Dismantling Apartheid 1990-94 Flashcards by Ben Catchpole

When did F.W.De Klerk come into power?

1989

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What did F.W.De Klerk do?

Legalised the ANC, PAC and SACP and released prisoners including Mandela and Sisulu

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Why did De Klerk change course?

Claimed to be morally against apartheid
Underestimated the ANC
Didn’t realise that power sharing wouldn’t work
The Soviet Union collapsed
The economic situation was bad and going to get worse
Some Afrikaners were increasingly in favour of major change

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What did the Nationalists want to do with Mandela?

Offer him a deal so that he didn’t serve as an international symbol of apartheid repression

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Why did Mandela refuse the deal?

The conditions were poor
He wanted others released
He wanted involvement in politics

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When was Mandela released?

Feb 1990

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What did Mandela declare would happen when he was released?

Apartheid would fall and the ANC would keep fighting

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What did Mandela have the power to do after being released?

Make deals with De Klerk
The Deputy Leader of the ANC after Tambo’s stroke

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When did the ANC ended the guerrilla war?

1989 and the exiles returned

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What was the Convention for a Democratic SA (CODESA)?

Opened in late 1991 involving talks between the ANC and 20 other political organisations to negotiate a new constitution and government for SA. They did not go smoothly and were carried out against a backdrop of terrible continuing violence

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What did the ANC want out of CODESA?

One man, one vote

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What did the Nationalist Party want out of CODESA?

No one man, one vote as it would allow for a black majority government
Minority parties, such as themselves, to have a share of power in the new government to reassure the white population and protect their interests
To keep regional power in the hands of black ruling chiefs

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What was Inkatha?

A black Zulu organisation claiming to represent the interests of all Zulus

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Who was Chief Buthelezi?

Leader of Inkatha who had been a member of the ANCYL but made a deal with the apartheid government to become chief of KwaZulu Natal. He received a salary of 114,000 rand (the average was 1,500) and had his own government and police force

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Why did Inkatha dislike the ANC?

The Zulu people had enjoyed special status under apartheid
Buthelezi had achieved power and status as leader of KwaZulu and therefore opposed the ANC’s anti-homeland policy
He feared that if the ANC took over government, he would lose his power and influence
The right to carry “cultural weapons” was a touchstone issue for the Zulus. They had been a warrior people and believed that to be unarmed was unmanly
Throughout 1991-92 armed groups of Inkatha and ANC supporters killed each other

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What was the mysterious third force?

White SA police in disguise who attacked the ANC supporters to stir up violence between Inkatha and the ANC

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What did Mandela argue against De Klerk’s denial of police involvement as the third force?

That De Klerk should have banned cultural weapons. He criticised De Klerk for not having control of his police force

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Who else committed acts of atrocity during CODESA talks?

White Nazi-style supremacist groups desperate to preserve a homeland for the Afrikaner people. The most violent of these, the AWB was led by Eugene Terre’Blanche who threatened to fight to the death for a white SA

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Why did CODESA talks break down?

In 1992 Mandela walked out over 2 acts of violence that he called the “last straw”:
1. The Boipatong Massacre
2. The Bisho Massacre

What was the Boipatong Massacre?

An armed force of Inkatha members from migrant worker compounds attacked members of Boipatong and killed 46 people, mostly women and children. The security forces did not attempt to prevent the massacre, nor took any steps to track down the attackers

When was the Boipatong Massacre?

The night of 17^th June 1992

What happened after the Boipatong Massacre?

De Klerk said nothing about the attack in CODESA talks. Mandela and the ANC wrote to him criticising the talks and accusing De Klerk’s government and police force of organising violence between Inkatha and the ANC to divide black parties and so achieve his plan

When was the Bisho Massacre?

7^th Sept 1992

What was the Bisho Massacre?

70,000 ANC supporters, organised by Chris Hani marched to Bisho the capital of the Ciseki homeland. The march was a protest against Brigadier Gqozo. He ordered his troops to open fire

Who was Chris Hani?

