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Biology 12 > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

The nervous system is responsible for: ​

A

Coordination of movement​

Response to environmental stimuli​

Intelligence​

Self-awareness​

Thought​

Emotion​

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2
Q

DIVISIONS​

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) - Includes the brain and spinal cord​

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – the rest of the nervous system​

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3
Q

neuron structure?

A

DENDRITES​, CELL BODY​, AXON, MYELIN SHEATH​, SCHWANN CELL​, NODES OF RANVIER​, AXON TERMINALS​.

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4
Q

SCHWANN CELL​

A

the Schwann Cells produce the myelin sheath ​

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5
Q

AXON TERMINALS​

A

These are regions at the end of the axon which house vesicles containing neurotransmitters. These will help pass the nerve impulse on to the next neuron.​

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6
Q

Neuron vs. nerve

A

A neuron is a single nerve cell. A nerve is a group of neurons bundled together. (Analogy- fibres in a wire)​

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7
Q

Neuron types

A

SENSORY NEURON​, MOTOR NEURON​, INTERNEURON​

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8
Q

NERVE IMPULSES​

A

PHASES​, RESTING POTENTIAL​

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9
Q

PHASES​

A

There are three distinct phases in a nerve impulse:​

Resting potential​

Action potential​

Refractory period​

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10
Q

action potential

A

ALL OR NOTHING​, depolarization, REPOLARIZATION​.

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11
Q

ALL OR NOTHING

A

Can be caused by electric shock, pH change, or mechanical stimulation (eg. Touch, temperature change, etc.)​

This is when the neuron is transmitting a nerve impulse.​

Two phases: depolarization and repolarization​

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12
Q

ADVANTAGE OF MYELINATION​

A

Think faster​

Respond faster​

Move faster​

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13
Q

TRANSMISSION ACROSS A SYNAPSE​

A

The answer lies in the specialized regions at the end of the axons called axon terminals ​
(aka: synaptic endings)​

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14
Q

ANATOMY OF A SYNAPSE​

A

Axon terminal, Presynaptic membrane, Synapse, Postsynaptic Membrane, Neurotransmitter, Synaptic Cleft.

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15
Q

ANATOMY OF A Axon terminal

A

swollen knobs at the end of axon terminal branches​

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16
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

the membrane of the axon terminal. Comes BEFORE the synapse (in the direction of the nerve impulse)

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17
Q

Postsynaptic Membrane

A

the membrane of the NEXT neuron. Comes AFTER the synapse (in the direction of the nerve impulse).​

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18
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes​

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19
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS​

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters​, Inhibitory neurotransmitters​

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20
Q

MENTAL HEALTH​

A

Certain mental health conditions like anxiety and depression are attributed to imbalances in the quantities of certain neurotransmitters.​
​

One class of drugs used to treat depression are SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). These raise the amount of functioning serotonin in the synapse, enhancing its effect.​

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21
Q

RECREATIONAL DRUGS​

A

Many recreational drugs produce their desired effects by acting on the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain.​

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22
Q

RECREATIONAL; PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS​

A

Drugs either promote or decrease the action of neurotransmitters, either stimulating or inhibiting the action of excitatory transmitters or inhibitory transmitters. Stimulants either enhance excitatory transmitters or block the action of inhibitory transmitters. ​Depressants either enhance the action of an inhibitory transmitter or block the action of an excitatory transmitter.​

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23
Q

in saltatory transmission

A

the action potential jumps from node of raniver to node of raniver

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24
Q

during action potential what occurs first?

A

sodium ions move into neurons

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25
Q

when potassium ions are moving out of the neutron this is known as

A

repolarization

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26
Q

during the time when sodium and potassium ions are being pumped back out of/ into the neuron respectively, this is known as

A

the refractory period

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27
Q

when the neuron is in a state where it is ready to “fire” this is known as

A

resting potential

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28
Q

resting potential of a neuron is approximately

A

-70mV

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29
Q

when sodium ions move into the neurons, this is known as

A

depolarization

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30
Q

myelination causes action potentials to move

A

faster along a neuron

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31
Q

during saltatory transmission, an action potential jumps from

A

node of raniver to node of raniver along a neuron

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32
Q

a gap between two neurons is called a

A

synapse

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33
Q

neurotransmitters are located in

A

axon terminals

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34
Q

neurotransmitters receptors are located on the

A

postsynaptic membrane

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35
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters make it

