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Medical Science yr 1 > the nervous system > Flashcards

the nervous system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Depolarisation

A
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2
Q

Voluntary responses

A

mainly under conscious control, but some voluntary movements, such as walking, require less conscious attention.

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3
Q

the two types of involuntary response

A

autonomic and reflex

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4
Q

autonomic response

A

regulate the body’s internal environment

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5
Q

reflex response

A

mainly affect those muscles that are normally under voluntary control.

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6
Q

The 2 main components of the nervous system

A
  • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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7
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A
  • brain
  • spinal chord
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8
Q

What does the PNS consist of

A
  • nerves
  • ganglions
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9
Q

What is a ganglion

A

A cluster of nerve cells

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10
Q

What is a nerve

A

A bundle of fibres composed of neurones that connect body parts to the CNS

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of neurones that the PNS consists of

A
  • Autonomic
  • somatic
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12
Q

What are the 2 components of automatic neurones

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest or digest)

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13
Q

What happens during sympathetic responses

A
  • heart rate increases
  • blood pressure increases
  • pupillary response
  • adrenaline and glucose levels rise
  • digestion levels decrease (less focus needed on it)
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14
Q

What happens during a parasympathetic response?

A
  • blood pressure lowers
  • heart rate lowers
  • lower adrenal & glucose function
  • increased function of digestive system
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15
Q

What are the components of somatic nerves

A

Motor and sensory

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16
Q

what are the main types of nerves?

A
  • motor neurone
  • sensory neurone
  • inter neurone (relay)
17
Q

lengths of the dendrites and axon in a motor neurone

A
  • short dendrites
  • long axon
18
Q

where are the dendrites and cell body located in a motor neurone

A

IN the spinal chord & the axon is OUTSIDE the spinal chord

19
Q

what is the function of the motor neurone

A

to conduct the impulse to the effector (muscle or gland)

20
Q

lengths of the dendrites and axon in a sensory neurone

A
  • long dendrites
  • short axon
21
Q

what is the function of a sensory neurone

A
  • to carry messages from peripheral sense organs to the CNS
  • conduct impulses to the spinal chord
22
Q

where are the cell body and dendrite located in the sensory neurone?

A
  • OUTSIDE the spinal chord
  • cell body is located in the **dorsal root ganglion **
23
Q

what is the function of an interneurone

A
  • relay message from sensory neurone to motor neurone
  • is used as a quick bypass since full circle is too long- used ONLY for threats
  • chain between sensory & motor neurone
24
Q

key features of a reflex response

A
  • rapid
  • reduces damage to tissues
  • does NOT have to be learnt
25
Q

function of a dendrite

A
  • to provide a large surface area for connecting & recieving signals from other neurones.
  • carry nerve impulses TOWARDS the cell body
26
Q

function of an axon

A
  • main conducting unit of the neurone
  • capeable of conveying electrical signals along distances short-long
27
Q

function of the cell body & nucleus

A
  • code for & produce all the proteins for the dendrites, axons & synaptic terminals
  • cell body contains specialised organelles (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes)
28
Q

function of a schwann cell

A

cells in the nervous system that form the myelin sheath around the neurones axon

29
Q

in myelinated axons, what is the function of the unmylenated gaps(nodes of ranvier)?

A

allow more rapid propagation (speed) of signal along the axon (jumps gaps and changes charge)

30
Q

what is a synapse

A

space between the presynapse & postsynapse

31
Q

what do the vesicles in the presynapse contain

A

neurotransmitters

32
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemical substance- diffuses across the synapse

33
Q

what is action potential

A

change in charge from - to + inside the presynaptic membrane

34
Q

list the stages of an electrical impulse travelling along the synapse

A

see notes

35
Q

what is the reflex arc

A

the nerve pathway which makes such a fast, involentry response possible

36
Q

name the effects of chemicals (drugs) on nerve transmission

A
  • increase number of impulses
  • release neurotransmitter from vesicle without impulse
  • block receptors
  • produce more or less neurotransmitters
  • prevent veicles from releasing neurotransmitters

Medical Science yr 1 (16 decks)

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