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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q 
Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?
Select one:
a. exocytosis
b. phagocytosis 
c. pinocytosis
d. intracellular vesicular trafficking
A

b. phagocytosis

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2
Q

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.

Select one:

a. the smooth ER
b. the rough ER
c. both smooth and rough ER
d. the cytoplasm

A

b. the rough ER

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3
Q

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________.

Select one:

a. rRNA
b. mRNA
c. tRNA
d. ssRNA

A

c. tRNA

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4
Q

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.

Select one:

a. shrink
b. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached
c. neither shrink nor swell
d. swell and burst

A

d. swell and burst

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5
Q

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

Select one:

a. a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
b. a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
c. a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
d. a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae

A

c. a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

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6
Q

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

Select one:

a. stereocilia
b. microvilli
c. primary cilia
d. flagella

A

b. microvilli

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?

Select one:

a. The rate is independent of temperature.
b. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.
c. Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate.
d. The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.

A

b. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

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8
Q

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue.

Select one:

a. gap junctions
b. desmosomes
c. connexons
d. tight junctions

A

b. desmosomes

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9
Q

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

Select one:

a. circulating antibody
b. molecular transport through the membrane
c. forms a lipid bilayer
d. oxygen transport

A

b. molecular transport through the membrane

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10
Q

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?

Select one:

a. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.
b. If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU.
c. There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid.
d. rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.

A

a. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

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11
Q

Mitosis ________.

Select one:

a. is the formation of sex cells
b. is division of the genetic material within the nucleus
c. creates diversity in genetic potential
d. is always a part of the cell cycle

A

b. is division of the genetic material within the nucleus

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12
Q

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?

Select one:

a. TGCAA
b. ACGTT
c. UGCAA
d. GUACC

A

c. UGCAA

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13
Q

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

Select one:

a. phagocytosis
b. pinocytosis
c. receptor-mediated endocytosis
d. secondary active transport

A

c. receptor-mediated endocytosis

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14
Q

Passive membrane transport processes include ________.

Select one:

a. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
b. movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration
c. consumption of ATP
d. the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration environment

A

d. the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration environment

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15
Q

Mitochondria ________.

Select one:

a. contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses
b. are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
c. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
d. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell

A

c. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

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16
Q

Peroxisomes ________.
Select one:
a. are functionally the same as lysosomes
b. are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
c. function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis
d. sometimes function as secretory vesicles

A

b. are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

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17
Q

In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes line up along the midline or equator of the cell?

Select one:

a. prophase
b. metaphase
c. anaphase
d. telophase

A

b. metaphase

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as “second messengers”?

Select one:

a. Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins.
b. Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes.
c. Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.
d. Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell.

A

c. Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

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19
Q

Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins destined for export from the cell?

Select one:

a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi apparatus
c. lysosomes
d. peroxisomes

A

b. Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

A gene can best be defined as ________.

Select one:

a. a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid
b. noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long
c. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
d. an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide

A

c. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

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21
Q

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane, which of the following would most likely happen?

Select one:

a. The cell would form a plaque that could potentially block a blood vessel.
b. The plasma membrane would become more fluid and the phospholipids less stable.
c. The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid, and less permeable.
d. The plasma membrane would become more permeable to ions and less permeable to lipids.

A

c. The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid, and less permeable.

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22
Q

Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in ________.

Select one:

a. cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them
b. the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth
c. allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells
d. a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell’s plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs

A

a. cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them

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23
Q

The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane?

Select one:

a. transport proteins
b. tight junctions
c. desmosomes
d. glycolipids

A

c. desmosomes

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24
Q

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________.

Select one:

a. the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell
b. the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentration
c. oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells
d. oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells

A

c. oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells

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25
Q

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________.

Select one:

a. potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient
b. an unusable byproduct of active transport that will simply diffuse away
c. unwanted pressure that will be alleviated by channel mediated facilitated diffusion
d. a byproduct of active transport that will be alleviated by pinocytosis

A

a. potential energy that can be harnessed when

26
Q

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________.

Select one:

a. phagocytosis
b. pinocytosis
c. receptor-mediated endocytosis
d. exocytosis

A

c. receptor-mediated endocytosis

27
Q

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?

Select one:

a. lysosomes
b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c. mitochondria
d. cytoskeleton

A

c. mitochondria

28
Q

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.

Select one:

a. hydroxyapatite crystals
b. collagen fibers
c. reticular fibers
d. elastic fibers

A

b. collagen fibers

29
Q

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?

Select one:

a. cartilage tissue
b. fibrocartilaginous tissue
c. bone (osseous tissue)
d. areolar tissue

A

c. bone (osseous tissue)

30
Q

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage?

Select one:

a. It is more vascularized.
b. It contains more nuclei.
c. Fibers are not normally visible.
d. It allows great flexibility.

A

c. Fibers are not normally visible.

31
Q

The primary blast cell for bone is the ________.

