The Natural World + Animals Flashcards
(adj) living or growing in, happening in, or connected with water
آبزی - آبی
aquatic
aquatic plants
aquatic sports
aquatic
aquatic plants
aquatic sports
(adj) living or growing in, happening in, or connected with water
آبزی - آبی
(n) a large number, a collection (a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive)
مجموعه-طیف
array
a dazzling array of flowers
a bewildering array of options
a vast/impressive/wide array
There was a vast array of colours to choose from.
array
a dazzling array of flowers
a bewildering array of options
a vast/impressive/wide array
There was a vast array of colours to choose from.
(n) a large number, a collection (a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive)
مجموعه-طیف
(n) protection
دفاع
defense
(v) defend
environment
محیط (زیست)
defense
(v) defend
(n) protection
دفاع
(v) cause to cover a wider area; make larger
1. to continue for a longer period of time, or to make something last longer
2. to continue for a particular distance or over a particular area
3. to make a room, building, road etc bigger or longer
4. to affect or include people, things, or places, or to make something affect more people, situations, areas etc than before
توسعه دادن، گسترش
extend
something last longer
Management have agreed to extend the deadline.
extend for/into/over etc
Some of our courses extend over two years.
extend something for/by/until something
The government has extended the ban on the import of beef until June.
……………………….
across/over/through etc
The River Nile extends as far south as Lake Victoria.
extend 100 km/30 yards etc (from something)
The shelf extends 20 cms from the bookcase.
……………………………..
We plan to extend the kitchen by six feet.
…………………………………………
extend to/beyond etc
My duties at the school extend beyond just teaching.
The vote was extended to all women aged 21 and over in 1928.
British Coal is planning to extend its operations in Wales.
extend something to somebody/something
We can extend our insurance cover to travel abroad.
جنگل زدایی
deforestation
(v) deforest
deforestation
(v) deforest
جنگل زدایی
محیط (زیست)
environment
(n) the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
فرسایش
erosion
soil/coastal erosion
✅ فعل ( verb ) : erode
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : erosion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : erosive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
erosion
soil/coastal erosion
✅ فعل ( verb ) : erode
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : erosion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : erosive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
فرسایش
extend
something last longer
Management have agreed to extend the deadline.
extend for/into/over etc
Some of our courses extend over two years.
extend something for/by/until something
The government has extended the ban on the import of beef until June.
……………………….
across/over/through etc
The River Nile extends as far south as Lake Victoria.
extend 100 km/30 yards etc (from something)
The shelf extends 20 cms from the bookcase.
……………………………..
We plan to extend the kitchen by six feet.
…………………………………………
extend to/beyond etc
My duties at the school extend beyond just teaching.
The vote was extended to all women aged 21 and over in 1928.
British Coal is planning to extend its operations in Wales.
extend something to somebody/something
We can extend our insurance cover to travel abroad.
(v) cause to cover a wider area; make larger
1. to continue for a longer period of time, or to make something last longer
2. to continue for a particular distance or over a particular area
3. to make a room, building, road etc bigger or longer
4. to affect or include people, things, or places, or to make something affect more people, situations, areas etc than before
توسعه دادن، گسترش
(v) to cut down a tree
قطع کردن
fell
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
A great number of trees were felled to provide space for grazing.
fell
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
A great number of trees were felled to provide space for grazing.
(v) to cut down a tree
قطع کردن
(n) the natural area where a plant or animal lives
زیستگاه
habitat
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
habitat
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
(n) the natural area where a plant or animal lives
زیستگاه
(n) a strong effect
تأثیر
impact
(v) to prevent, slow down
1. to prevent something from growing or developing well
2. to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
inhibit
An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
……………………………………….
inhibit somebody from doing something
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
inhibit
An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
……………………………………….
inhibit somebody from doing something
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
(v) to prevent, slow down
1. to prevent something from growing or developing well
2. to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
(v) to catch (to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there)
جلوی راه کسی یا چیزی رو گرفتن
intercept
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
His phone calls were intercepted.
Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Central America.
Barry intercepted Naylor’s pass and scored the third goal.
(n) interception
intercept
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
His phone calls were intercepted.
Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Central America.
Barry intercepted Naylor’s pass and scored the third goal.
(n) interception
(v) to catch (to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there)
جلوی راه کسی یا چیزی رو گرفتن
(n) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes
چوب بری
logging
Pollution, mining, uncontrolled tourism and soil erosion caused by logging are to blame.
(adj) many, numerous
بی شمار
myriad
the myriad causes of homelessness
a myriad
We were plagued by a myriad tiny flies.