A

more likely that the next neuron will fire, continuing to transmit the action potential

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36
Q

the neurotransmitter most often associated with feelings of depression is

A

serotonin

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37
Q

neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse by either

A

reuptake by the presynaptic membrane or being broken down by enzymes in the synapse

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38
Q

The peripheral nervous system

A

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that contain only long dendrites and/or long axons. This is because neuron cell bodies are found only in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia.​
​

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39
Q

The dorsal root in the spinal nerves

A

The dorsal root contains sensory (afferent) neurons which are bringing nerve impulses TOWARDS the spinal cord from sensory receptors. it can be identified by the presence of an enlargement called the dorsal root ganglion which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.​

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40
Q

The ventral root in the spinal nerves contain what neurons?

A

contains motor (efferent) neurons which are taking nerve impulses AWAY from the spinal cord towards muscles or glands.​

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41
Q

what do the two roots do in spinal nerves

A

the two roots join just before the spinal nerve leaves the vertebral column. ​

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42
Q

THE REFLEX ARC​

A

Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to changes occurring inside or outside the body. They bypass interpretation by the brain.

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43
Q

THE REFLEX ARC – 5 STEPS​

A

1: Receptor is stimulated – e.g. temperature, pain, touch​
2: A sensory neuron carries an impulse via the dorsal root to the spinal cord.​
3: The sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron in the gray matter spinal cord.​
4: The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron.​
5: The motor neuron carries the nerve impulse via the ventral root to an “effector” (a muscle or gland).​

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44
Q

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Made up of the brain and spinal cord.​ Protected by the skull and vertebrae​. The brain and spinal cord are covered by 3 protective membranes called meningies​. The spaces between the meningies are filled with cerebro-spinal fluid for cushioning and protection. ​This fluid is also found withing the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain.​

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45
Q

THE BRAIN​

A

The brain weights approximately 1 – 1.5 kg has an average volume of 1400 cm3​

You had the maximum number of neurons you would ever have when you were born. Thousands are lost daily, never to be replace and apparently not missed, until the cumulative loss builds up in very old age. ​

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46
Q

THE HINDBRAIN​

A

Medulla Oblongata​, cerebellum

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47
Q

Medulla Oblongata​

A

Primitive brain​

Lies closest to the spinal cord​: Controls, heartrate, breathing, ​blood pressure, ​reflex actions like coughing, sneezing, hiccups, swallowing and vomiting.​

48
Q

Cerebellum​

A

Controls balance and complex muscle movement​

Makes sure skeletal muscles work together smoothly in coordination​

Responsible for maintaining normal muscle tone and posture.​

Receives sensory input from the inner ear (semi-circular canals – balance)​

49
Q

THE MIDBRAIN​

A

The midbrain is the central relay station between the forebrain, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.​

50
Q

THE FOREBRAIN​

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum

51
Q

The ARAS

A

sorts incoming stimuli into a hierarchy. It passes only those that require immediate attention onto the cerebrum and lets you ignore unimportant stimuli.​ The ARAS extends from the medulla oblongata to the thalamus.​

52
Q

Severing the corpus callosum can

A

control severe seizures​

53
Q

Frontal cerebrum:

​

A

movement, higher intellectual processes (problem solving, thinking, planning, judging the consequences of actions, moving your tongue and mouth to speak (left side only)​

54
Q

Parietal cerebrum:

A

interprets touch, temperature, pressure, pain. ​

Understanding speech and using words.​

55
Q

What neurons carry nerve impulses to the CNS

A

Sensory neurons

56
Q

Another word for motor neuron

A

Efferent

57
Q

The portion of cerebrum responsible for vision

A

Occipital cerebrum

58
Q

The void running down the center of the spinal cord

A

Central canal

59
Q

What nervous system contains all the nerves that affect the skeletal muscles and sensory organs

A

Somatic nervous system

60
Q

The portion of the nervous system which is involuntary

A

Autonomic

61
Q

Shutter branches of a neuron which receive nerve impulses

A

Dentrites

62
Q

Lobe of the cerebrum responsible for hearing and smelling

A

Temporal lobe

63
Q

What color matter is in the spinal cord contains bundles of myelinated axons

A

white matter

64
Q

The portion of the cerebrum responsible for thinking

A

Frontal

65
Q

Central part of the neuron where most activities related to the maintenance of the cell occur

