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Anatomy Semester 1 > Overview Of Regional Anatomy Of Thorax And Abdomino-pelvis Wk4 > Flashcards

Overview Of Regional Anatomy Of Thorax And Abdomino-pelvis Wk4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are features common to the thorax and abdomino-pelvis?

A
  • The 2 largest cavities of the body by volume
    – Regions of the body containing the largest number of visceral organs - importance depends on amount of blood they get
    – Regions receiving the lion’s share of the cardiac output
    – Clinically significant parts of the body
    – Their Anatomy forms the basis of specialties in Medicine
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2
Q

what does thorax and abdomen pelvi do?

A 
• Working together, they:
– Avail nutrient substance to the body
– Excrete large volumes of used fuels
• Thorax
– Ventilation of tissues of the body
– Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide & Water
• Abdomino-Pelvis
– Absorption of nutrients
• Colonised by bacteria
– Excretions from GI & Urinary Tracts
– Replication of the species
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3
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the thorax and thoracic cavity?

A

It is constituted from two gross entities of anatomy
– Bony Skeleton
– Skeletal Muscles
• These form an anatomical cavity – The Cavity contains
• VisceralOrgansofThorax – Thoracic Viscera
– Viscera that passes through thorax

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4
Q

What is the bony thorax?

A

• Architecturally an impressive assembly of bones and cartilages
• Highly dynamic
– Volume changes with the
respiratory cycle
– Movements bring about ventilation
• We need to understand how movements of the thoracic cage are driven

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5
Q

What are components of the articulated bony thorax?

A
  • Manubrium Sterni
  • Body of Sternum
  • Xiphoid Process
  • Coastal cartilages
  • Clavicles
  • Ribs
  • Thoracic Vertebrae
  • Joints between the bones
  • Joints between bones and cartilages
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6
Q

What bones form the thorax?

A 
– 12 pairs of ribs
– 12 Thoracic vertebrae
– Sternum (n=1)
– Manubrium of the sternum (n=1)
– Xiphoid Process (n=1)
– Manubrosternal Joint (n=1)
- Xiphisternal joins (n=1)
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7
Q

What are the muscles of the chest wall?

A

• They form the body wall of the thorax
• Collectively known as intercostal muscles between the ribs
• They occur as 3 layers of skeletal muscles
• Complex morphology anteriorly
• The middle layer blends-in bony processes that reinforce it
– These are the ribs
• Continue as the abdominal wall
Allows for vascular structures

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8
Q

What is the architecture of intercostal muscles?

A

RANDOM ORDER

  • Clavicle
  • Ribs
  • Pectoralis major (dissected)
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Internal intercostal
  • Sternum
  • External intercostals
  • Serratus anterior
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9
Q

What is pleura?

A
  • Thin membrane lines viscera of thoracic region - 2 membranes very close to each other
  • Plural for very thin membranes that line membranes that line internal wall of thoracic wall
    Outside In =
  • Parietal pleura (lines the inner surface of body wall of thorax)
  • Pleural space (space between two layers of membrane filled with pleural fluid)
  • Visceral pleura (lines surface of all organs of the thorax)
    Double folds of pleura are known as ligaments
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10
Q

ISsues with lungs

A

Air into pleural cavity = vacuum created, lung would collapse - pneumothorax
If no liquid enters, muscles would rub together causing sharp pain known as pleursey

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11
Q

What are soft tissues of the thorax?

A 
Pleura
Diaphragm 
Intercostal muscles
Great vessels
Nerves
Viscera
Pleural fluid
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12
Q

What are the boundaries of the thorax?

A

Superior - thoracic inlet
Inferior - thoracic outlet, diaphragm
Antero-lateral-posterior - Ribs
Posterior - thoracic vertebrae (scapulae (shoulder blades) - reinforcement)

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13
Q

What are the anatomical compartments of the thoracic cavity?

A 
- 2 gross divisions divided by fibrous pericardium
Pleural cavities
- left pulmonary cavity (outside)
- right pulmonary cavity (outside)
Mediastinum
- “middle of the chest”
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14
Q

what does the abdominal cavity have?

