The Natural World + Animals Flashcards
1
Q
(adj) living or growing in, happening in, or connected with water
آبزی - آبی
A
aquatic
aquatic plants
aquatic sports
2
Q
aquatic
aquatic plants
aquatic sports
A
(adj) living or growing in, happening in, or connected with water
آبزی - آبی
3
Q
(n) a large number, a collection (a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive)
مجموعه-طیف
A
array
a dazzling array of flowers
a bewildering array of options
a vast/impressive/wide array
There was a vast array of colours to choose from.
4
Q
array
a dazzling array of flowers
a bewildering array of options
a vast/impressive/wide array
There was a vast array of colours to choose from.
A
(n) a large number, a collection (a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive)
مجموعه-طیف
5
Q
(n) protection
دفاع
A
defense
(v) defend
6
Q
environment
A
محیط (زیست)
7
Q
defense
(v) defend
A
(n) protection
دفاع
8
Q
(v) cause to cover a wider area; make larger
1. to continue for a longer period of time, or to make something last longer
2. to continue for a particular distance or over a particular area
3. to make a room, building, road etc bigger or longer
4. to affect or include people, things, or places, or to make something affect more people, situations, areas etc than before
توسعه دادن، گسترش
A
extend
something last longer
Management have agreed to extend the deadline.
extend for/into/over etc
Some of our courses extend over two years.
extend something for/by/until something
The government has extended the ban on the import of beef until June.
……………………….
across/over/through etc
The River Nile extends as far south as Lake Victoria.
extend 100 km/30 yards etc (from something)
The shelf extends 20 cms from the bookcase.
……………………………..
We plan to extend the kitchen by six feet.
…………………………………………
extend to/beyond etc
My duties at the school extend beyond just teaching.
The vote was extended to all women aged 21 and over in 1928.
British Coal is planning to extend its operations in Wales.
extend something to somebody/something
We can extend our insurance cover to travel abroad.
9
Q
جنگل زدایی
A
deforestation
(v) deforest
10
Q
deforestation
(v) deforest
A
جنگل زدایی
11
Q
محیط (زیست)
A
environment
12
Q
(n) the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
فرسایش
A
erosion
soil/coastal erosion
✅ فعل ( verb ) : erode
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : erosion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : erosive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
13
Q
erosion
soil/coastal erosion
✅ فعل ( verb ) : erode
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : erosion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : erosive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
A
(n) the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
فرسایش
14
Q
extend
something last longer
Management have agreed to extend the deadline.
extend for/into/over etc
Some of our courses extend over two years.
extend something for/by/until something
The government has extended the ban on the import of beef until June.
……………………….
across/over/through etc
The River Nile extends as far south as Lake Victoria.
extend 100 km/30 yards etc (from something)
The shelf extends 20 cms from the bookcase.
……………………………..
We plan to extend the kitchen by six feet.
…………………………………………
extend to/beyond etc
My duties at the school extend beyond just teaching.
The vote was extended to all women aged 21 and over in 1928.
British Coal is planning to extend its operations in Wales.
extend something to somebody/something
We can extend our insurance cover to travel abroad.
A
(v) cause to cover a wider area; make larger
1. to continue for a longer period of time, or to make something last longer
2. to continue for a particular distance or over a particular area
3. to make a room, building, road etc bigger or longer
4. to affect or include people, things, or places, or to make something affect more people, situations, areas etc than before
توسعه دادن، گسترش
15
Q
(v) to cut down a tree
قطع کردن
A
fell
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
A great number of trees were felled to provide space for grazing.
16
Q
fell
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
A great number of trees were felled to provide space for grazing.
A
(v) to cut down a tree
قطع کردن
17
Q
(n) the natural area where a plant or animal lives
زیستگاه
A
habitat
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
18
Q
habitat
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
A
(n) the natural area where a plant or animal lives
زیستگاه
19
Q
(n) a strong effect
تأثیر
A
impact
20
Q
(v) to prevent, slow down
1. to prevent something from growing or developing well
2. to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
A
inhibit
An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
……………………………………….
inhibit somebody from doing something
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
21
Q
inhibit
An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
……………………………………….
inhibit somebody from doing something
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
A
(v) to prevent, slow down
1. to prevent something from growing or developing well
2. to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
22
Q
(v) to catch (to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there)
جلوی راه کسی یا چیزی رو گرفتن
A
intercept
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
His phone calls were intercepted.
Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Central America.
Barry intercepted Naylor’s pass and scored the third goal.
(n) interception
23
Q
intercept
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
His phone calls were intercepted.
Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Central America.
Barry intercepted Naylor’s pass and scored the third goal.
(n) interception
A
(v) to catch (to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there)
جلوی راه کسی یا چیزی رو گرفتن
24
Q
(n) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes
چوب بری
A
logging
Pollution, mining, uncontrolled tourism and soil erosion caused by logging are to blame.
25
(adj) many, numerous
| بی شمار
**myriad**
the myriad causes of homelessness
**a myriad**
We were plagued by a myriad tiny flies.
26
(n) a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
| ماده مغذی
**nutrient**
The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
27
(n) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes
| چوب بری
**logging**
Pollution, mining, uncontrolled tourism and soil erosion caused by logging are to blame.
The rule changes will allow logging of the last old-growth trees in many of the northwest forests.
logging companies
**(n) log** کنده درخت
**(n) logger** چوب بر
28
**logging**
Pollution, mining, uncontrolled tourism and soil erosion caused by logging are to blame.
The rule changes will allow logging of the last old-growth trees in many of the northwest forests.
logging companies
**(n) log** کنده درخت
**(n) logger** چوب بر
(n) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes
| چوب بری
29
(n) damage to atr, water, etc.
| آلودگی
**pollution**
30
(v) to keep from changing, maintain
| تثبیت کردن
**stabilize**
31
(adj) relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air
* (of animals) living on the land rather than in the water or air
| زمینی - خشکی زی
**terrestrial**
relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air
the search for terrestrial planets
"increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt terrestrial ecosystems"
32
**terrestrial**
relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air
the search for terrestrial planets
"increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt terrestrial ecosystems"
(adj) relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air
* (of animals) living on the land rather than in the water or air
| زمینی - خشکی زی
33
**vanish**
My keys were here a minute ago but now they’ve vanished.
vanish without (a) trace/vanish off the face of the earth (=disappear so that no sign remains)
The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found.
The bird vanished from sight.
She seemed to have just vanished into thin air (=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way).
By the 1930s, the wolf had vanished from the American West.
Public support for the prime minister has now vanished.
(v) to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
| ناپدید شدن
34
**vegetation**
Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation.
(n) plants in general
| پوشش گیاهی
35
آفت-آفت کش
**pest-pesticide**
The pesticides that farmers spray on their crops kill pests, but they can also damage people's health.
36
(v) to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
| ناپدید شدن
**vanish**
My keys were here a minute ago but now they’ve vanished.
vanish without (a) trace/vanish off the face of the earth (=disappear so that no sign remains)
The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found.
The bird vanished from sight.
She seemed to have just vanished into thin air (=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way).
By the 1930s, the wolf had vanished from the American West.
Public support for the prime minister has now vanished.
37
(n) plants in general
| پوشش گیاهی
**vegetation**
Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation.
38
**pest-pesticide**
The pesticides that farmers spray on their crops kill pests, but they can also damage people's health.
آفت-آفت کش
39
(n) an animal that eats meat
| حیوان گوشت خوار
**carnivore**
Foxes were the only carnivore species seen in the release site.
Lions and tigers are carnivores.
**(adj) carnivorous** = relating to a person, animal, or other living thing that eats meat گوشت خوار
* carnivorous plants
* I gave up my carnivorous diet several years ago.
* Farmed cod and haddock are carnivorous and need to be fed other sea fish.
40
**carnivore**
Foxes were the only carnivore species seen in the release site.
Lions and tigers are carnivores.
**(adj) carnivorous** = relating to a person, animal, or other living thing that eats meat گوشت خوار
* carnivorous plants
* I gave up my carnivorous diet several years ago.
* Farmed cod and haddock are carnivorous and need to be fed other sea fish.
