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The New Deal Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Roosevelt’s presidency begin?

A

11th March 1933

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2
Q

Who were FDR’s advisors?

A

Eleanor Roosevelt and the Brains Trust

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3
Q

What were the three main aims of the new deal?

A

Relief - relieve extreme poverty, feed the starving and stop people losing their homes or farms; Recovery - revive the economy by getting industry going and people working again; Reform - make the USA a better place for ordinary people by bringing in measures such as unemployment insurance and old-age pensions, and help for the sick, disabled and ready

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4
Q

How long did Congress meet for at the beginning of FDR’s presidency?

A

100 days

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5
Q

Why was Roosevelt being a democrat helpful?

A

Because democrats had a majority of the seat, making it easier to pass new laws

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6
Q

What was the Emergency Banking Act?

A

Gave the government power to only reopen banks that were secure

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7
Q

What was the Securities Act?

A

Improved the regulation of share trading

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8
Q

When was the first fireside chat?

A

12th March 1933

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9
Q

Why did FDR end prohibition?

A

To raise spirits and bring taxable income

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10
Q

How was government spending paid for?

A

Taxation - the top rate of income tax was increased from 64 to 79% in 1935; Borrowing - people were encouraged to buy bonds in return for a fixed interest rate

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11
Q

Payed farmers to produce less food; aided modernisation - technologically and by method changes; the technological advancement put many out of jobs

A

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

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12
Q

Gave jobs to U25 single unemployed men; lived in a government park working clearing land/cutting trees/manual labour; given food, clothing, shelter, purpose and wages; able to send money back to family; 3 million men signed up from 1933-1942; learned useful employment skills

A

Civilian Conservation Core

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13
Q

Set up in Nov 1933; specific, short-term manual job supply ranging from building roads to sweeping roads; shut down in March 1934; gave jobs to 4 million; spent $2 million a month

A

Civilian Works Administration

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14
Q

Set up by National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933; to build last and valuable projects; created jobs and employed skilled workers; 1933-1939 it built 70% of schools and 35% of hospitals; spent $7 billion on employment

A

Public Works Administration

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15
Q

Set up by NIRA in June 1933; to increase workers’ wages and factory goods’ prices; to improve working conditions within industry; created a voluntary code of practice which improved working conditions, forbade child labour, fixed prices of goods and limited working hours and set minimum wages; signs up for “Blue Eagle” approval along with presidential recognition, similar to “red tractor” today; >2 million employers signed up

A

National Recovery

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16
Q

Set up in March 1933; gave lonas to 1/5 of farmers to pay their mortgages

A

Farm Credit Admi

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17
Q

Set up in May 1933; used $500 million to help those most in need; funded soup kitchens, clothes and bedding, schools and nurseries and limited work schemes

A

Federal Emergency Relief Ad

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18
Q

Set up in June 1933; gave loans to 1 million to stop them from losing their homes

A

Home Owners Loan Corporation

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19
Q

Covers Tennessee, Missouri, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky and Alabama; set up in May 1933; area poverty stricken due to soil erosion and flooding; built 33 dams to control the Tennessee river; created power, attracting industry and creating jobs; built 650 mile canal; not popular with the republicans; successful; still exists today

A

Tennessee Valley

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20
Q

When did FDR begin to face criticism and what did he do?

A

May 1935 so plans for the second new deal began Tuesday 14th May 1935

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21
Q

When was the second new deal presented to Congress?

A

Jun-35

22
Q

What did second new deal aim to do?

A

Affect ordinary people; strengthen unions to fight for members’ rights; increase financial security in old age; tackle unemployment

23
Q

Forced employers to allow trade unions and to negotiate pay and conditions; made it illegal to sack workers for being in a union

A

Wagner Act

24
Q

Provided pensions for elderly and widowed; allowed state help to provide for the sick and disabled; unemployment insurance; done by workers paying raved towards a fund for if they became unemployed

A

Social Securities Act

25
Q

Later renamed the Works Project Administration; brought together all the organisations which aimed to create jobs; extended this work beyond building to create jobs for office workers, actors, artists and photographers

A

Works Progress Administration

26
Q

Helped smallholders and tenant farmers who weren’t helped by the AAA

A

Resettlement Administration

27
Q

Replaced the RA in 1937; gave special loans to small farmers to help them buy land; built camps to provide decent living conditions and work for migrant workers

A

Farm Security Ad

28
Q

Pressure from advisors’ response - encouragement to radical action to farther benefit the USA; pressure from critics - Roosevelt should be doing more; a shift in emphasis towards reform - aimed to increase welfare, quality of life and wellbeing; the next step - progression from previously applied laws

A

Why was there need for a second new deal?

