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Medical Science yr 1 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical messenger released by an endocrine gland. they travel in the bloodstream to a specific target organ or tissue where they have an effect.

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the endocrine system

A

chemical communication in the body

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3
Q

what do endocrine glands regulate?

A
  • metabolism
  • growth/development
  • reproduction/sexual function
  • sleep/mood
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4
Q

gland

A

An organ or group of specialised cells in the body that produces and secretes a specific substance, such as a hormone

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5
Q

why are only target cells affected by hormones

A

because they have receptors in their cell membranes

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6
Q

Why must levels of glucose in the blood be controlled?

A

To provide cells with glucose for respiration/ To stop osmosis of water out of body (somatic) cells into the blood (see diabetes symptoms and issues)

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7
Q

What two hormones control the level of glucose in the blood? Explain the effect of each on blood glucose levels

A

Insulin (stimulates target cells in the liver to absorb glucose and make Glycogen).
Glucagon (stimulates receptors in target cells in the liver to hydrolyse Glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood stream)

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8
Q

What glandular organ secretes glucagon and insulin?

A

the pancreas

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9
Q

What endocrine tissue within this glandular organ contains the alpha and beta cells that secrete these hormones?

A

islets of langerhans

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10
Q

Which cell (alpha or beta) secretes insulin? Which secretes glucagon?

A

Alpha cells produce Glucagon; Beta cells produce insulin

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11
Q

What disease does someone have if they are unable to produce insulin or their cells are not sensitive to insulin?

A

diabetes

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12
Q

Why are glucagon and insulin known as antagonistic hormones?

A

they work in opposite ways

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13
Q

What kind of biological molecule is glycogen?

A

Polysaccharide (carbohydrate) that serves as a form of energy storage in animals

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14
Q

If the glycosidic bonds in glycogen are broken, what are the monomers that are released?

A

(Alpha) glucose – can be used in respiration to make energy (ATP)

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15
Q

Insulin regulates levels of what molecule in the blood?

A

glucose

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

What disease would be caused if insulin cannot be produced/cells are not sensitive to it?

A

diabetes

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18
Q

Why do levels of glucose in the blood need to be controlled?

A
  • To supply cells with a constant supply of glucose to allow them to carry out respiration
  • To stop high levels building up in the body (seen in Diabetes) which can damage the kidneys and other organs.
19
Q

the pancreas

A

s a glandular organ in the upper abdomen that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels

20
Q
A
21
Q

what are the 2 main types of endocrine cells that make up islets of langerhans

A

alpha and beta cells

22
Q

what hormone do alpha cells produce

islet of langerhans

A

glucagon- which raises blood glucose levels

23
Q

what hormone do beta cells produce

islet of langerhans

A

insulin- which lowers blood glucose levels

24
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

the metabolic breakdown of glycogen to glucose

25
Q

glycogenesis

A

the formation of glycogen from glucose

26
Q

what are antagonistic hormones

A

hormones that have the opposite effect in the body as seen.

27
Q

what is the negative feedback system

A

a regulatory mechanism in which the levels of a hormone in the bloodstream are regulated by the hormone itself.
* When the level of a hormone in the bloodstream is too high, it triggers the release of a different hormone that decreases its production.

28
Q

what 2 parts is the pituitary gland seperated into

A
  • posterior lobe
  • anterior lobe
29
Q

what is the role of the pituitary gland

A

responsible for controlling and coordinating…
* growth and development
* organ function
* gland function

30
Q

what is the function of the kidneys.

A
  • they filter blood to remove wastes & excess water- these waste products are excreeted via urine
  • also reabsorb & return needed substanes to the blood
31
Q

what are the 3 main stages of kidney function?

A
  • ultra-filtration (glomerular filtration)
  • tobular reabsorbtion
  • tobular secrertation
32
Q

what 3 parts of the bowmans capsule does ultrafiltration involve?

A
  1. endothelium of blood capillary
  2. basement membrane
  3. endothelium of bowmans capsule
33
Q

basement membrane properties (ultra-filtration)

A
  • meshwork of collagen and glycoprotein fibres
  • water & small molecules can pass through
  • proteins are too large and their - charge repelled by charges on fibres
33
Q

endothelium of blood capillary properties (ultrafiltration)

A
  • very thin
  • thousands of pores
  • provides a barrier to cells but NOT plasma proteins
34
Q

endothelium of bowmans capsule properties (ultrafiltration)

A
  • made of cells modified for filtration- PODOCYTES
35
Q

what are podocytes

A
  • specially made cells modified for filtration
  • have foot like extensions projecting from its surface
  • extensions wrap around capillaries of glomerulus
  • filtered fluid passes through filtration slits.
36
Q

what does the proccess of ultrafiltration produce?

A

glomerular filtrate

37
Q

summarise the process of ultrafiltration in the kidney

A
  • Blood flows into the glomerulus from the afferent arteriole. This is wider than the efferent arteriole
  • The difference in diameters puts the blood in the capillaries of the glomerulus under increased hydrostatic pressure
  • The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is higher than the Osmotic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule
  • The pressure difference tends to push the fluid and soluble components of blood from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule
38
Q

what does damage to the filtration pocess cause?

A
  • Elevated blood pressure will damage capillaries, widen podocyte slits and damage the basement membrane.
  • This allows larger proteins and sometimes erythrocytes to enter the Bowman’s capsule.
39
Q

causes of high BP

A
  • obesety
  • smoking - leading to CHD
  • stressful job
  • diabetes
40
Q
A
41
Q

summarise the process of tubular reabsorbtion

A
42
Q

how are the cell lining in the proximal convulated tube specialised to achieve reabsorbtion?

A
  • cell surface membrane in contact with tubule fluid is highly folded (increase surface area)
  • membrane contains special co-transporter proteins
  • membrane contains sodium potassium pumps (active transport)
  • cell cytoplasm has many mitochondria (indicates an active process is involved)
43
Q
A

Medical Science yr 1 (16 decks)

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