(n) an animal that eats meat
| حیوان گوشت خوار
41
(n) an animal that eats only plants
| حیوان گیاه خوار
**herbivore**
Cows and sheep are herbivores.
During this time, none of the young plants were destroyed by herbivores.
**(adj) herbivorous** = (of an animal) eating plants گیاه خوار
The iguanadon was a herbivorous dinosaur.
Gorillas are primarily herbivorous, eating leaves and stems of shrubs.
42
**herbivore**
Cows and sheep are herbivores.
During this time, none of the young plants were destroyed by herbivores.
**(adj) herbivorous** = (of an animal) eating plants گیاه خوار
The iguanadon was a herbivorous dinosaur.
Gorillas are primarily herbivorous, eating leaves and stems of shrubs.
(n) an animal that eats only plants
| حیوان گیاه خوار
43
(v) (of some animals) to spend the winter sleeping
| به خواب زمستانی رفتن
**hibernate**
The turtle hibernates in a shallow burrow for six months of the year.
In winter the metabolic rate is depressed and the fish hibernate just above freezing level.
**(n) hibernation**
44
**hibernate**
The turtle hibernates in a shallow burrow for six months of the year.
In winter the metabolic rate is depressed and the fish hibernate just above freezing level.
**(n) hibernation**
(v) (of some animals) to spend the winter sleeping
| به خواب زمستانی رفتن
45
(n) an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries
(n) the highest point of a mountain:
| قله، اجلاس
**summit**
a summit meeting
World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit.
The economic summit did not accomplish all that the President had hoped it would.
.............................................................
We climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier.
46
**summit**
a summit meeting
World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit.
The economic summit did not accomplish all that the President had hoped it would.
.............................................................
We climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier.
(n) an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries
(n) the highest point of a mountain:
| قله، اجلاس
47
(n) height above sea level
| ارتفاع از سطح دریا
**altitude**
We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 metres.
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
48
**altitude**
We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 metres.
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
(n) height above sea level
| ارتفاع از سطح دریا
49
(n) an area of land, esp. when considering its natural features:
| زمین، ناحیه
**terrain**
"they were delayed by rough terrain"
rugged mountain terrain
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
معمولا قتی می خواهند یک صفت به زمین نسبت بدهند ازش استفاده میکنند
1 - زمین ناهموار: rugged terrain = rugged land = rough terrain
2 - زمین بیابانی: desert terrain = desert land
3 - زمین نامساعد: Inhospitable terrain = Inhospitable land
mountain terrain
| = landو groundو territoryو area
50
**terrain**
"they were delayed by rough terrain"
rugged mountain terrain
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
معمولا قتی می خواهند یک صفت به زمین نسبت بدهند ازش استفاده میکنند
1 - زمین ناهموار: rugged terrain = rugged land = rough terrain
2 - زمین بیابانی: desert terrain = desert land
3 - زمین نامساعد: Inhospitable terrain = Inhospitable land
mountain terrain
(n) an area of land, esp. when considering its natural features:
| زمین، ناحیه
51
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
## Footnote
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
**breed/bred/bred**
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
........................................................
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
.................................................................
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
..................................................................
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What's your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
52
**breed/bred/bred**
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
........................................................
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
.................................................................
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
..................................................................
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What's your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
## Footnote
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
53
(v) to care for young children or animals until they are able to care for themselves:
| بزرگ کردن ( بچه ) - پرورش دادن
**rear**
Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
He describes how these birds rear their young.
She reared eight children.
"Nigel was born and reared in Bath"
"the calves are reared for beef"
to rear the offspring
54
**rear**
Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
He describes how these birds rear their young.
She reared eight children.
"Nigel was born and reared in Bath"
"the calves are reared for beef"
to rear the offspring
(v) to care for young children or animals until they are able to care for themselves:
| بزرگ کردن ( بچه ) - پرورش دادن
55
(v,n) to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop
| (پروش (دادن)، بزرگ (کردن
**nurture**
She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden
...............................
Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?
56
**nurture**
She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden
...............................
Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?
