Protein Synthesis Flashcards
1
Q
Diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant Dna processes
A
Insulin
2
Q
The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome
A
Termination
3
Q
What bonds form between the nitrogenous in the DNA molecule
A
Hydrogen
4
Q
Unlike DNA, RNA is a _____ stranded molecule
A
Single stranded
5
Q
The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule
A
Transcription
6
Q
The shape of DNA molecule
A
Double helix
7
Q
Any factor which causes a mutation is called a
A
Mutagen
8
Q
If a DNA strand reads GATGGCTCA what is the complementary DNA strand
A
CTACCGAGT
9
Q
The type of RNA is used in ribosomes during protein synthesis
A
mRNA
10
Q
The process of DNA making copies of itself
A
Replication
11
Q
The first phase of translation were the mRNA and tRNA join up with a small ribosomal subunits is called
A
Initiation
12
Q
DNA is found in What part of the eukaryotic cells
A
Nucleus
13
Q
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to growing strand during transcription
A
RNA polymerase
14
Q
Proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes
A
Genetics
15
Q
The enzyme that unzips a DNA strand during replication
A
Helicase
16
Q
DNA made up of
A
Nucleotides
17
Q
The three letter sequence of tRNA That is complementary to an mRNA codon
A
Anticodon
18
Q
The type of RNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes
A
Transfer RNA aka tRNA
19
Q
I change to the base for sequence of DNA molecule
A
Mutation
20
Q
Chromosome mutation where a piece of chromosome is flipped
A
Inversion
21
Q
Proteins are made up of chains of _____ strong together
A
Amino acids
22
Q
The type of RNA brings the instruction from Dna molecule to the ribosome
A
MRNA
23
Q
DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and it’s therefore preferred being a
A
Polymer
24
Q
The reading of an mRNA strand by the ribosome to make a protein is called
A
Translation
25
UV light and extra lights example of what mutagen
Radiation mutagen
26
HPV. Example of what mutagen
Viral mutagen
27
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene
Insertion
28
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome
Translocation
29
RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found a dna
Uracil
30
Benzene and doxins are examples of what mutagen
Chemical Mutagen
31
A Mutagen causes cancer is called
Carcinogen
32
What mutations occur in the gametes are early on an embryonic development
Germinal
33
What bonds form between adjoining amino acids
Peptide
34
Number of purine bases Will always equal to the number of Pyramidine bases according to _____ rule
chargaffs
35
What base pairing means that only a will pair with T and only g will pair with C
Nitrogenous base
36
Small circular piece Of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another
Plasmid
37
Addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they can cause a _____ ______ We are all codons downstream of the mutation or altered
Frameshift
38
The enzyme that adds new DNA Nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
DNA polymerase
39
If the DNA strand red GATCCTAA the mRNA Strand transcribed from it would be
CUAGGAUU
40
Three letters sequence on mRNA that codes for the Amino acid
Codon
41
What two molecules is the backbone of DNA structure made up of?
Phosphate, pentose sugar
42
What nitrogenous base pair pairs with guanine
Cytosine
43
If a Strand of dna contains 10% Of thymine, what percentage of guanine will it contain?
40%
44
What kind of bonds hold the two sides of the DNA “ladder” together
Hydrogen bonds
45
The Repeating three parts subunits that make up the DNA polymer are called?
Nucleotides
46
What sugar is found in the nucleotides of DNA
Deoxyribose (pentose 5 carbon sugar)
47
Which nitrogenous bases from DNA are pyrimidines?
Thymine, cytosine, uracil
48
One gene on a chromosome is responsible for coding for one?
Protein
49
In rna, which DNA base is replaced by uracil
Thymine
50
What shape of RNA molecule is a
Straight, single strand
51
mRNA is made by the enzyme
RNA polymerase
52
The process of making an mRNA strand is called
Transcription
53
One mRNA strand is produced from the information found in one
Gene
54
RNA contains the sugar
Ribose
55
And Rna nucleotide is made up of
Ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases
56
Choose all the types of RNA that are found in cell
rRNA, tRNA, mRNA
57
The sugar- phosphate groups that make up the backbone of the RNA molecule are joined together by
Strong covalent bonds
58
The mRNA molecule is transcribed from the _____ strand of the DNA molecule
Sense
59
The first step in transition is
Initiation
60
What mRNA codon is found at the beginning of every single mRNA strand
AUG
61
How many nitrogeous bases make up a single codon
Three
62
Translation occurs in/ on which organelle in the cytoplasm?
Ribosomes
63
Which structure delivers amino acids to the site of translocation
tRNA
64
tRNA molecules have an _______ which is complimentary to the codon on the mRNA strand. Only the correct tRNA can match up with the mRNA codon
Anticodon
65
First step of Translation where the mRNA small ribosomal subunit Are coming together is called
Initiation
66
The second Stage of translation, where amino acid chain is growing longer is called
Elongation
67
Final stage of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome is called
Termination
68
Which of the following DNA sequences would Signal the end of an amino acid chain?
ATT, ATC, ACT
69
what is DNA?
DNA is a deoxyribonucleic acid, a polymer of nucleotides which was formed by dehydration synthesis.
