Major anatomical regions Wk2

Question 1

What are the 4 general classes of tissues in the body?

Answer 1

• Epithelia
• Connective tissue
• Muscles
• Nervous system

Question 2

What are the 3 way assembly of the mucosa made of?

Answer 2

• Epithelium e.g. cells
• Basement membrane
• Lamina Propria e.g. Connective tissue

Question 3

What is the skull made of?

Answer 3

Cranium and mandible

Question 4

What is the head region split into?

Answer 4

Intra-cranial and extra-cranial region

Question 5

What is the cranium I divisible into?

Answer 5

• The calvaria: upper box-like bony construct that houses the brain and attendance anatomical structures
• Facial skeleton: lower and anterior part made up from the rest of the cranial skeleton that is not part of the calvaria

Question 6

What is cranium II divisible into?

Answer 6

• The neurocranium: houses the brain and attendant anatomical structures
• The viscerocranium: also known as the membranous viscerocranium, also known as the facial skeleton and is made up of the rest that isn’t neurocranium

Question 7

What is the neck region used for?

Answer 7

• Nutrition and blood supply drains between areas
• Most gas exchange in thoracic cavity below
• Anything that threatens the integrity of the neck is likely to compromise the individual
• Infections ascend or descend between head and rest of body via neck

Question 8

What are facial planes?

Answer 8

• Organised connective tissue envelopes that compartmentalise neck e.g. trachea and oesophagus
• Prevariable compartment large muscles and vertebrae

Question 9

How is the neck structured?

Answer 9

• Separation is established by organisation of connective tissue planes - facial planes of the neck
• So neck is a compartmentalised muscular cylinder

Question 10

Why is the neck divided into connective tissue compartments?

Answer 10

• Organisation of natural planes of tissue packing
• Ease of movement of one plane over another during movements e.g. swallowing, breathing etc.
• These have an impact in determining the spread of bleeds and infections of this region

Question 11

What is viscera?

Answer 11

Internal organs in main cavities of body - points of entry/exit

Question 12

What is a thoracic cavity?

Answer 12

• Major anatomical space - often landmarks to find other important structures

Question 13

What is the bony thorax?

Answer 13

• Rigid bony construct of the human body
• It is impressive to imagine how it evolved
• Skeleton is constructed from:
  Midline bony structures:
• Manubrium
• Sternum
• Xyphoid process
• The vertebral column
  Joined by bilateral structures
• Ribs
• Costal cartilages

Question 14

What is the thoracic cavity divided into?

Answer 14

• 2 lateral compartments

- Separated by a midline compartment - mediastinum

Question 15

What is the thoracic viscera divisible into?

Answer 15

• Resident thoracic viscera

- Viscera en-passant

Question 16

Overview of abdominal and pelvic cavity

Answer 16

• There is no set boundary between compartments
• Lined by same continuous sheet of internal membranes, known as parietal peritoneum
• Communication between abdominal and pelvic cavities - conjugated abdominal pelvic region (same epithelial lining)
• Lack of a bony anterior boundary to the abdomen was probably meant to accommodate demands of the pelvic cavity
• Considered as conjugate main cavity of body

Question 17

What does the superior border define?

Answer 17

Inferior border of the diaphragm

Question 18

What does the superior anterior border define?

Answer 18

Anterior abdominal muscles

Question 19

What does the inferior anterior border define?

Answer 19

Anterior border of bony pelvis

Question 20

What does the superior posterior border define?

Answer 20

Ribs and vertebral column

Question 21

What does the inferior anterior border define?

Answer 21

Sacrum

Question 22

What does the inferior border define?

Answer 22

Pelvic floor & perineum

Question 23

What does the super-lateral border define?

Answer 23

Ribs

Question 24

What does the inferno-lateral border define?

Answer 24

Thigh

Question 25

What are the quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity (easy)?

Answer 25

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

Question 26

What are the quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity (hard)?

Answer 26

Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac region
Hypogastric region
Left iliac region

Question 27

What are gross features of the vertebral column?

Answer 27

• Known as backbone
• 53 bonds piled on top of each other
• Forms the main central axis of the skeleton - main unit of axial skeleton
• 70-75cm long
• Accounts for 42% of height
• Bones are strapped together by ligaments
• Highly flexible & very strong

Question 28

What is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 28

Between shoulder and arm