(v,n) to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop
| (پروش (دادن)، بزرگ (کردن
57
تمساح
**alligator - Crocodile**
58
دوزیستان
**amphibian**
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : amphibian
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : amphibious دوزیست
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
59
**amphibian**
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : amphibian
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : amphibious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
دوزیستان
60
حیوان
**animal**
61
**antler**
شاخ گوزن
62
**ape**
یک میمون بزرگ بدون دم یا با دم بسیار کوتاه مانند گوریل یا شامپانزه
63
**asp**
افعی
یا انواع مارهای کوچک و زهرین افریقا شمالی
64
**badger**
گورکن
65
1,2= وغ وغ ( کردن ) سگ
3- پوست درخت
**bark**
66
**bark**
1,2= وغ وغ ( کردن ) سگ
3- پوست درخت
67
خفاش
**bat**
68
خرس
**bear**
69
جانور (یک حیوان، به ویژه یک حیوان بزرگ یا وحشی یا غیر عادی)
**beast**
wild/savage/ferocious beasts
mythical beasts such as unicorns and dragons
70
**beast**
wild/savage/ferocious beasts
mythical beasts such as unicorns and dragons
جانور (یک حیوان، به ویژه یک حیوان بزرگ یا وحشی یا غیر عادی)
71
**beaver**
سگ ابی
72
**billy goat**
**nanny goat**
بز نر
بز ماده
73
**bison**
گاومیش کوهان دار امریکایی
74
**whale**
وال،نهنگ
75
**boar**
گراز
76
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
## Footnote
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
**breed/bred/bred**
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
........................................................
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
.................................................................
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
..................................................................
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What's your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
77
**breed/bred/bred**
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
........................................................
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
.................................................................
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
..................................................................
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What's your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
## Footnote
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
78
**mare**
**brood mare**
مادیان (اسب یا الاغ ماده)
.............................................................
مادیان(اسب ماده) که برای جفت گیری و باروری نگهداری شود
79
**bull**
گاو نر،
حیوانات نر بزرگ مثل فیل یا وال نر
80
**bullock**
گاو نر جوانی که اخته شده است
81
**burrow**
"the female iguana digs a burrow"
..................................
Earthworms burrow deep into the soil.
moles burrowing away underground
(n) a hole or tunnel in the ground made by animals such as rabbits for them to live in
(v) to make a hole or a tunnel in the ground by digging, especially to live in:
## Footnote
1- سوراخ (که توسط حیوان کنده شده باشد)، لانه ی زیر زمینی
2-سوراخ کردن، کندن (سوراخ)، تونل زدن
82
قفس
**cage**
83
**cage**
قفس
84
**calf**
گوساله
85
گوساله
**calf**
86
**calve**
Four cows calved overnight.
"will all the cows calve about the same time?"
"people often used to come for him to help calve their cows"
"Galloway cows have wide pelvises and calve easily"
(of cows and certain other large animals like Elephant, rhino and whale) give birth to a calf.
## Footnote
(در مورد گاو) گوساله زاییدن
(در مورد پستانداران بزرگ مثل فیل و کرگدن و نهنگ و غیره) بچه زاییدن
87
شتر
**camel**
88
**camel**
شتر
89
**camouflage** تلفظ صحیح این کلمه "کَموفلاش" هست
The whiteness of polar bears and arctic foxes provides camouflage.
The leopard’s spots act as (a) camouflage.
Predators make as much use of camouflage as their prey do
..........................
Often albino animals don't live long since they are unable to camouflage themselves.
Textbooks use pictures of peppered moths camouflaged on tree trunks as evidence for natural selection.
................................
The soldiers camouflaged themselves with leaves.
The vehicles were all well camouflaged.
.................................
a camouflage jacket (= covered with green and brown marks and worn by soldiers)
troops dressed in camouflage
استتار (کردن) (چه برای حیوانات و چه برای سرباز)
90
استتار (کردن) (چه برای حیوانات و چه برای سرباز)
**camouflage** تلفظ صحیح این کلمه "کَموفلاش" هست
The whiteness of polar bears and arctic foxes provides camouflage.
The leopard’s spots act as (a) camouflage.
Predators make as much use of camouflage as their prey do
..........................