70
DNA's 3 major functions?
controls cellular activities, reproduction. DNA makes exact copies of itself to pass to other genes. DNA undergoes mutations (mistakes during DNA replication). DNA IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF THE UNITY OF LIFE.
71
ASE
enzyme
72
DNA AND RNA ARE
polymers of nucleotides
73
what are the two types of bases?
purines and pyrimidines
74
purines
have a double ring structure (adenine and guanine)
75
pyrimidines
have a single ring structure (thymine, cytosine and uracil)
76
purine bases equal
the number of pyrimidine bases
77
the genetic code
is dna and rna
78
how many atoms can a DNA strand be
up to a million atoms
79
genes
unit of inheritance, they control particular characteristics or capabilities of an organism. and control cellular chemical reactions by directing the formation of enzymes.
80
where are genes located?
on the chromosome of the cell nucleus and consist of segments of DNA molecules
81
genes consist of how many base pairs
1000 dna base pairs but can go to 175,000 on humans
82
genes always
occur is pairs, half come from your mother, half come from your father
83
chromosomes are held in their tightly coiled structure by
proteins called histones
84
replication
DNA template, "reverse image", copy of itself.
85
conservative replication
each strand of DNA produced contains one old strand and one new strand.
86
4 steps of DNA replication
1: unzipping, 2: complementary base, 3: hydrogen bonds form, 4: adjacent nucleotides bond.
87
RNA is necessary in all organisms
for protein synthesis to occur
88
rRNA
ribosomal rna. the most amount 85-90% of all RNA is rRNA, its made up of the nucleotides in the nucleus: and migrates to the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear envelope.
89
how do ribosomes form
2 rRNA subunits combine to make a protein to form ribosomes, found on rough E.R. and throughout the cytoplasm.
90
mRNA
messenger rna, 5-10% of the cells RNA. usually about 900-1500 nucleotides long. its made by coping sections of a DNA template strand (a gene) by a process called transcription.
91
tRNA
transfer RNA, 5% of the cells total RNA. about 80 nucleotides long. it carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis.
92
what can tRNA recognize
a very special amino acid by using its anti codon
93
what are protein synthesis 2 major processes?
transcription and translation
94
step 1 of transcription
1. DNA unzips a gene to expose a set of bases
95
translation
translating the codons on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a primary polypeptide structure.
96
step 3 of transcription
adjacent RNA nucleotides form covalent bonds between sugar- phosphate
97
step 4 of transcription
the RNA strand is release from the DNA
98
step 5 of transcription
the DNA molecule rewinds (reforms hydrogen bonds), and return to its normal double helix form. RNA then leave the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm.
99
the enzyme involved in transcription?
RNA polymerase
100
RNA polymerase occurs
in the nucleus and, in particular, dark coloured spots in the nucleus called nucleoli (singular + nucleolus)
101
codon?
3 letter unit of mRNA which codes for one amino acid. there're 64 codons in total, of which 61 codes for specific amino acids.
102
anti-codon?
base sequence that is complementary to the codon: found on tRNA
103
translation 3 subprocesses?
initiation, elongation and termination
104
initiation
the small rRNA subunit first attaches to the Start codon, AUG on the mRNA. a tRNA with an anticodon UAC complimentary base pairs with the codon. tRNA carries the amino acid methionine .
105
elongation
more amino acids are added and are connected together to form a polypeptide as specific by the mRNA sequence. the process repeats until a long chain forms
106
termination
the process repeats until a special codon, called a stop codon is reached. three stop codons include: UAA, UAG, UGA. a protein called release factor binds directly to the stop codon. the release factor causes water molecule to be added to the end of the polypeptide chain, and the chain then separates from the last tRNA. the mRNA is now usually broken down and the ribosomes dissociates into its large and small subunits. the new protein is sent for final processing and packaging by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
107
genetic mutations
during the molecule maneuvering the occurs with DNA replication, if nucleotides are lost, rearrange or paired in error age resulting change in nucleotides of the genetic code could lead to a protein that does not function properly DNA'S code is translated.
108
genetic mutations
during the molecule maneuvering the occurs with DNA replication, if nucleotides are lost, rearrange or paired in error age resulting change in nucleotides of the genetic code could lead to a protein that does not function properly DNA'S code is translated.
109
mutation
genetic change in a organism regulating from a chemical change in the structure of a gene. (mutations are inheritable)
110
what causes genetic mutations
both internal and external factors.
111
somatic mutation?
occurs in the cells after birth
112
2 main mutations?
gene mutation, chromosomal mutation
113
gene mutation
affects only one gene: small scale but can have devastating effects
114
chromosomal mutation
affects many genes because they affect the entire chromosome or parts of the chromosomes. occurs after chromosome are broken and reform abnormally, pieces of chromosomes lost or added.
115
types of gene mutations?
substitution, addition and deletion
116
substitution
one nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide (eg, sickle cell anemia.)
117
addition
nucleotide is added
118
deletion
nucleotide is deleted
119
gene mutations make me
SAD, substitution, addition and deletion
120
DNA ligase
an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another.
121
polysome
is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like “beads” on a “thread”.
122
duplication
a DNA segment in a chromosome which is a copy of another segment.
123
vector
is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.