Select one:

a. osteoblast
b. chondroblast
c. hemocytoblast
d. fibroblast

A

a. osteoblast

32
Q

Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia?

Select one:

a. microvilli
b. Golgi apparatus
c. lysosomes
d. multiple nuclei

A

b. Golgi apparatus

33
Q

Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract?

Select one:

a. dense microvilli
b. thin and permeable
c. fibroblasts
d. cilia

A

a. dense microvilli

34
Q

A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells ________.

Select one:

a. lines most of the respiratory tract
b. aids in digestion
c. is more durable than all other epithelia
d. is found in some of the larger glands

A

a. lines most of the respiratory tract

35
Q

Which type of connective tissue serves as the universal packing material between other tissues?

Select one:

a. adipose
b. areolar connective tissue
c. reticular connective tissue
d. hyaline cartilage

A

b. areolar connective tissue

36
Q

Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________.

Select one:

a. cells and fibers
b. fibers and ground substance
c. ground substance and cells
d. all organic compounds

A

b. fibers and ground substance

37
Q

Which of the following is found in hyaline cartilage?

Select one:

a. chondrocyte
b. fibroblast
c. macrophahe
d. mast cell

A

a. chondrocyte

38
Q

A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?

Select one:

a. epithelial tissue
b. connective tissue
c. nervous tissue
d. muscle tissue

A

a. epithelial tissue

39
Q

When utilizing a transmission electron microscope, why is it necessary to stain the specimen with heavy metal salts?

Select one:

a. The salts provide color to the specimen so that it can be seen.
b. The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue.
c. The salts are acidic and attract to the specimen.
d. The salts provide the three-dimensional image of the specimen.

A

b. The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue.

40
Q

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.

Select one:

a. adipose tissue
b. elastic cartilage
c. hyaline cartilage
d. fibrocartilage

A

b. elastic cartilage

41
Q

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue?

Select one:

a. simple squamous
b. transitional
c. simple columnar
d. stratified squamous

A

c. simple columnar

42
Q

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

Select one:

a. exocrine
b. endocrine
c. sebaceous
d. ceruminous

A

b. endocrine

43
Q

Which of the following is true about epithelia?

Select one:

a. Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion.
b. Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration.
c. Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
d. Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.

A

c. Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.

44
Q

Chondroblasts ________.

Select one:

a. are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae
b. within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
c. remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes
d. never lose their ability to divide

A

b. within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

45
Q

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

Select one:

a. Stratified cuboidal
b. Stratified columnar
c. Transitional
d. Pseudostratified columnar

A

d. Pseudostratified columnar

46
Q

Edema (swelling) occurs when ________.

Select one:

a. areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
b. adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis
c. collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape
d. reticular connective tissue invades the area

A

a. areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

47
Q

Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?

Select one:

a. Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
b. Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion.
c. Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves.
d. These glands are ductless.

A

a. Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.

48
Q

Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________.

Select one:

a. myofilaments
b. intercalated discs
c. flana
d. stroma

A

b. intercalated discs

49
Q

Blood vessels keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy.

Select one:

a. endothelium
b. mesothelium
c. transitional epithelium
d. simple cuboidal epithelium

A

a. endothelium

50
Q

Which is true concerning muscle tissue?

Select one:

a. highly cellular and well vascularized
b. cuboidal shape enhances function
c. contains contractile units made of collagen
d. is a single-celled tissue

A

a. highly cellular and well vascularized

51
Q

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

Select one:

a. replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
b. proliferation of fibrous connective tissue
c. inflammation
d. formation of scar tissue

A

c. inflammation

52
Q

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

Select one:

a. ground substance, fibers, and cells
b. alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells
c. collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
d. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

A

a. ground substance, fibers, and cells

53
Q

Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue.

Select one:

a. Connective tissue does not contain cells.
b. Connective tissue cells are nondividing.
c. Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper.
d. “Blast” cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

A

d. “Blast” cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

54
Q

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.

Select one:

a. Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers.
b. Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells.
c. Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
d. Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.

A

c. Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.

55
Q

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.

Select one:

a. It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix.
b. Its primary function is nutrient storage.
c. Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic.
d. Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.

A

b. Its primary function is nutrient storage.

56
Q

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue.

Select one:

a. areolar
b. dense regular
c. embryonic
d. reticular

A

c. embryonic

57
Q

Which tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place?

Select one:

a. adipose
b. dense regular
c. smooth muscle
d. reticular

A

a. adipose

58
Q

Choose which tissue type likely functions to add support to an organ.

Select one:

a. cardiac muscle
b. hyaline cartilage
c. transitional
d. stratified squamous epithelium

A

b. hyaline cartilage

59
Q

Choose which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a “conveyer belt” to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus.

Select one:

a. stratified squamous epithelium
b. simple cuboidal epithelium
c. smooth muscle
d. ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

d. ciliated simple columnar epithelium

60
Q

The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland.

Select one:

a. compound tubular
b. compound tubuloalveolar
c. simple branched alveolar
d. compound alveolar

A

b. compound tubuloalveolar

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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