Often albino animals don't live long since they are unable to camouflage themselves.
Textbooks use pictures of peppered moths camouflaged on tree trunks as evidence for natural selection.
................................
The soldiers camouflaged themselves with leaves.
The vehicles were all well camouflaged.
.................................
a camouflage jacket (= covered with green and brown marks and worn by soldiers)
troops dressed in camouflage
91
**canine**
London’s canine population
her canine companion, Goldie
This vet specializes in canine pets.
canine behavioural problems
..........
"the majority agreed with neutering stray canines"
**(adj) connected with dogs**
**(n) (formal) a dog**
## Footnote
۱- وابسته و مربوط به سگ (این یک اصطلاح رسمی و علمی تر برای سگ به جای داگ است.)
۲- یک سگ (این یک اصطلاح رسمی و علمی تر برای سگ به جای داگ است.)
92
**canter**
We cantered along the beach.
She cantered her horse across the fields.
..........................
She set off at a canter.
چهار نعل آهسته ( گام آهسته تر از چهار نعل و تندتر از یورتمه ) با اسب (رفتن)
93
**carthorse**
اسب های بزرگی که برای کشیدن گاری یا کالسکه یا کار در مزارع استفاده میشن
94
گربه
**cat**
95
**cat**
گربه
96
97
دام و احشام
**Cattle** [ plural ]= a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk or meat
**livestock**[ plural ]= animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens
98
**Cattle** [ plural ]= a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk or meat
**livestock**[ plural ]= animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens
دام و احشام
99
**chameleon**
مارمولکی که میتونه خودشو با رنگای اطرافش هماهنگ کنه. یا به عبارتی میشه گفت آفتاب پرست
100
**chamois**
بز کوهی
101
یوزپلنگ
**cheetah**
102
**cheetah**
یوزپلنگ
103
chipmunk-squirrel
سنجاب
104
سنجاب
chipmunk-squirrel
105
**class**
(n) a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, below a phylum
| رده
106
**claw**
The cat lashed out with its claws.
the claws of a crab
...........................
The cat was clawing at the leg of the chair.
She screamed and clawed at his eyes.
چنگال (یکی از ناخن های منحنی تیز در انتهای پای حیوان یا پرنده، یا قسمت منحنی بلند و تیز بدن برخی از انواع صدفها، به عنوان مثال خرچنگ، که برای گرفتن و نگه داشتن اشیا استفاده میشود.)
(به عنوان فعل) خراشیدن یا پاره کردن کسی / چیزی با چنگال یا ناخن
107
چنگال (یکی از ناخن های منحنی تیز در انتهای پای حیوان یا پرنده، یا قسمت منحنی بلند و تیز بدن برخی از انواع صدفها، به عنوان مثال خرچنگ، که برای گرفتن و نگه داشتن اشیا استفاده میشود.)
(به عنوان فعل) خراشیدن یا پاره کردن کسی / چیزی با چنگال یا ناخن
**claw**
The cat lashed out with its claws.
the claws of a crab
...........................
The cat was clawing at the leg of the chair.
She screamed and clawed at his eyes.
108
**coat**
a dog with a smooth/shaggy coat
animals in their winter coats (= grown long for extra warmth)
پوشش(خز، مو یا پشمی که بدن حیوان را می پوشاند)
109
پوشش(خز، مو یا پشمی که بدن حیوان را می پوشاند
**coat**
a dog with a smooth/shaggy coat
animals in their winter coats (= grown long for extra warmth)
110
خونسرد
**cold-blooded**
111
(n) a group of plants or animals that live together or grow in the same place
**colony**
a colony of ants
A colony of seals was/were lying about on the rocks.
a bird colony
## Footnote
( جانوران، گیاهان ) اجتماع
112
**colony**
a colony of ants
A colony of seals was/were lying about on the rocks.
a bird colony
## Footnote
( جانوران، گیاهان ) اجتماع
(n) a group of plants or animals that live together or grow in the same place
113
**cougar or puma**
پوما یا شیر کوهی
| = mountain lion, puma
114
گاو (ماده) (ای که دامداران برای تولید شیر و گوشت پرورش می دهند)
**cow**
115
موجود یا جانور (یک موجود زنده، واقعی یا خیالی، که می تواند حرکت کند، مانند یک حیوان)
**creature**
respect for all living creatures
alien/strange/mythical creatures
octopuses and other sea creatures
The dormouse is a shy, nocturnal creature.