A

cell body

66
Q

The portion of the nervous system that is not the CNS

A

PNS

67
Q

A horizontal section that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain

A

Corpus callosum

68
Q

Doing resting potential what is the most important common ion inside of the cell

A

potassium

69
Q

What endings are at the end of the axon

A

synaptic

70
Q

A long extension of a nerve cell which Transmits nerve impulses

A

Axons

71
Q

What node breaks between myelinated Sections of the axon

A

The nodes of Raniver

72
Q

The stage of action potential where sodium ions begin to move into the cell

A

Depolarization

73
Q

The master gland

A

The pituitary gland

74
Q

Portion of the cerebrum responsible for the understanding speech

A

parietal

75
Q

the brain stem

A

Medulla oblangata

76
Q

A substance which coats the axons of the nerve cell

A

Myelin sheath

77
Q

Involuntary response which bypasses the brain

A

Reflex

78
Q

The three protective membrane around the spinal cord

A

Meninges

79
Q

Space between the axon end of one nerve cell in the dentrites of a neighboring cell

A

Synapses

80
Q

What is found in the central canal and surrounding the spinal cord

A

Spinal fluid

81
Q

Part of the brain responsible for a conscious thought

A

Cerebrum

82
Q

Transmitters that make the postsynaptic membrane more permeable to NA+ and therefore more likely to produce an action potential

A

Excitatory

83
Q

The type of neuron found only in the CNS

A

Interneuron

84
Q

What number of cranial Nerves are attached to the brain

A

12

85
Q

Another word for sensory neuron

A

Afferent

86
Q

Neurotransmitter released in the response to a parasympathetic nervous system puts you into a relaxed state

A

Acetylcholine

87
Q

The portion of the nervous system which puts you into a more relaxed state

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

88
Q

The stage of an action potential where potassium ions begin to move out of the cell

A

Repolarization

89
Q

Two components of the CNS

A

Spinal cord and brain

90
Q

There are 31 pairs of what in the brain, They enter / exit the vertebrae via branches called roots.​ these divide into two sections known as the dorsal and ventral roots, respectively.

A

Spinal nerves

91
Q

The nerve given to the nerve impulses that pass along a neuron

A

Action potential

92
Q

These substances breaks down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft after their release

A

Enzymes

93
Q

The sodium/potassium pump requires the energy molecule

A

ATP

94
Q

A chemical that is released to transmit a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to the next

A

Neurotransmitters

95
Q

What transmitters make the postsynaptic membrane less permeable to Na+ and therefore less likely to produce an action potential

A

Inhibitory

96
Q

The portion of the nervous system which produces the fight or flight response

A

Sympathetic nervous system

97
Q

Dorsal root looks different than the ventral root due to the presence of an enlargement called the dorsal root

A

Ganglion

98
Q

What matter is in the spinal cord and contains mostly cell bodies

A

Grey matter

99
Q

The part of the brain responsible for balance complex muscle movement

A

Cerebellum

100
Q

Portion of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the body

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

Portion of the brain receives all information from the senses except for smell

A

Thalamus

102
Q

Nerves are bundles of individual cells called

A

Neurons

103
Q

What neurons carry nerve impulses away from the CNS

A

Motor neurons

104
Q

The voltage inside a neuron at resting potential is approximately

A

-70mV

135
Q

What period occurs when sodium and potassium ions are being returned to the resting potential concentrations

A

Re-factory period

136
Q

What endings are at the end of the axon

A

Synaptic

137
Q

During resting potential what is the most common ion outside of the cell

A

Sodium

138
Q

The coded portions of axons are called

A

Schwann cells

139
Q

The portion of the cerebrum responsible for understanding speech

A

Parietal

140
Q

After an action potential sodium and potassium a return to the resting potential state by the process of

A

Active transport

141
Q

Neurotransmitters within the axon ends are called

A

Synaptic vesicles

142
Q

The ventral root conducts nerve impulses

A

Away from the spinal cord

143
Q

What transmission occurs because of myelinated nature of the axon

A

Saltatory

144
Q

A neurotransmitter released by the synaptic nervous system to induce fight or flight response

A

Noradrenaline

145
Q

The dorsal root conducts nerve impulses

A

Towards the spinal cord

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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