A
  • It is by far, the largest anatomical cavity of the body
  • Much of it lies under the cover of • Lower Ribs
  • &
  • Domes of the Diaphragm
  • An appreciable amount of the abdominal cavity projects backwards into the pelvis just in front of the buttocks
  • It is continuous with the pelvic cavity, inferiorly
  • It is the cavity for:
  • The Digestive Tract
  • Pregnancy (Primarily in the Pelvis) • Major Excretion
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15
Q

What are boundaries of abdominal cavity?

A 
In gross terms, its boundaries are: 
• Thoracic Diaphragm (Superior)
• Pelvic Brim (Inferior- Imaginary)
• Anterolateral Abdomino-pelvic Wall (Ant-Lat) 
• Posterior Abdominal Wall (Posterior)
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16
Q

What are the points of reference of anterior abdominal wall?

A

– The Linea Alba
• Xyphoid Process
• Pubic Symphysis – The Umbilicus

17
Q

What are the 2 horizontal planes of abdominal wall?

A
  • Subcostal plane

- Trans-tubercular plane

18
Q

What are the tissues contained within the following layers?

A
  • Skin
  • Tissue layers of the walls of the abdomen and pelvis
  • Anterolateral wall of the abdomen
  • Posterior wall of the abdomen
  • Walls of the pelvis
  • Transversalis Fascia
  • Peritoneum
  • A lining that forms the deepest tissue envelope housing viscera of the abdomen & pelvis
  • Hence known as the ‘epithelium’
19
Q

What is peritoneum?

A

• Also known as the pavement epithelium
• It is a one-cell thick tissue membrane
• It lines the:
• Interior surfaces of all of the abdominal wall
• Except Area of the Coronary Ligament
• Surfaces of all viscera of abdomen
• Except Bare Area of the Liver
• It is classified histologically as Simple Squamous
Epithelium
• It shares its characteristics with other epithelia that line inner walls of the body and its organs (in other regions)
• Two variants of peritoneum are recognised
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
• Despite having separate names, these variants of epithelium are continuations of the same layer of membrane
• It is given two separate names depending on its relative location & functions

20
Q

What does the 2 bits of peritoneum line?

A 
• Parietalperitoneum
– Lines inner walls of the abdomen,
diaphragm and pelvis
• Visceralperitoneum
– Lines visceral organs of the abdomen
21
Q

What innervates different parts of the peritoneum?

A

• Parietal peritoneum
– Innervated by sensory division of the somatic nervous system
• Its pain sensations are sharp & localised • Visceral peritoneum
– Innervated by the sensory division of the autonomic nervous system
• Its pain sensations are not ‘localised ‘but perceived as ‘non-defined’ discomfort

22
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • The cavity that is created between parietal and visceral peritoneum is known as the peritoneal cavity
  • It is one of the spaces derived from the coelomic cavity of the embryo
  • Others being the
  • Pleural cavities around the lungs
  • &
  • Pericardial cavity around the heart.
  • The pleural cavity is
  • The largest fluid-filled cavity in the body
  • It secretes approximately 50mL of fluid per day
  • Its fluid acts as a lubricant and has anti- inflammatory properties
23
Q

Double peritoneum layers

A
  • Any double layer of peritoneum can be called different things depending on what is contained within the
  • Ligament
  • Mesentery • Omentum
  • Reflections of peritoneum can also be known as
  • Pouches • Recesses • etc
24
Q

What are the gross anatomical features of viscera of the abdomen and pelvis?

A
  • Taken together, viscera of the abdomen are deployed anatomically in relation to a cavity created by boundaries of the peritoneum
  • Structures are said to be either
  • Within the compartment created by boundaries of the peritoneum
  • Green line forms the boundary
  • These are Peritoneal Organs
  • Outside the compartment created by boundaries of the peritoneum
  • These are Extraperitoneal Organs
25
Q

What is laparoscopic approach?

A

Through belly button

26
Q

What is the abdominal cavity proper divided into?

A

The Greater Sac
• The rest of the peritoneal cavity apart from the lesser sac
The Lesser Sac
• The space lying posterior to the stomach
• Also known as the Omental Bursa

Anatomy Semester 1 (15 decks)

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