116
**creature**
respect for all living creatures
alien/strange/mythical creatures
octopuses and other sea creatures
The dormouse is a shy, nocturnal creature.
موجود یا جانور (یک موجود زنده، واقعی یا خیالی، که می تواند حرکت کند، مانند یک حیوان)
117
**croak**
A frog croaked by the water.
"a female frog can pick out a mate's voice from a cacophony of croaks"
(وزغِ یا قورباغه) غورغور (کردن)، (کلاغ) قارقار (کردن)
118
**cross-breed = hybrid**
**cross-breeding**
جانوردورگه
هیبریدکردن ، پیوند موجودات با نژادها و گونه های مختلف
119
**cub**
she was as protective as a tiger with her cubs
a lioness guarding her cubs
a lion/tiger/panda/fox/wolf cub
توله (ی پستانداران گوشت خوار مانند شیر و پلنگ و روباه و گرگ و خرس و نهنگ و ....)
120
**cull**
"he sees culling deer as a necessity"
"anecdotes culled from Greek and Roman history"
the annual seal cull
معدوم ( کردن ) (کشتن حیوانات یک گونه جانوری برای 1 - اصلاح نژاد آن گونه جانوری 2 - کم کردن جمعیت آن گونه 3 - برای جلوگیری از انقراض نسل حیواناتی که این گونه خاص آنها را شکار می کنند)
121
**deer or reindeer**
آهو، گوزن
122
آهو، گوزن
**deer or reindeer**
123
**den**
a bear’s/lion’s den
"a female mink had set up her den there"
لانه ( مربوط به بعضی حیوانات وحشی مخصوصا پستانداران وحشی )
124
منقرض شدن
**die out** =become extinct
125
**die out** =become extinct
منقرض شدن
126
**doe**
"doe rabbits"
a female deer; a female hare, rabbit, rat, ferret, or kangaroo.
| یک گوزن ماده؛ ماده، خرگوش، موش صحرایی، موش خرما، یا کانگورو.
127
سگ
dog
128
dolphin
دلفین
129
اهلی
اهلی کردن
**domestic**
**domesticate**
130
**domestic**
**domesticate**
اهلی
اهلی کردن
131
خر
**donkey**
132
**drove**
"a drove of cattle"
گله، رمه (تعداد زیادی از افراد یا حیوانات, به ویژه گاو یا گوسفند,که اغلب به صورت گروهی حرکت می کنند یا کاری را انجام می دهند)
133
**elk-moose**
گوزن شمالی
گوزن های بابانوئل
134
فیل
**elephant**
135
در معرض انقراض
**endangered** = on the verge of extinction = on the brink of extinction
The sea turtle is an endangered species.
14% of primate species are highly endangered.
These orangutans are critically endangered due to habitat loss.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : endanger به مخاطره انداختن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : endangerment به خطر انداختن
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : endangered
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
136
**endoskeleton**
**exoskeleton**
: استخوان بندی درونی حیوان
برون استخوان بندی (مانند لاک جانورانی مانند لاک پشت)
137
**ewe**
**ram**
گوسفند ماده
گوسفند نر
138
منقرض شده
انقراض
**extinct**
an extinct species
to become extinct
**extinction**
139
**extinct**
an extinct species
to become extinct
**extinction**
منقرض شده
انقراض
140
**fang**
یکی از دو دندان تیز بلند در جلوی دهان برخی از حیوانات مانند مار یا سگ
1-(در جانوران گوشت خوار) دندان نیش
2- (مار) نیش
141
**fauna**
**flora**
land and marine faunas
alpine flora
rare species of flora and fauna (= plants and animals)
همه **حیوانات**ی که در یک منطقه یا در دوره خاصی از تاریخ زندگی می کنند
**گیاهان** یک منطقه خاص، نوع محیط یا دوره زمانی خاص
142
143
**fawn**
بچه آهو یا گوزن
144
غذا دادن یا تغذیه کردن
**feed**
145
**feline**
a wildlife park with tigers and various other felines
.....................................
