Changes in medicine 1905-20 Flashcards
Why was the Third Reform Act of 1884 a reason for the Liberal Government Reforms of 1906-11?
2 in 3 men could vote. Government were forced to consider issues facing people of all classes but women couldn’t vote and MPs were not given a salary meaning that only wealthy people were MPs
Why were the social surveys of Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree a reason for the Liberal Government Reforms of 1906-11?
Between 1886 and 1903 Charles Booth interviewed people in poverty. He concluded that 30% of people in London lived in poverty and that the poor were not to blame for their condition. Seebohm Rowntree conducted research in York between 1899 and 1901. he found that 30% of people in York lived in poverty. They both identified the main causes of poverty as illness, unemployment and age. Both the very young and the old were at the most risk of poverty
Why were the changing attitudes to the role of government a reason for the Liberal Government Reforms of 1906-11?
By 1900 previous laissez-faire attitudes were changing. The 1875 Public health Act showed that the government could play a role in guaranteeing standards in health and hygiene. Significant poverty was still experienced by many, and the population was growing
Why were unfit soldiers a reason for the Liberal Government Reforms of 1906-11?
40% of men volunteering to fight for the British army during the Boer War (1899-1902) were too unhealthy to fight. Many had rickets, caused by a poor diet. This was an embarrassment for the government, and also a significant concern as the British Empire needed an effective and well-trained army and navy
Why was the Labour party a reason for the Liberal Government Reforms of 1906-11?
Created in 1900 to represent working class voice in British government. The Liberal party were very concerned when 26 Labour MPs were elected in 1906
Why was the 1906 Liberal government a reason for the Liberal Government Reforms of 1906-11?
They won the 1906 election by a landslide so they could enact reforms
What was the impact of free school meals, 1906?
It gave children vital nutrition for their health and growth. Opt-in system, non-compulsory
What was the impact of school medical inspections, 1907?
Helped to address medical problems in children
What was the impact of the children and young persons act, 1908?
Parents took better care of their children. It protected children from brutal prison life. Borstals could be worse than usual prisons
What was the impact of labour exchanges, 1909?
It provided people with much needed jobs. They did not provide long term solutions or relief
What was the impact of old age pensions, 1908?
It supplied the elderly with money for necessities. People could be refused pensions
What was the impact of the national insurance act part 1, 1911?
Sick workers could still provide for people. Poor workers needed money that was being paid to health insurance
What was the impact of the national insurance act part 2, 1911?
Unemployed workers could still provide for people. The money was not enough for most families and workers struggled to find jobs within 15 weeks
What was the impact school clinics, 1912?
Treatment cost money until this reform, too late.
When was blood typing and cross-matching discovered?
1907
Who discovered blood typing and cross-matching?
Rueben Ottenberg
What was the issue with blood transfusions in 1914?
Patient and donor both still needed to be present for a successful transfusion, which was difficult in a wartime situation
When was the addition of sodium citrate discovered to allow for blood to be kept for a few days?
1915
Who discovered the addition of sodium citrate to allow for blood to be kept for a few days?
Richard Lewisholm
When was the refrigeration of blood discovered to allow it to be kept for longer?
1915
Who discovered that refrigerating blood allowed it to be kept for longer?
Richard Weil
Who pioneered “indirect transfusion” i.e. giving a patient blood before a surgery, improving chances of survival?
Lawrence Bruce Robertson
When was “indirect transfusion” pioneered i.e. giving a patient blood before a surgery, improving chances of survival?
1915
Who discovered that adding glucose citrate to blood made it possible to keep blood for up to 4 weeks, allowing for stores of blood to be built up before a major battle?
Francis Rous and James Turner
When was it discovered that adding glucose citrate to blood made it possible to keep blood for up to 4 weeks, allowing for stores of blood to be built up before a major battle?
1916
When was the Battle of Cambrai?
1917
What was significant about the Battle of Cambrai?
Blood depots (type O) were created before the battle
Who invented mobile X-rays?
Marie Curie
Why were mobile X-rays useful?
They helped when removing metal/shrapnel from wounds. However, X-rays could not identify pieces of fabric.
What were the problems with X-rays?
X-ray exposure required several minutes of absolute stillness which was difficult for patients in pain. X-ray machine overheated and could not be in constant use. X-ray exposure was dangerous causing cancer, injury and death
How was gas gangrene treated?
- Excision or debridement - cutting away all infected tissue then closing the wound. This needed to be done quickly and hygienically, which was not always easy.
- Amputation
- The Carrel-Dakin method involving irrigating wounds over a period of time with a sterilised saline solution through a tube. Harvey Dakin invented the solution and Alexis Carrel the tubes. This method is still used today
What was important to do to broken limbs?
Keep them as still as possible until operation
Who invented the Thomas splint?
Hugh Owen Thomas, but popularised by his nephew Robert Jones who oversaw military hospitals for the RAMC. It improved survival rates for serious leg injuries from 20% to 80% and required three people to apply
Why was there a huge increase in prosthetics?
The scale of loss, the need to enable these men to work after war and technological advances
What did the nature of warfare lead to?
More brain injuries and some capacity for treating this surgically
Who was the first professional neurosurgeon?
Harvey Cushing
What did Harvey Cushing recommend?
Debridement of the scalp and skull, the use of a magnet to draw out pieces of metal and using local anaesthetic rather than general anaesthetic because it caused the brain to swell
What work had been done on facial surgery before the war?
Hippolyte Morestin worked in Paris on skin graft techniques.
Who was Harold Gillies?
He was from New Zealand, trained in England and sent to France in 1915
What did Harold Gillies do?
He set up a ward for facial injuries in a military hospital in Aldershot and in 1917 set up the world’s first hospital dedicated to facial injuries in Sidcup (now Queen Mary’s Hospital). His key innovation was the pedicle tube