29
Q

Successes of the new deal for the unemployed

A

Helped unemployment fall; WPA employed 8 million; work relief projects created new parks, roads and schools; the social security act provided unemployment insurance; 35% of the population received government relief

30
Q

Shortcomings of the new deal for the unemployed

A

In 1939 unemployment was still at 17.2% compared to 3.2% in 1929; projects relied on government spending; the work relief projects only provided to around 40% of those in need; the government didn’t spend enough on relief; relief varied state to state; the poor needed social housing however the government built very little

31
Q

Successes of the new deal for Black Americans

A

A “Black Cabinet” gave them more political power; 30% of black families received relief; early songs of the end of segregation as some CCC camps were integrated

32
Q

Shortcomings of the new deal for Black Americans

A
  • The AAA forced black tenants off farmland and the NRA caused many black people to lose their jobs
  • Relief payments were often less than those given to white people
  • Most black workers had no access to social security
33
Q

Successes of the new deal for Rural Electrification

A

Electrified 35% of farms by 1941; supported 417 cooperating local groups; boosted demand for electricity- 10,000 new contracts arranged by 1938

34
Q

Shortcomings of the new deal for Rural Electrification

A

Utility companies lost profit and slowed down; spite lines were constructed often leaving poorer farms without electricity

35
Q

Successes of the new deal for Native Americans

A

The Indian Recognition Act of 1934 restored 7.4 million acres of land to tribes; given the chance to vote and govern themselves; recognition of the right of Native American Women to vote

36
Q

Shortcomings of the new deal for Native Americans

A

Some New Deal policies were very unpopular e.g. a plan to kill many of the Narajo Tribe’s sheep; most were still very poor; WPA left Native Americans without help when it closed down

37
Q

Successes of the new deal for Women

A

More influence in politics for to the work of Eleanor Roosevelt; given specific help by the Women’s and Progress divisions in the WPA; grants provided for women and dependent children due to social securities act

38
Q

Shortcomings of the new deal for Women

A

Paid around half as much as men; women in professional jobs fell from 14.2% to 12.3%; alphabet agencies provided more help for men e.g. CCC gave 2.5 million men jobs whereas camps for women offered only 5000 places a year

39
Q

Successes of the National Labour Relations Act

A

Union membership rose to around 9 million by 1940; factory workers began to join unions; National Labour Relations Board grew to defend workers from 14 lawyers in 1935 to 226 in 1939

40
Q

Shortcomings of the National Labour Relations Act

A

Many unions had to strike for official recognition; strikes could be violent as employers attempted to stop them

41
Q

Successes of the Social Securities Act

A

Provided pensions and unemployment insurance; $50 million set aside for the elderly and $25 million for dependent children; by 1939 grants had helped 7000 children

42
Q

Shortcomings of the Social Securities Act

A

Self-funded meaning that it couldn’t pay out pensions immediately and the US economy took longer to recover; pay-outs varied from state to state because it was funded by matching grants; domestic servants and agricultural labourers were not included

43
Q

Successes of the Banking Act

A

Strengthened the Central Banking Systems; no national banks closed; modernised the US banking system; little pay outs in deposit insurance; reduced the likelihood of a crisis repeat

44
Q

Shortcomings of the Banking Act

A

N/A

45
Q

Compared the new deal to Stalin’s 5 year plan and said that Roosevelt was a communist; argued that higher taxation was un-American and opposed liberty; said that FDR had set up a federal dictatorship and had taken too much power to the presidency; had some successes, cutting funding for a relief program in 1938 and blocking a housing plan in 1939

A

Republican congressmen

46
Q

Disliked the 1935 law that recognised unions in the workplace; felt that governments had become rivals to business by offering good wages and driving up the costs; felt taxpayers money was being wasted on bureaucracy and would be better spent elsewhere

A

Businesses

47
Q

Founded in 1934; a national organisation that felt the New Deal was anti-business and was threatening the power of the states; distributed leaflets, broadcast speeches and sponsored dinners to get their message out; despite spending over $1 million, they were broadly unsuccessful and only 150,000 joined and republicans told them to stay out of politics, fearing that they were unpopular

A

American Liberty League

48
Q

Huey Long

A
  • Radical “populist” governor of Louisiana
  • Heavily taxed the rich and big businesses to provide social services
  • Elected senator in 1930
  • Urged that the wealth of the rich be distributed among the poor
  • His “Share Our Wealth” campaign was set up in 1934 and stated that all income over $1.8 million was to be divided among the poor
  • Also demanded a minimum wage, state pension and free education
  • Assassinated in 1935
49
Q

Thought that everyone over 60 should get a pension of $2000 a month; in return they would spend it all and give up their jobs; this would provide more jobs for young people, create a demand for consumer goods and help the elderly; many older people supported him and 7000 “Townsend clubs” were set up across the USA; though the numbers did not add up in this plan

A

Francis Townsend

50
Q

Father Coughlin

A
  • Catholic priest with a popular radio programme called The Golden Hour of the Little Flower
  • It had 30 million listeners in 1930
  • He started off supporting FDR then turned against him as he felt the New Deal was influenced by bankers, who he thought caused the WSC
  • He accused FDR of not doing enough, setting up the National Union for Social Justice in 1934
  • Successes of the Second New Deal and his increasing anti-semitism and support of Hitler made him a lot less influential
50
Q

Nation Union Party

A
  • Coughlin, Townsend, and Long’s successor, Gerald Smith, formed it and put a candidate forward for president in 1936
  • William Lemke (their candidate) got 828,000 votes while FDR got 27.8 million
51
Q

Upton Sinclair

A
  • A novelist who wrote The Jungle to expose the poor conditions of those working in the meat packing industry
  • Ran for governor of California in 1934 using the slogan “End Poverty in California”
  • He wanted to allow empty land and shutdown factories to be used by the unemployed
  • He was not elected

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