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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > The Nervous System pt. 1 > Flashcards

The Nervous System pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart’s rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

Select one:

a. sensory (afferent) division
b. somatic nervous system
c. sympathetic division
d. parasympathetic division

A

d. parasympathetic division

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2
Q

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

Select one:

a. sensory (afferent) division
b. somatic nervous system
c. sympathetic division
d. parasympathetic division

A

b. somatic nervous system

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3
Q

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this?

Select one:

a. satellite cells
b. astrocytes
c. Schwann cells
d. oligodendrocytes

A

b. astrocytes

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4
Q

It is important for newly developed neurons to form synapses with other neurons. Which cells are most responsible for guiding the formation of these particular junctions?

Select one:

a. satellite cells
b. astrocytes
c. Schwann cells
d. microglial cells

A

b. astrocytes

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5
Q

The depolarization phase of an action potential is punctuated by the closing of inactivation gates in the voltage gated sodium ion channels. All of the following are consequences of this inactivation except one. Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing of inactivating gates.

Select one:

a. This allows for the one-way transmission of action potential down the axon.
b. This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane.
c. This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell.
d. This limits the frequency of action potentials down the axon.

A

c. This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell.

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6
Q

If a postsynaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________.

Select one:

a. the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons
b. the postsynaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold
c. the postsynaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels
d. the postsynaptic cell is slow to repolarize

A

a. the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

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7
Q

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell?

Select one:

a. Chemically gated sodium channels will open.
b. Chemically gated chloride channels will open.
c. Chemically gated potassium channels will open.
d. Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed.

A

a. Chemically gated sodium channels will open.

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8
Q

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the postsynaptic cell?

Select one:

a. depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
b. hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
c. opening of chemically gated sodium channels
d. influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell

A

b. hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

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9
Q

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so?

Select one:

a. Acetylcholine has many different forms.
b. Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.
c. Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times.
d. Acetylcholine has a “dose effect.” Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit.

A

b. Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.

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10
Q

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

Select one:

a. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
b. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
c. sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
d. sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract

A

a. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

Select one:

a. ependymal cells
b. Schwann cells
c. oligodendrocytes
d. astrocytes

A

a. ependymal cells

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

Select one:

a. origin of the stimulus
b. type of stimulus receptor
c. frequency of action potentials
d. size of action potentials

A

c. frequency of action potentials

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13
Q

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

Select one:

a. motor neurons
b. called neuroglial cells
c. found in ganglia
d. found in the retina of the eye

A

d. found in the retina of the eye

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14
Q

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

Select one:

a. senses changes in the environment
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
c. responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction

A

b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

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15
Q

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________.

Select one:

a. resting period
b. repolarization
c. depolarization
d. absolute refractory period

A

c. depolarization

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16
Q

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?

Select one:

a. mechanically-gated channel
b. voltage-gated channel
c. leakage channel
d. ligand-gated channel

A

b. voltage-gated channel

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17
Q

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

Select one:

a. nuclei
b. nerves
c. ganglia
d. tracts

A

c. ganglia

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18
Q

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

Select one:

a. spinal nerves
b. sensory (afferent) nerves
c. brain and spinal cord
d. somatic nerves

A

c. brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.

Select one:

a. efferent neuron
b. afferent neuron
c. interneuron
d. glial cell

A

c. interneuron

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20
Q

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

Select one:

a. the myelin sheath
b. large nerve fibers
c. diphasic impulses
d. erratic transmission of nerve impulses

A

a. the myelin sheath

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21
Q

Which of the following is false or incorrect?

Select one:

a. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
b. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
c. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.

A

b. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

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22
Q

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

Select one:

a. It travels long distances.
b. It can have amplitudes of various sizes.
c. It is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane.
d. It has a depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phase.

A

b. It can have amplitudes of various sizes.

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23
Q

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

Select one:

a. ependymal cells
b. microglia
c. oligodendrocytes
d. astrocytes

A

c. oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open?

Select one:

a. voltage-gated sodium channels
b. chemically-gated chloride channels
c. voltage-gated calcium channels
d. voltage-gated potassium channels

A

d. voltage-gated potassium channels

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25
Q

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.

Select one:

a. postsynaptic potential
b. excitatory potential
c. action potential
d. generator potential

A

d. generator potential

26
Q

Which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature?

Select one:

a. hypothalamus
b. mammillary body
c. pons
d. medulla oblongata

A

a. hypothalamus

27
Q

Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________.

Select one:

a. midbrain
b. medulla
c. pons
d. cerebrum

A

c. pons

28
Q

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

Select one:

a. cerebellar gray matter
b. cerebellar white matter
c. the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum
d. flocculonodular nodes

A

b. cerebellar white matter

29
Q

The brain stem consists of the ________.

Select one:

a. cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla
b. midbrain, medulla, and pons
c. pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain
d. midbrain only

A

b. midbrain, medulla, and pons

30
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.