(n) a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
ماده مغذی
nutrient
The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
(n) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes
چوب بری
logging
Pollution, mining, uncontrolled tourism and soil erosion caused by logging are to blame.
The rule changes will allow logging of the last old-growth trees in many of the northwest forests.
logging companies
(n) log کنده درخت
(n) logger چوب بر
logging
Pollution, mining, uncontrolled tourism and soil erosion caused by logging are to blame.
The rule changes will allow logging of the last old-growth trees in many of the northwest forests.
logging companies
(n) log کنده درخت
(n) logger چوب بر
(n) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes
چوب بری
(n) damage to atr, water, etc.
آلودگی
pollution
(v) to keep from changing, maintain
تثبیت کردن
stabilize
(adj) relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air
* (of animals) living on the land rather than in the water or air
زمینی - خشکی زی
terrestrial
relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air
the search for terrestrial planets
“increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt terrestrial ecosystems”
terrestrial
relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air
the search for terrestrial planets
“increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt terrestrial ecosystems”
(adj) relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air
* (of animals) living on the land rather than in the water or air
زمینی - خشکی زی
vanish
My keys were here a minute ago but now they’ve vanished.
vanish without (a) trace/vanish off the face of the earth (=disappear so that no sign remains)
The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found.
The bird vanished from sight.
She seemed to have just vanished into thin air (=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way).
By the 1930s, the wolf had vanished from the American West.
Public support for the prime minister has now vanished.
(v) to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
ناپدید شدن
vegetation
Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation.
(n) plants in general
پوشش گیاهی
آفت-آفت کش
pest-pesticide
The pesticides that farmers spray on their crops kill pests, but they can also damage people’s health.
(v) to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
ناپدید شدن
vanish
My keys were here a minute ago but now they’ve vanished.
vanish without (a) trace/vanish off the face of the earth (=disappear so that no sign remains)
The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found.
The bird vanished from sight.
She seemed to have just vanished into thin air (=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way).
By the 1930s, the wolf had vanished from the American West.
Public support for the prime minister has now vanished.
(n) plants in general
پوشش گیاهی
vegetation
Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation.
pest-pesticide
The pesticides that farmers spray on their crops kill pests, but they can also damage people’s health.
آفت-آفت کش
(n) an animal that eats meat
حیوان گوشت خوار
carnivore
Foxes were the only carnivore species seen in the release site.
Lions and tigers are carnivores.
(adj) carnivorous = relating to a person, animal, or other living thing that eats meat گوشت خوار
* carnivorous plants
* I gave up my carnivorous diet several years ago.
* Farmed cod and haddock are carnivorous and need to be fed other sea fish.
carnivore
Foxes were the only carnivore species seen in the release site.
Lions and tigers are carnivores.
(adj) carnivorous = relating to a person, animal, or other living thing that eats meat گوشت خوار
* carnivorous plants
* I gave up my carnivorous diet several years ago.
* Farmed cod and haddock are carnivorous and need to be fed other sea fish.
(n) an animal that eats meat
حیوان گوشت خوار
(n) an animal that eats only plants
حیوان گیاه خوار
herbivore
Cows and sheep are herbivores.
During this time, none of the young plants were destroyed by herbivores.
(adj) herbivorous = (of an animal) eating plants گیاه خوار
The iguanadon was a herbivorous dinosaur.
Gorillas are primarily herbivorous, eating leaves and stems of shrubs.
herbivore
Cows and sheep are herbivores.
During this time, none of the young plants were destroyed by herbivores.
(adj) herbivorous = (of an animal) eating plants گیاه خوار
The iguanadon was a herbivorous dinosaur.
Gorillas are primarily herbivorous, eating leaves and stems of shrubs.
(n) an animal that eats only plants
حیوان گیاه خوار
(v) (of some animals) to spend the winter sleeping
به خواب زمستانی رفتن
hibernate
The turtle hibernates in a shallow burrow for six months of the year.
In winter the metabolic rate is depressed and the fish hibernate just above freezing level.
(n) hibernation
hibernate
The turtle hibernates in a shallow burrow for six months of the year.
In winter the metabolic rate is depressed and the fish hibernate just above freezing level.
(n) hibernation
(v) (of some animals) to spend the winter sleeping
به خواب زمستانی رفتن
(n) an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries
(n) the highest point of a mountain:
قله، اجلاس
summit
a summit meeting
World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit.
The economic summit did not accomplish all that the President had hoped it would.
…………………………………………………….
We climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier.
summit
a summit meeting
World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit.
The economic summit did not accomplish all that the President had hoped it would.
