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Medical Science yr 1 > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atrium and ventricle, stopping the back flow of the blood

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2
Q

which wall of the heart is thicker and why?

A

the left side. because the muscles need to contract more in order to pump the blood to the rest of the body

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3
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. (OUT THE HEART)

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4
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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5
Q

what is the part separating the chambers of the heart?

A

atrial septum

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6
Q

what is the general name for the heart muscle?

A

the cardiac muscle

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7
Q

what does the left atrium receive ?

A

blood returning from the lungs

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8
Q

what does the inferior vena cava do?

A

returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower body.

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9
Q

what does the superior vena cava do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head + arms

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10
Q

where is the bicuspid valve located

A

the left side of the heart between the ventricle and atrium

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11
Q

what are the pulmonary + aortic valves called

A

semi-lunar valves

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12
Q

what does the right ventricle do?

A

send deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

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13
Q

what does the aorta do?

A

carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. from the left ventricle.

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14
Q

what is the function of coronary arteries?

A

carry oxygen rich blood to the cardiac muscles.

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15
Q

what is a cusp?

A

proper term for a flap of a valve

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16
Q

where are the coronary artery entrances located and why is that beneficial?

A

just above the semi-lunar valve

  • ensures that the cardiac cells receive the highest concentration of oxygen in the blood
  • because the heart is a very active muscle
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17
Q

the heart muscle is ‘myogenic’, what does this mean?

A

contractions are initiated by the cardiac muscle itself

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18
Q

how does damage/blockage of coronary arteries affect cardiac muscles?

A
  • stops blood flow out of the heart, causing backflow and cardiac muscles to contract- leading to a heart attack
  • heart will have no energy to contract since it has no oxygen to partake in respiration (cardiac cells will DIE)
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19
Q

what stops bloodflow from going back into the right atrium?

A

tricuspid valve

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20
Q

what brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart?

A

pulmonary vein

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21
Q

what valve closes when the left ventricle contracts?

A

bicuspid

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22
Q

what valve opens when the left ventricle contracts?

A

aortic semilunar valve

23
Q

what is stage ONE of the cardiac cycle?

A

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

  • the muscles of the atria contract
  • pressure inside the atria contracts
  • semilunar valves in the venacava and pulmonary vein close
  • atrioventricular valves open, allowing blood into ventricles
  • lasts abt 0.1 seconds
24
Q

what is stage TWO of the cardiac cycle?

A

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

  • muscles of both ventricles contact
  • pressure inside ventricles increase
  • atrioventricular valves CLOSE
  • semilunar valves OPEN
  • blood flows OUT of the heart
  • lasts abt 0.3 seconds
25
Q

what is stage THREE of the cardiac cycle?

A

DIASTOLE

  • pressure in the ventricles decrease
  • semilunar valves close
  • ALL heart muscles RELAX
    blood flows into the atria from venacava and pulmonary vein
  • pressure remains low inside ventricles and blood fills the ventricles.
26
Q

name the 4 parts of the electrical control of the cardiac cycle system

A
  1. the sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricualr node
  3. budle of his
  4. purkinji fibres
27
Q

describe the sinoatrial node

A
  • the initial stimulation for contraction originates here
  • located on the top of the right atriuim near the opening of the superior venacava
  • basic rhythm of stimulation that determines the beat of the heart
28
Q

describe the atrioventricular node

A
  • mass of neuromuscular tissue situates in the wall of the atrial septum
  • usually stimulated by the contraction which sweeps over the atrial mocardium
29
Q

describe the bundle of his

A

conductive tissue down the atrioventricular septum

30
Q

describe the purkinji fibres

A

carry contraction impulse from left + right bundle branches from the APEX (bundle of his) to the myocardium (muscular heart tissue)

31
Q

name the 3 steps of the excitation wave of the heart

A
  1. atrial systole
  2. ventricular systole
  3. diastole
32
Q

describe the first step of the excitation wave of the heart (atrial systole)

A
  • SINOATRIAL node sends electrical impulse that spreads over both atria
  • both atria contract and become DEPOLARISED
33
Q

describe the second step of the excitation wave of the heart (ventricular systole)

A
  • atrioventricular node passes a wave of excitation (depolarisation)
  • introduces a delay; gives ventricles time to fill with blood before they contract
  • wave passes down the septum along the BUNDLE OF HIS and spreads up the wall of ventricles at the apex via the PURKINJI FIBRES causing ventricles to contact
34
Q

describe the third step of the excitation wave of the heart (diastole)

A

muscles of the atria & ventricles relax (REPOLARISED) and fill with blood

35
Q

what is the purpose of the atrioventricular septum

A

a layer of nonconductive tissue that prevents the wave from crossing to the ventricles.,

36
Q

how are blood types determined?

A

the presence or absence of different antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.

37
Q

what are the two most common blood types?

A
  • ABO
  • rhesus
38
Q

what happens if antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of red blood cells?

A

the cells agglutinate (lump together) LIFE THREATENING

39
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a foreign protein on the surface of a cell that can stimulate an immune response in the body (cause a production of antibodies)

40
Q

what is an antibody?

A

proteins caused by leukocytes carried in the blood plasma that bind to antigens.

41
Q

what are the 4 things that make up the blood?

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leokocyte
  • thrombocyte
  • plasma
42
Q

what is an erythrocyte?

A

(red blood cell)

  • contain heamoglobin which combines with oxygen in the lungs & delivers to respiring cells
  • biconcave shape; increases surface area
  • no nucleus; more space for heamoglobin
43
Q

what is a leokocyte?

A
  • immunity
  • phagocytosis
  • antibody production
  • change shape
    • mobile
44
Q

what are thrombocytes

A

homostatis- involved in blood clotting

45
Q

what is plasma

A
  • transports substances around the body
  • liquid- easily transport solutes dissolved in water and cells are suspended
46
Q

what is the order of blood flow through the blood vessels?

A

heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins,

47
Q

name the 3 tissue regions in the walls of blood vessels?

A
  • tunica externa
  • tunica media
  • tunica intima
48
Q

the tunica externa

A
  • outer region
  • made out of tough collagen which resist overstretching
49
Q

the tunica media

A
  • middle region
  • made of elastic and smooth muscular layer
  • contraction of smooth muscle which regulates blood flow and maintain pressure
50
Q

the tunica intima

A
  • inner most region
  • single layer of cells (ENDOTHELIUM) - reduces exchange distances
  • smooth to reduce friction
51
Q

structure of the artery

A
  • LUMEN (space where blood flows)
  • ENDOTHELIUM (inner layer) is smooth to reduce friction
  • elastic tissue stretches due to high blood pressure as ventricles contract (this recoil helps maintain blood pressure)
  • MUSCLE contacts and constricts to narrow the lumen (VASOCONSTRICTION) which can reduce blood flow
  • artery wall is thick to withstand high blood pressure
52
Q

vein structure

A
  • muscle layer is relatively thin (cannot control flow of blood)
  • elastic layer is relatively thin because of low pressure in veins
  • overall thickness of wall is small
  • wide lumen
53
Q

arterioles structure

A
  • smaller than arteries
  • muscular layer to help vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow to capillaries
  • elastic layer makes up smaller proportion of wall because blood pressure is lower
54
Q

capillary structure

A
  • lumen is only wide enough for one red blood cell to pass through at a time
  • blood flow is slow enough to allow exchange of substances
  • endothelium is is only one cell thick (reduced exchange surfaces)
  • have the highest TOTAL cross sectional area of any blood vessel.

Medical Science yr 1 (16 decks)

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