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Medical Science yr 1 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 functions of the gut?

A
  1. ingestion= intake of food into the body through the mouth
  2. digestion= breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into soluble molecules via enzyme action
  3. absorbtion= passage of digested food through gut wall into blood.
  4. egestion= elimination from body of food that cannot be ingested.
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2
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion & their function?

A
  1. mechanical=
    * cutting/crushing
    * peristalsis- movement of food through digestive system using muscles.
  2. chemical=
    * enzyme action
    * e.g. in the mouth- salivery amylase from salivery glands
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3
Q

what is the serosa’s function in the gut

A
  • a protective coat (connective tissue)
  • reduces friction
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4
Q

what is the longitudinal and circular muscles function in the gut

A

peristalsis

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5
Q

what is peristalsis

A

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward

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6
Q

what is the function of mucosa in the gut?

A
  • lines the gut wall- often folded to increase surface area
  • often worn away by friction so has to be replaced
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7
Q

what is the purpose of sub-mucosa in the gut

A

connective tissue with nerves/blood/lymph/lymph vessels

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8
Q

what are the 6 specialised roles in the digestive system?

A
  1. the mouth
  2. the oesophagus
  3. the stomach
  4. small intestine
  5. pancreatic juice
  6. Bile
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9
Q

function of the mouth during digestion?

A
  • mechanical digestion- teeth & tongue
  • enzymatic digestion- lubrication and salivery glands (contains amylase)
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10
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

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11
Q

what are features of the oesophaus which help it to carry out its function?

A
  • epiglottus (prevents food from entering trachea)
  • allows peristaltic movement of food towards the stomach using muscle layers
  • longitudinal & curcular muscles (peristalsis)
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12
Q

longitudinal and curcular muscles function & what is the proccess called?

A

peristalsis
* behind bolus of food- circular muscle contracts & longitudinal muscle relaxes
* infront of bolus of food- circular muscle relaxes & longitudinal muscle contracts

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13
Q

function/specialisation of stomach during digestion.

A
  • when food enters stomach- - 2 rings of muscle seal both ends
  • circular and longitudinal muscles rythmetically contract & mix the food with gastric juice
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14
Q

what are the 3 types of cells in gastric glands + function

A
  1. mucous cells-
    * secrete mucous
    * coats and protects stomach from self-digestion
    * helps with movement of food
  2. parietal/oxyntic cells-
    * secrete acid of PH2
    * kills bacteria
    * optimum ph for peptidases (protein digesting enzymes)
  3. cheif cells-
    * secrete peptidases
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15
Q

what is specialised in the small intestine to help process of digestion?

A

mucosa in small intestine is folded and on the folds are smaller folds called villi (increase surace area)

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16
Q

what is in the mucosa in the small intestine

A
  • crypt of lieberkuhn
  • brunners glands
17
Q

what are crypt of lieberkuhn?

A
  • found in the mucosa in the small intestine
  • paneth and endocrine cells- produce enzymes and hormones
  • stem cells- divide continuously to replace columar and goblet cells
18
Q

what are brunners glands

A
  • found at the top end of the duodenum
  • produce a mucas rich alkaline secretation in order to…
    1. provide an alkaline condition for intestinal enzymes to be active & absorbtion to take place
    2. lubricate intestinal walls
    3. protect duodenim from the acidic content of chyme
19
Q

function of pancreatic juice in the digestive system

A
  • secreted from exocrine glands in the pancreas & contains
    1. endopeptidases
    2. amylase
    3. lipase
    (they all hydrolyse protein, starch & lipids)
20
Q

function of bile in the digestive process

A
  • produced by liver and stored in gall bladder
  • they attach to lipids/fat in the intestine & lowers the surface tension and splits them into smaller molecules
21
Q

what are the enzymes involved with digestion

A
  1. lipase (pancreas)- hydrolise lipids to fatty acids & glycerol
  2. amylase (pancreas)- hydrolises starch to maltose
  3. maltose, sucrose, lactose- hydrolises disaccharides into 2 monosaccharides.
22
Q

what are the 3 disaccharides

A
  1. sucrose (sugar)
  2. lactose (milk sugar)
  3. maltose (malt sugar)
23
Q

sucrose

A
  • a disaccharide
  • energy transport and storage in plants & part of the human diet
  • breakdown= sucrase
  • formation= sucrose synthase
24
Q

lactose

A
  • a disaccharide
  • energy storage in mammal milk
  • breakdown= lactase
  • formation=lactose synthase
25
Q

maltose

A
  • intermediate in starch digestion
  • breakdown=maltase
  • formation= maltose synthase
  • a disaccharide which hydrolises into 2 alpha glucose molecules by breaking a glycosidic bond
26
Q

what are the 2 digestion peptidases

A
  • endopeptisases
  • exopeptidases
27
Q

function of endopeptidases

A

digest polypeptide into smaller poypeptides (breaks polypeptide up)

28
Q

function of exopeptide

A

digest terminal peptide bond releasing individual amono acids

29
Q

features of the villus

A
  • surface consists of a single layer of epithelial cells
  • goblet cells produce a mucus which keeps the environment moist & lubricated
  • capillaries & lymph vessels take away absorbed molecules.
30
Q

where do waste/end products of digestion go?

A

in the IIeum- amino acids, sugars, fatty acids & glycerol
* ALL are aborbed into the blood via epethelial cells
* glucose is transported by co-transport
* amino acids are absorbed by active transport then facilitated diffusion

Medical Science yr 1 (16 decks)

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