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the abdominal cavity peritoneum?

A

• The abdominal cavity and its viscera are lined with 2 sheets of epithelium
• Parietal peritoneum
– It lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall
– It blends with visceral peritoneum where these meet
• Visceral peritoneum
– Lines visceral organs as a single continuous sheet of epithelium
• Visceral peritoneum will reflect (i.e. jump or change direction) from one organ to the next as a continuous sheet between adjacent organs
• In some tissues, the epithelium will double back on itself, giving rise to two layers of visceral peritoneum
• The parietal peritoneum does not always cover all surfaces of all organs or walls of abdomen

21
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

• It is that part of the liver whose surface is not covered by visceral peritoneum
• When parietal peritoneum of the inferior surface of the diaphragm dives inferiorly to cover the surface of the liver
• In 3D This forms somewhat of a crown over the liver
– This then is known as the coronary ligament
• Some part of the liver ends up without any periotoneal covering
• This is the ‘bare area’ of the liver
• It is important clinically be

22
Q

What are double folds of visceral peritoneum called?

A

These double folds can be referred to as either:
– Ligament
– Omentum
– Mesentery

23
Q

What is a ligament of the abdomen?

A

– Any double fold of visceral peritoneum that joins any two abdominal organs
– Any double fold of visceral peritoneum that attaches a visceral organ to the posterior abdominal wall

24
Q

What is an omentum?

A

– A double fold of peritoneum that starts on the curvatures of the stomach and connects it to other abdominal viscera
– Between the two layers of visceral peritoneum is found fat, peritoneal fluid and white blood cells

25
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

– A double fold of peritoneum that starts on the greater curvature of the stomach and connects it to the transverse colon
– It is also known as the ‘Policeman or Policewoman’ of the abdomen
– Also known as the Abdominal Apron
– It is chemotactic and capable of moving

26
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

A double fold of peritoneum that starts on the lesser curvatures of the stomach and connects it to the liver

27
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

Any double fold of peritoneum starting on the intestines and ending back on the intestines and containing neurovascular structures between the two layers of peritoneum

28
Q

What are colic compartments?

A

• The abdomen is divided into
– Supracolic Compartment
– Infracolic Compartment
• The dividing line is determined by the attachments of the transverse mesocolon

29
Q

What is the supracolic compartment?

A 
• Also known as the:
– Sub-diaphragmatic space 
– Sub-phrenic Space
• Divided into 4 sub-spaces as follows:
• Coronary Ligament
– Left & Right Sub-phrenic spaces
• Falciform Ligament divides the space into 
– Sub-hepatics Spaces
• Left Sub-hepatic Space
• Right Sub-hepatic Space
– Hepatorenal Pouch of Rutherford Morrison
30
Q

What is the infra-colic compartment?

A

• It is that part of the Abdominal Cavity that is:
– Inferior to Transverse mesocolon (i.e. mesentery of the transverse colon)
– Superior to The Pelvic Inlet
• Its Visceral Organs Include
– Small intestine
– Ascending
– Descending colon
• Its Anatomical Spaces of Importance are:
– Recto-uterine Pouch (not found in males)
– Recto-Vesical Pouch

31
Q

What is the coealiac trunk?

A 
• FormedfromBranchesofthe Abdominal Aorta at Vertebral Level L1
From:
• leftgastricartery
• splenicartery
• commonhepatic
32
Q

What supplies the jejunoileum?

A
  • The superior mesenteric artery supplies the whole small intestine and extends branches up to the middle third of the transverse colon.
  • Neuronal innervation is via the vagus nerve (CN X)
33
Q

What supplies the large intestines?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery is supplies blood to the left third of the transverse colon and to the sigmoid colon

Anatomy Semester 1 (15 decks)

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