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Human Body and Movement > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What structures make up the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What structures make up the PNS?

A

All neurons that extend from the brain or spinal column to the other organs and tissues of the body

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4
Q

What are 2 subdivisions of PNS?

A

Sensory division and Motor division

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5
Q

What are neurons?

A

The structural units of the nervous system

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6
Q

What do neurons do?

A

They are cells which communicate by receiving chemical signals, conducting electrical impulses (action potential) and releasing neurotransmitters which send signals between each other and the rest of the body

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7
Q

The body of a neuron is called?

A

Cell body or Soma.

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8
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

The receiving part of the neuron

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9
Q

What do axons do?

A

The sending part of the neuron

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10
Q

Name the insulating layer covering the axon

A

Myelin sheath

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11
Q

Regions of myelinated axons are also called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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12
Q

What are the functional classification of neurons? (3)

A

Sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons

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13
Q

How long can neurons function?

A

For a lifetime

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14
Q

What do Glial cells do?

A

Support and protect neurons in the CNS and PNS. They are up almost half the volume of the nervous system (also called neuroglia)

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15
Q

What are the types of neuroglia of the CNS and what do they do? (4)

A

Astrocytes - provide structural and metabolic support for neurons (mediate nutrient exchanges between neurons and blood vessels), maintain the blood brain barrier and modulate synaptic transmission
Ependymal cells - produce, monitor and circulate cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord.
Microglia - remove cellular debris, waste products and pathogens (waste collectors of the CNS)
Oligodendrocytes - provide structural framework and produce myelin

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16
Q

What are the types of neuroglia of the PNS and what do they do? (2)

A

Schwann cells - form a sheath around segments of axons of peripheral neurons. Isolates the neurons from contact with the ECF. They form multi-layered myelin sheath around axon segments.

Satellite cells - surround the neuron call bodies with ganglia and regulate the environment around the neurons (like astrocytes in the CNS), supply nutrients, structural support and protection to the neuron they surround.

17
Q

What does the plasma cell membrane do?

A

Regulates what can and can’t enter or leave the cell

18
Q

What causes a channel protein to open/close?

A

In response to different stimuli: neurotransmitters and other molecules, voltage charade and mechanical charge

19
Q

True/False: The voltage of the membrane potential at rest is about -70mV

A

True

20
Q

What is another name for the electrical signal transmitted with neurons?

A

Action potential

21
Q

Are action potentials transmitted fast or slow?

A

Depends on the size of the axon (bigger is faster) they can reach 432km/h

22
Q

The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and its target cell or tissue is called?

A

A synapse

23
Q

What are the special chemicals called that relay information between neurons?

A

Neurotransmitters

24
Q

The action potential happens before or after the neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic junction?

A

Before

25
Q

What is it called when ions move in or out of a channel and change the membrane potential in that area?

A

Graded potential

26
Q

Negative change in the cell membrane is called?

A

Hyperpolarisation

27
Q

Depolarisation makes action potentials more or less likely?

A

More likely

28
Q

What voltage must the cell membrane reach to cause an action potential?

A

-55mV (threshold value)

29
Q

Positive ions enter the cell when ________ channels open at -55mV

A

Voltage-gated

30
Q

How are action potentials and myelin sheaths related?

A

Myelin sheaths make action potentials travel much faster

31
Q

How is cellular communication (neurotransmitters) affected?

A

Drugs

Human Body and Movement (12 decks)

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