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Year 13 D Block > The Neuromuscular System > Flashcards

The Neuromuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate

A

The function of our internal organs as such as the heart and controls some of our skeletal muscles within the body

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2
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system work

A

Works involuntarily

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3
Q

How is the movement of muscles controlled by

A

The brain via nerves

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4
Q

What is the neuromuscular system

A

Where the muscles and nervous system work together to allow movement

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5
Q

When do changes in the neuromuscular system take place

A

Before,during and after the exercise

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6
Q

What system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems apart of

A

The autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

A

Transmit information from the brain to the parts of the body that need to adjust what they are doing to prepare for exercise

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic system prepare

A

The body for exercise and is often referred to as the fight or flight response

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do

A

Opposite effect of the sympathetic system and relaxes the body and slows down many high energy functions

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10
Q

What are the types of muscle fibres

A

Slow oxidative (type 1 or slow twitch fibres)
Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a)
Fast glycolytic (type 2b)

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11
Q

What is the proportion of muscle fibres dependant on

A

Dependant on different people and what sport they play

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12
Q

What muscles tend to have a greater proportion of slow twitch fibres

A

Postural muscles as they are involved in maintaining body position over a long period of time

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13
Q

What are slow twitch fibres

A

-slower contraction speed than fast twitch fibres
-better adapted to lower intensity exercise
-Produce most of their energy aerobically

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14
Q

What are fast twitch fibres

A

-faster contraction speed than slow twitch fibres
-generate much greater force of contraction
-fatigue very quickly
-produce most energy anaerobically
-two types 2a 2b

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15
Q

What are type 2a fibres

A

-fast oxidative glycolytic
-fibres more resistant to fatigue than 2b
-used for 1500m in athletics where a longer burst of energy is needed

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16
Q

What are type 2b fibres

A

-Fast glycolytic
-fibres fatigue much quicker than type 2a
-used for highly explosive event e.g. 100m

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17
Q

What is the contraction speed of each of the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: Slow (110m/s)
Type 2a: Fast (50m/s)
Type 2b: Fast (50m/s)

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18
Q

What is the motor neurone size in each of the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: Small
Type 2a: Large
Type 2b: Large

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19
Q

What is the motor neurone conduction capacity in each fibre

A

Type 1: Slow
Type 2a: Fast
Type 2b: Fast

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20
Q

What is the force produced in each of the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: low
Type 2a: High
Type 2b: High

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21
Q

What is the fatigability on each if the muscle fibres

A

Type 1:low
Type 2a:medium
Type 2b:High

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22
Q

What is the mitochondrial density in each if the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: high
Type 2a: medium
Type 2b: low

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23
Q

What is the myoglobin content on each if the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: High
Type 2a: medium
Type 2b: low

24
Q

What is the capillary density in each muscle fibre

A

Type 1:high
Type 2a:medium
Type 2b:low

25
Q

What is the aerobic capacity on each muscle fibre

A

Type 1:very high
Type 2a:medium
Type 2b:low

26
Q

What is the anaerobic capacity of each muscle fibre

A

Type 1: low
Type 2a: high
Type 2b: very high

27
Q

What is the glycolytic enzyme activity of each muscle fibre

A

Type 1: low
Type 2a: high
Type 2b: very high

28
Q

What is the fibre type determined by

A

Genetics, however it is possible to increase the size of muscle fibres through training (hypertrophy)

29
Q

What are muscle fibres grouped into

A

Motor units

30
Q

What does a motor unit consist of

A

-Motor neurone
- and it’s muscle fibre

31
Q

Only one type of…..

A

Muscle fibre can be found in one particular motor unit

32
Q

Muscle fibres work with…

A

The nervous system so that a contraction can occur. The motor neurone transmits the nerve impulse to the muscle fibre

33
Q

Each motor neurone has….

A

Branches that end in the neuromuscular junction on the muscle fibre

34
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet

35
Q

Each muscle is made up of what

A

Many motor units and they vary in size

36
Q

What is the all or none law

A

Once the motor unit stimulates the muscle fibres either all of them contract or none of them contract

37
Q

Is it possible for a motor unit to partially contract

A

No

38
Q

What is the minimum amount of stimulation to start a contraction called

A

A threshold

39
Q

What happens if the sequence of impulses is equal to or more than the threshold

A

All the muscle fibres in a motor unit will contract

40
Q

What happens if the sequence of impulses is less than the threshold

A

Then no muscle action will occur

41
Q

Define the all or none law

A

Where a sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If not none of them will contract

42
Q

What is wave summation

A

Where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs, rather than twitches

43
Q

What happens each time the nerve impulse reaches the muscle cell

A

Calcium is released

44
Q

What is need to be present for a muscle to contract

A

Calcium

45
Q

What happens if there are a repeated nerve impulses with no time to relax

A

Calcium will build up in the muscle cell. This provides a forceful, sustained, smooth contraction - tetanic contraction

46
Q

Define tetanic contraction

A

A sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli

47
Q

When does spatial summation occur

A

Occurs when impulses are received at the same time at different places on the neurone which add up to fire the neurone

48
Q

Define spatial summation

A

When the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size in the motor units

49
Q

What does PNF stand for

A

Proprioceptors neuromuscular facilitation

50
Q

What is PNF

A

An advanced stretching technique considered to be one of the most effective forms of flexibility training for increasing range of motion

51
Q

What are the several mechanisms that make PNF possible

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs

52
Q

What are muscle spindles

A

-very sensitive proprioceptors that lie between skeletal muscle fibres
-they provide information to the central nervous system about how fast and how far a muscle is being stretched
- the CNS sends an impulse which triggers the stretch reflex
-this reflex action that causes the muscle to contract to prevent over stretching reduces risk of injury

53
Q

Define muscle spindles

A

Proprioceptors that detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex

54
Q

What are the Golgi tendon organs

A

-proprioceptors found in between the muscle fibre and tendon.
-detect levels of tension in muscles
-when muscle is contracted isometrically in PNF they sense the increase in muscle tension
-send inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the antagonist muscle to relax and lengthen-autogenic inhibiton

55
Q

Define Golgi tendon organs

A

Proprioceptors that are activated when there is tension in a muscle

56
Q

Define isometric contraction

A

Where there is tension in a muscle but no visible movement

57
Q

Define autonomic inhibition

A

Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. The receptors involved in this process are Golgi tendon organs

Year 13 D Block (33 decks)

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