The popular black communist leader of MK

Who was Brigadier Gqozo?

The ruler of the Ciseki homeland

What did the ANC do after it suspended CODESA talks with De Klerk?

Embarked on a campaign of mass action. There was a 48 hour strike and 100,00 people, led by Mandela, marched to the Union Government building in Pretoria. The ANC also started campaigning against the remaining homeland governments

When did CODESA talks resume?

Sept 1992

Why did the Record of Understanding come about?

As a result of behind the scenes talks between the ANC and the National Party

Who were the key negotiators of the Record of Understanding?

Cyril Ramaphosa of the ANC (who also had backing from the UDF and COSATU due to his past work as leader of the National Union of Miners) and Roelf Meyer of the National Party

When was the Record of Understanding agreed?

26^th Sept 1992

What did the Record of Understanding compose of?

The government agreed to release more political prisoners, erect fences around migrant worker's hostels and ban the carrying of "cultural weapons"

What did the Afrikaner People's Front do?

Continued to resist the idea of "black rule". In June 1993 3000 members of AWB and other white parliamentary groups, led by Eugene Terre'Blanche, attempted to derail CODESA by storming into the conference hall. This was captured by television crews and conjured up images of Nazi thugs, especially as the AWB consciously used a swastika-like emblem on the uniforms and flags

When was Chris Hani gunned down at his home in Johannesburg by a white racist?

10^th April 1993 and it seemed as if SA would finally descend into full scale civil war

Who proposed the breakthrough "sunset clause"?

Joe Slovo, leader of the SACP

Why was the term "sunset clause" used?

It allowed gradual phasing out of white rule rather than one dramatic handover of power

What did the "sunset clause" lead to?

The Government of National Unity, for the 5 years following a democratic election, which gave concessions to the Nationalist Party

When was the final CODESA deal made?

Nov 1993

What were the details of the interim constitution?

1. A one-person-one-vote election would take place in April 1994 to elect 400 MPs 2. Any party that won more than 80 seats would have a Deputy President 3. All parties that got more than 5% of the vote would have representation in the cabinet. This meant that the National Party was sure to be included 4. No party would have the right of veto 5. Any new constitution would have to be supported by 66% of the parliament's members 6. Nine new provinces would be created to replace the old provinces and homelands

When were Mandela and De Klerk jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

10^th Dec 1993

What violence occurred after CODESA?

It continued right up to the day of the elections but those who sought to derail the negotiations did not succeed

When was the Government of National Unity elections?

26^th April 1994

What was the result of the 1994 elections?

- 19 million SAs, 91% of registered voters, cast their votes, many for the first time and elected SA's first democratic government - Africans overwhelmingly voted for the ANC except in KwaZulu where Inkatha narrowly won - As a result of the unexpected 10.5% of national vote going to Inkatha, the ANC failed to get 66% needed to change the constitution - Buthelezi became a government minister as a result - The National Party won the second largest number of votes gaining 20.4% of national vote - Voting went along racial lines - De Klerk became a Deputy President - Right Wing white parties got less than 2% of the vote and the PAC less than 1%

When was Mandela elected president of SA?

9^th May 1994

How important was Cyril Ramaphosa in the ending of apartheid?

- Chosen by the ANC to head negotiations with the government in 1991 - Became a MP during 1994 elections - Elected chairperson of parliament's constitutional assembly on 24^th May 1994

How important was Roelf Meyer in the ending of apartheid?

- Was minister of constitutional affairs and communication - Chosen as chief negotiator for the National Party in 1993 during the multi-party negotiating process - Became minister of constitutional development and provincial affairs in 1994 - Negotiating with the Record of Understanding

How important was F.W.De Klerk in the ending of apartheid?

- Held a referendum that supported the decision of negotiating with the ANC March 1992 - Got Mandela back into CODESA by promising an election by April 1994 - Agreed to Record of Understanding 26^th Sept 1992