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Biology 12 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant Dna processes

A

Insulin

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2
Q

The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome

A

Termination

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3
Q

What bonds form between the nitrogenous in the DNA molecule

A

Hydrogen

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4
Q

Unlike DNA, RNA is a _____ stranded molecule

A

Single stranded

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5
Q

The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule

A

Transcription

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6
Q

The shape of DNA molecule

A

Double helix

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7
Q

Any factor which causes a mutation is called a

A

Mutagen

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8
Q

If a DNA strand reads GATGGCTCA what is the complementary DNA strand

A

CTACCGAGT

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9
Q

The type of RNA is used in ribosomes during protein synthesis

A

mRNA

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10
Q

The process of DNA making copies of itself

A

Replication

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11
Q

The first phase of translation were the mRNA and tRNA join up with a small ribosomal subunits is called

A

Initiation

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12
Q

DNA is found in What part of the eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to growing strand during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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14
Q

Proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes

A

Genetics

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15
Q

The enzyme that unzips a DNA strand during replication

A

Helicase

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16
Q

DNA made up of

A

Nucleotides

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17
Q

The three letter sequence of tRNA That is complementary to an mRNA codon

A

Anticodon

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18
Q

The type of RNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes

A

Transfer RNA aka tRNA

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19
Q

I change to the base for sequence of DNA molecule

A

Mutation

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20
Q

Chromosome mutation where a piece of chromosome is flipped

A

Inversion

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21
Q

Proteins are made up of chains of _____ strong together

A

Amino acids

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22
Q

The type of RNA brings the instruction from Dna molecule to the ribosome

A

MRNA

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23
Q

DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and it’s therefore preferred being a

A

Polymer

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24
Q

The reading of an mRNA strand by the ribosome to make a protein is called

A

Translation

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25
Q

UV light and extra lights example of what mutagen

A

Radiation mutagen

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26
Q

HPV. Example of what mutagen

A

Viral mutagen

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27
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene

A

Insertion

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28
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome

A

Translocation

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29
Q

RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found a dna

A

Uracil

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30
Q

Benzene and doxins are examples of what mutagen

A

Chemical Mutagen

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31
Q

A Mutagen causes cancer is called

A

Carcinogen

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32
Q

What mutations occur in the gametes are early on an embryonic development

A

Germinal

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33
Q

What bonds form between adjoining amino acids

A

Peptide

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34
Q

Number of purine bases Will always equal to the number of Pyramidine bases according to _____ rule

A

chargaffs

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35
Q

What base pairing means that only a will pair with T and only g will pair with C

A

Nitrogenous base

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36
Q

Small circular piece Of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another

A

Plasmid

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37
Q

Addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they can cause a _____ ______ We are all codons downstream of the mutation or altered

A

Frameshift

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38
Q

The enzyme that adds new DNA Nucleotides to the growing strand during replication

A

DNA polymerase

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39
Q

If the DNA strand red GATCCTAA the mRNA Strand transcribed from it would be

A

CUAGGAUU

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40
Q

Three letters sequence on mRNA that codes for the Amino acid

A

Codon

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41
Q

What two molecules is the backbone of DNA structure made up of?

A

Phosphate, pentose sugar

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42
Q

What nitrogenous base pair pairs with guanine

A

Cytosine

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43
Q

If a Strand of dna contains 10% Of thymine, what percentage of guanine will it contain?

A

40%

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44
Q

What kind of bonds hold the two sides of the DNA “ladder” together

A

Hydrogen bonds

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45
Q

The Repeating three parts subunits that make up the DNA polymer are called?

A

Nucleotides

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46
Q

What sugar is found in the nucleotides of DNA

A

Deoxyribose (pentose 5 carbon sugar)

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47
Q

Which nitrogenous bases from DNA are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine, cytosine, uracil

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48
Q

One gene on a chromosome is responsible for coding for one?

A

Protein

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49
Q

In rna, which DNA base is replaced by uracil

A

Thymine

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50
Q

What shape of RNA molecule is a

A

Straight, single strand

51
Q

mRNA is made by the enzyme

A

RNA polymerase

52
Q

The process of making an mRNA strand is called

A

Transcription

53
Q

One mRNA strand is produced from the information found in one

A

Gene

54
Q

RNA contains the sugar

A

Ribose

55
Q

And Rna nucleotide is made up of

A

Ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases

56
Q

Choose all the types of RNA that are found in cell

A

rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

57
Q

The sugar- phosphate groups that make up the backbone of the RNA molecule are joined together by

A

Strong covalent bonds

58
Q

The mRNA molecule is transcribed from the _____ strand of the DNA molecule

A

Sense

59
Q

The first step in transition is

A

Initiation

60
Q

What mRNA codon is found at the beginning of every single mRNA strand

A

AUG

61
Q

How many nitrogeous bases make up a single codon

A

Three

62
Q

Translation occurs in/ on which organelle in the cytoplasm?

A

Ribosomes

63
Q

Which structure delivers amino acids to the site of translocation

A

tRNA

64
Q

tRNA molecules have an _______ which is complimentary to the codon on the mRNA strand. Only the correct tRNA can match up with the mRNA codon

A

Anticodon

65
Q

First step of Translation where the mRNA small ribosomal subunit Are coming together is called

A

Initiation

66
Q

The second Stage of translation, where amino acid chain is growing longer is called

A

Elongation

67
Q

Final stage of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome is called

A

Termination

68
Q

Which of the following DNA sequences would Signal the end of an amino acid chain?

A

ATT, ATC, ACT

69
Q

what is DNA?

A

DNA is a deoxyribonucleic acid, a polymer of nucleotides which was formed by dehydration synthesis.

70
Q

DNA’s 3 major functions?