Select one:

a. prefrontal lobe
b. frontal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. parietal lobe

A

d. parietal lobe

31
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

Select one:

a. terminate in the spinal cord
b. carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum
c. give rise to conscious experience of perception
d. are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

A

b. carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

32
Q

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

Select one:

a. ependymal cells
b. neurons
c. epithelial cells
d. astrocytes

A

a. ependymal cells

33
Q

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

Select one:

a. arachnoid and epidura
b. arachnoid and pia
c. arachnoid and dura
d. dura and epidura

A

b. arachnoid and pia

34
Q

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

Select one:

a. pons
b. medulla oblongata
c. midbrain
d. cerebrum

A

b. medulla oblongata

35
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.

Select one:

a. the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
b. the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord
c. the thalamus
d. sympathetic ganglia

A

a. the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

36
Q

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

Select one:

a. central sulcus
b. longitudinal fissure
c. parieto-occipital sulcus
d. lateral fissure

A

a. central sulcus

37
Q

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

Select one:

a. motor command center
b. visceral command center
c. executive suite
d. decussation center

A

c. executive suite

38
Q

An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.

Select one:

a. sulcus
b. fissure
c. gyrus
d. furrow

A

c. gyrus

39
Q

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.

Select one:

a. spinal cord may be affected
b. cranial nerves would not form
c. hindbrain would not be present
d. telencephalon would cease development

A

a. spinal cord may be affected

40
Q

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

Select one:

a. frontal from parietal
b. parietal from occipital
c. temporal from parietal
d. frontal from temporal

A

c. temporal from parietal

41
Q

Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________.

Select one:

a. ventral (anterior) spinothalamic
b. reticulospinal
c. lateral spinothalamic
d. posterior spinothalamic

A

c. lateral spinothalamic

42
Q

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

Select one:

a. myelinated nerve fibers only
b. unmyelinated nerve fibers only
c. myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
d. cell bodies

A

c. myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

43
Q

An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

Select one:

a. paraplegia
b. hemiplegia
c. quadriplegia
d. spinal shock only

A

a. paraplegia

44
Q

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.

Select one:

a. upper motor neurons
b. lower motor neurons
c. spinal nerve roots
d. neuromuscular junction

A

a. upper motor neurons

45
Q 
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Select one:
a. gyri 
b. sulci
c. fissures
d. ganglia
A

a. gyri

46
Q

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

Select one:

a. longitudinal fissure
b. lateral sulcus
c. central sulcus
d. cranial fossa

A

b. lateral sulcus

47
Q

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

Select one:

a. pyramidal and corticospinal
b. extrapyramidal and rubrospinal
c. segmental and nigrostriatal
d. supplementary and cerebellar-pontine

A

a. pyramidal and corticospinal

48
Q

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

Select one:

a. calcarine cortex
b. primary visual cortex
c. visual association area
d. lateral geniculate body

A

c. visual association area

49
Q

Broca’s area ________.

Select one:

a. controls voluntary movements of the eyes
b. is usually found only in the right hemisphere
c. serves the recognition of complex objects
d. is considered a motor speech area

A

d. is considered a motor speech area

50
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

Select one:

a. prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)
b. posterior association area
c. limbic association area
d. combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

A

a. prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

51
Q

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

Select one:

a. metabolic waste such as urea
b. nutrients such as glucose
c. alcohol
d. anesthetics

A

a. metabolic waste such as urea

52
Q

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

Select one:

a. association
b. automatic memory
c. long-term memory
d. rehearsal

A

a. association

53
Q

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

Select one:

a. declarative
b. procedural
c. motor
d. emotional

A

b. procedural

54
Q

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

Select one:

a. thalamus
b. reticular formation
c. pyramids
d. limbic system

A

b. reticular formation

55
Q

REM sleep is associated with ________.

Select one:

a. decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure
b. decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
c. temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm
d. decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex

A

c. temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

56
Q

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.

Select one:

a. red nuclei
b. vestibular nuclei
c. reticular nuclei
d. superior colliculi

A

b. vestibular nuclei

57
Q

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

Select one:

a. olfactory cortex
b. gustatory cortex
c. vestibular cortex
d. visceral sensory area

A

d. visceral sensory area

58
Q

Which statement about coma is true?

Select one:

a. Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
b. During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.
c. Coma is neurologically identical to syncope.
d. Coma is a form of deep sleep.

A

a. Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

59
Q

A patient suffering from memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, and eventual language loss is most likely suffering from ________.

Select one:

a. Huntington’s disease
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. Cerebellar disease
d. Alzheimer’s disease

A

d. Alzheimer’s disease

60
Q

Emotional memory ________.

Select one:

a. involves remembering names, faces, words, and dates
b. involves remembering a skill such as playing a musical instrument
c. involves remembering motor skills such as riding a bike
d. involves your pounding heart when you hear a rattlesnake

A

d. involves your pounding heart when you hear a rattlesnake

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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