…………………………………………………….
We climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier.
(n) an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries
(n) the highest point of a mountain:
قله، اجلاس
(n) height above sea level
ارتفاع از سطح دریا
altitude
We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 metres.
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
altitude
We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 metres.
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
(n) height above sea level
ارتفاع از سطح دریا
(n) an area of land, esp. when considering its natural features:
زمین، ناحیه
terrain
“they were delayed by rough terrain”
rugged mountain terrain
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
معمولا قتی می خواهند یک صفت به زمین نسبت بدهند ازش استفاده میکنند
1 - زمین ناهموار: rugged terrain = rugged land = rough terrain
2 - زمین بیابانی: desert terrain = desert land
3 - زمین نامساعد: Inhospitable terrain = Inhospitable land
mountain terrain
= landو groundو territoryو area
terrain
“they were delayed by rough terrain”
rugged mountain terrain
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
معمولا قتی می خواهند یک صفت به زمین نسبت بدهند ازش استفاده میکنند
1 - زمین ناهموار: rugged terrain = rugged land = rough terrain
2 - زمین بیابانی: desert terrain = desert land
3 - زمین نامساعد: Inhospitable terrain = Inhospitable land
mountain terrain
(n) an area of land, esp. when considering its natural features:
زمین، ناحیه
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
breed/bred/bred
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
………………………………………………..
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
………………………………………………………..
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
…………………………………………………………
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What’s your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
breed/bred/bred
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
………………………………………………..
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
………………………………………………………..
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
…………………………………………………………
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What’s your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
(v) to care for young children or animals until they are able to care for themselves:
بزرگ کردن ( بچه ) - پرورش دادن
rear
Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
He describes how these birds rear their young.
She reared eight children.
“Nigel was born and reared in Bath”
“the calves are reared for beef”
to rear the offspring
rear
Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
He describes how these birds rear their young.
She reared eight children.
“Nigel was born and reared in Bath”
“the calves are reared for beef”
to rear the offspring
(v) to care for young children or animals until they are able to care for themselves:
بزرگ کردن ( بچه ) - پرورش دادن
(v,n) to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop
(پروش (دادن)، بزرگ (کردن
nurture
She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden
………………………….
Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?
nurture
She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden
………………………….
Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?
(v,n) to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop
(پروش (دادن)، بزرگ (کردن
تمساح
alligator - Crocodile
دوزیستان
amphibian
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : amphibian
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : amphibious دوزیست
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
amphibian
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : amphibian
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : amphibious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
دوزیستان
حیوان
animal
antler
شاخ گوزن
ape
یک میمون بزرگ بدون دم یا با دم بسیار کوتاه مانند گوریل یا شامپانزه
asp
افعی
یا انواع مارهای کوچک و زهرین افریقا شمالی
badger
گورکن
1,2= وغ وغ ( کردن ) سگ
3- پوست درخت
bark
bark
1,2= وغ وغ ( کردن ) سگ
3- پوست درخت
خفاش
bat
خرس
bear
جانور (یک حیوان، به ویژه یک حیوان بزرگ یا وحشی یا غیر عادی)
beast
wild/savage/ferocious beasts
mythical beasts such as unicorns and dragons
beast
wild/savage/ferocious beasts
mythical beasts such as unicorns and dragons
جانور (یک حیوان، به ویژه یک حیوان بزرگ یا وحشی یا غیر عادی)
beaver
سگ ابی
billy goat
nanny goat
بز نر
بز ماده
bison
گاومیش کوهان دار امریکایی
whale
وال،نهنگ
boar
گراز
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
breed/bred/bred
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
………………………………………………..
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
………………………………………………………..
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
…………………………………………………………
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What’s your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
breed/bred/bred
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
………………………………………………..
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
………………………………………………………..
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
…………………………………………………………
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What’s your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
mare
brood mare
مادیان (اسب یا الاغ ماده)
…………………………………………………….
مادیان(اسب ماده) که برای جفت گیری و باروری نگهداری شود
bull
گاو نر،
حیوانات نر بزرگ مثل فیل یا وال نر
bullock
گاو نر جوانی که اخته شده است
burrow
“the female iguana digs a burrow”
…………………………….
Earthworms burrow deep into the soil.
moles burrowing away underground
(n) a hole or tunnel in the ground made by animals such as rabbits for them to live in
(v) to make a hole or a tunnel in the ground by digging, especially to live in:
1- سوراخ (که توسط حیوان کنده شده باشد)، لانه ی زیر زمینی
2-سوراخ کردن، کندن (سوراخ)، تونل زدن
قفس
cage
cage
قفس
calf
گوساله
گوساله
calf
calve
Four cows calved overnight.