A

controls cellular activities, reproduction. DNA makes exact copies of itself to pass to other genes. DNA undergoes mutations (mistakes during DNA replication). DNA IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF THE UNITY OF LIFE.

71
Q

ASE

A

enzyme

72
Q

DNA AND RNA ARE

A

polymers of nucleotides

73
Q

what are the two types of bases?

A

purines and pyrimidines

74
Q

purines

A

have a double ring structure (adenine and guanine)

75
Q

pyrimidines

A

have a single ring structure (thymine, cytosine and uracil)

76
Q

purine bases equal

A

the number of pyrimidine bases

77
Q

the genetic code

A

is dna and rna

78
Q

how many atoms can a DNA strand be

A

up to a million atoms

79
Q

genes

A

unit of inheritance, they control particular characteristics or capabilities of an organism. and control cellular chemical reactions by directing the formation of enzymes.

80
Q

where are genes located?

A

on the chromosome of the cell nucleus and consist of segments of DNA molecules

81
Q

genes consist of how many base pairs

A

1000 dna base pairs but can go to 175,000 on humans

82
Q

genes always

A

occur is pairs, half come from your mother, half come from your father

83
Q

chromosomes are held in their tightly coiled structure by

A

proteins called histones

84
Q

replication

A

DNA template, “reverse image”, copy of itself.

85
Q

conservative replication

A

each strand of DNA produced contains one old strand and one new strand.

86
Q

4 steps of DNA replication

A

1: unzipping, 2: complementary base, 3: hydrogen bonds form, 4: adjacent nucleotides bond.

87
Q

RNA is necessary in all organisms

A

for protein synthesis to occur

88
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal rna. the most amount 85-90% of all RNA is rRNA, its made up of the nucleotides in the nucleus: and migrates to the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear envelope.

89
Q

how do ribosomes form

A

2 rRNA subunits combine to make a protein to form ribosomes, found on rough E.R. and throughout the cytoplasm.

90
Q

mRNA

A

messenger rna, 5-10% of the cells RNA. usually about 900-1500 nucleotides long. its made by coping sections of a DNA template strand (a gene) by a process called transcription.

91
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, 5% of the cells total RNA. about 80 nucleotides long. it carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis.

92
Q

what can tRNA recognize

A

a very special amino acid by using its anti codon

93
Q

what are protein synthesis 2 major processes?

A

transcription and translation

94
Q

step 1 of transcription

A
  1. DNA unzips a gene to expose a set of bases
95
Q

translation

A

translating the codons on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a primary polypeptide structure.

96
Q

step 3 of transcription

A

adjacent RNA nucleotides form covalent bonds between sugar- phosphate

97
Q

step 4 of transcription

A

the RNA strand is release from the DNA

98
Q

step 5 of transcription

A

the DNA molecule rewinds (reforms hydrogen bonds), and return to its normal double helix form. RNA then leave the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm.

99
Q

the enzyme involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

100
Q

RNA polymerase occurs

A

in the nucleus and, in particular, dark coloured spots in the nucleus called nucleoli (singular + nucleolus)

101
Q

codon?

A

3 letter unit of mRNA which codes for one amino acid. there’re 64 codons in total, of which 61 codes for specific amino acids.

102
Q

anti-codon?

A

base sequence that is complementary to the codon: found on tRNA

103
Q

translation 3 subprocesses?

A

initiation, elongation and termination

104
Q

initiation

A

the small rRNA subunit first attaches to the Start codon, AUG on the mRNA. a tRNA with an anticodon UAC complimentary base pairs with the codon. tRNA carries the amino acid methionine .

105
Q

elongation

A

more amino acids are added and are connected together to form a polypeptide as specific by the mRNA sequence. the process repeats until a long chain forms

106
Q

termination

A

the process repeats until a special codon, called a stop codon is reached. three stop codons include: UAA, UAG, UGA. a protein called release factor binds directly to the stop codon. the release factor causes water molecule to be added to the end of the polypeptide chain, and the chain then separates from the last tRNA. the mRNA is now usually broken down and the ribosomes dissociates into its large and small subunits. the new protein is sent for final processing and packaging by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

107
Q

genetic mutations

A

during the molecule maneuvering the occurs with DNA replication, if nucleotides are lost, rearrange or paired in error age resulting change in nucleotides of the genetic code could lead to a protein that does not function properly DNA’S code is translated.

108
Q

genetic mutations

A

during the molecule maneuvering the occurs with DNA replication, if nucleotides are lost, rearrange or paired in error age resulting change in nucleotides of the genetic code could lead to a protein that does not function properly DNA’S code is translated.

109
Q

mutation

A

genetic change in a organism regulating from a chemical change in the structure of a gene. (mutations are inheritable)

110
Q

what causes genetic mutations

A

both internal and external factors.

111
Q

somatic mutation?

A

occurs in the cells after birth

112
Q

2 main mutations?

A

gene mutation, chromosomal mutation

113
Q

gene mutation

A

affects only one gene: small scale but can have devastating effects

114
Q

chromosomal mutation

A

affects many genes because they affect the entire chromosome or parts of the chromosomes. occurs after chromosome are broken and reform abnormally, pieces of chromosomes lost or added.

115
Q

types of gene mutations?

A

substitution, addition and deletion

116
Q

substitution

A

one nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide (eg, sickle cell anemia.)

117
Q

addition

A

nucleotide is added

118
Q

deletion

A

nucleotide is deleted

119
Q

gene mutations make me

A

SAD, substitution, addition and deletion

120
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another.

121
Q

polysome

A

is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like “beads” on a “thread”.

122
Q

duplication

A

a DNA segment in a chromosome which is a copy of another segment.

123
Q

vector

A

is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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