“will all the cows calve about the same time?”
“people often used to come for him to help calve their cows”
“Galloway cows have wide pelvises and calve easily”
(of cows and certain other large animals like Elephant, rhino and whale) give birth to a calf.
(در مورد گاو) گوساله زاییدن
(در مورد پستانداران بزرگ مثل فیل و کرگدن و نهنگ و غیره) بچه زاییدن
شتر
camel
camel
شتر
camouflage تلفظ صحیح این کلمه “کَموفلاش” هست
The whiteness of polar bears and arctic foxes provides camouflage.
The leopard’s spots act as (a) camouflage.
Predators make as much use of camouflage as their prey do
……………………..
Often albino animals don’t live long since they are unable to camouflage themselves.
Textbooks use pictures of peppered moths camouflaged on tree trunks as evidence for natural selection.
…………………………..
The soldiers camouflaged themselves with leaves.
The vehicles were all well camouflaged.
……………………………
a camouflage jacket (= covered with green and brown marks and worn by soldiers)
troops dressed in camouflage
استتار (کردن) (چه برای حیوانات و چه برای سرباز)
استتار (کردن) (چه برای حیوانات و چه برای سرباز)
camouflage تلفظ صحیح این کلمه “کَموفلاش” هست
The whiteness of polar bears and arctic foxes provides camouflage.
The leopard’s spots act as (a) camouflage.
Predators make as much use of camouflage as their prey do
……………………..
Often albino animals don’t live long since they are unable to camouflage themselves.
Textbooks use pictures of peppered moths camouflaged on tree trunks as evidence for natural selection.
…………………………..
The soldiers camouflaged themselves with leaves.
The vehicles were all well camouflaged.
……………………………
a camouflage jacket (= covered with green and brown marks and worn by soldiers)
troops dressed in camouflage
canine
London’s canine population
her canine companion, Goldie
This vet specializes in canine pets.
canine behavioural problems
……….
“the majority agreed with neutering stray canines”
(adj) connected with dogs
(n) (formal) a dog
۱- وابسته و مربوط به سگ (این یک اصطلاح رسمی و علمی تر برای سگ به جای داگ است.)
۲- یک سگ (این یک اصطلاح رسمی و علمی تر برای سگ به جای داگ است.)
canter
We cantered along the beach.
She cantered her horse across the fields.
……………………..
She set off at a canter.
چهار نعل آهسته ( گام آهسته تر از چهار نعل و تندتر از یورتمه ) با اسب (رفتن)
carthorse
اسب های بزرگی که برای کشیدن گاری یا کالسکه یا کار در مزارع استفاده میشن
گربه
cat
cat
گربه
دام و احشام
Cattle [ plural ]= a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk or meat
livestock[ plural ]= animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens
Cattle [ plural ]= a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk or meat
livestock[ plural ]= animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens
دام و احشام
chameleon
مارمولکی که میتونه خودشو با رنگای اطرافش هماهنگ کنه. یا به عبارتی میشه گفت آفتاب پرست
chamois
بز کوهی
یوزپلنگ
cheetah
cheetah
یوزپلنگ
chipmunk-squirrel
سنجاب
سنجاب
chipmunk-squirrel
class
(n) a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, below a phylum
رده
claw
The cat lashed out with its claws.
the claws of a crab
………………………
The cat was clawing at the leg of the chair.
She screamed and clawed at his eyes.
چنگال (یکی از ناخن های منحنی تیز در انتهای پای حیوان یا پرنده، یا قسمت منحنی بلند و تیز بدن برخی از انواع صدفها، به عنوان مثال خرچنگ، که برای گرفتن و نگه داشتن اشیا استفاده میشود.)
(به عنوان فعل) خراشیدن یا پاره کردن کسی / چیزی با چنگال یا ناخن
چنگال (یکی از ناخن های منحنی تیز در انتهای پای حیوان یا پرنده، یا قسمت منحنی بلند و تیز بدن برخی از انواع صدفها، به عنوان مثال خرچنگ، که برای گرفتن و نگه داشتن اشیا استفاده میشود.)
(به عنوان فعل) خراشیدن یا پاره کردن کسی / چیزی با چنگال یا ناخن
claw
The cat lashed out with its claws.
the claws of a crab
………………………
The cat was clawing at the leg of the chair.
She screamed and clawed at his eyes.
coat
a dog with a smooth/shaggy coat
animals in their winter coats (= grown long for extra warmth)
پوشش(خز، مو یا پشمی که بدن حیوان را می پوشاند)