She walks with feline grace.
feline leukaemia
(n) گربه سان (یک گربه؛ حیوانی از خانواده گربه ها)
(adj) وابسته یا مربوط به گربه (مثل یک گربه؛ با حیوانی از خانواده گربه ها ارتباط داشتن)
146
**flank**
She patted the horse’s flank.
(n) the side of an animal between the ribs and the hip
## Footnote
پهلو (بین دنده ها و لگن)
147
**fleece**
"as the sheep came on board, we grabbed their long shaggy fleeces"
(n) the wool coat of a sheep; this coat when it has been removed from a sheep or a goat
| پشم گوسفند یا بز
148
**flipper**
not all seals are the same: some swim with their front flippers while others propel themselves with their back feet"
(اندام پارو مانند یا بازوهای بدون انگشت که برخی ماهی ها و نهنگ هاو فوک ها و لاک پشت ها و غیره با آن شنا می کنند) باله
149
**flock**
a group of sheep, goats or birds of the same type
(دسته ی گوسفند یا بز و پرنده و غیره) گله
| = herd
150
151
**fluff**
The baby birds were still covered in fluff.
(n) soft animal fur or bird feathers, found especially on young animals or birds
| کرک و پرز یا (پر نرم مثلا پر سینه ی پرنده یا پر قو) نرم پر،
152
**foal**
(اسب یا خر یا قاطر و غیره) کره (زاییدن)
153
**forefoot**
**foreleg** = forelimb =ANT= hindlimb
either of the two front feet of an animal that has four legs
either of the two front legs of an animal that has four legs
154
روباه
**fox**
155
قورباغه
**frog**
156
**froglet**
**قورباغهٔ جوان** : قورباغه ای که تازه از بچه قورباغه دگردیسی یافته است
بچه قورباغه ==( tadpole or polliwog or pollywog )
157
**frogspawn**
Frog spawn is laid in clumps of jelly-like eggs, usually in shallow water.
lay frogspawn
تخم های یک قورباغه که توسط ژله شفاف احاطه شده است.
158
**fur**
The cat carefully licked its fur.
She stroked the soft fur on the dog's back.
"the rabbit's fur was all matted"
**(adj) furry**= covered with fur
small furry animals
(موی نرمی که بدن بسیاری از پستانداران را می پوشاند) خز
159
**gallop**
The terrified horse galloped off.
The ponies galloped along the sand.
The colt galloped madly around the pen.
..................
He rode off at a gallop.
My horse suddenly broke into a gallop.
(چهار نعل (رفتن
160
**genus**
this particular genus of plants is native to Scotland
(n) a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, smaller than a family and larger than a species
| جنس ( سرده )
161
زرافه
**giraffe**
162
**giraffe**
زرافه
163
بز
**goat**
164
گوریل
**gorilla**
165
**graze**
There were cows grazing beside the river.
**graze on something**
The horses were grazing on the lush grass.
**graze something**
The field had been grazed by sheep.
........................................
The land is used by local people to graze their animals.
**(n) grazier**گله چران
**(n) grazing** چراگاه
(v) (of cows, sheep, etc.) to eat grass that is growing in a field
(v) to put cows, sheep, etc. in a field so that they can eat the grass there
## Footnote
1- چریدن
2- چراندن
166
**growl**
The dog growled at them.
.....................
The dog gave a threatening growl.
the growl of the engine
(v,n) (of animals, especially dogs) to make a low sound in the throat, usually as a sign of anger
## Footnote
غرغر( کردن) ((حیوانات، به ویژه سگ) ایجاد صدای ضعیف در گلو، معمولاً به عنوان نشانه عصبانیت)
167
**grunt**
"an enormous pig grunted and shuffled in a sty outside"
................................
"with snorts and grunts the animals were coaxed down the ramp"
(v,n) (of animals, especially pigs) to make a short, low sound in the throat
| خر خر (کردن)
168
خوکچه هندی
**guinea pig**
169
همستر
**hamster**
170
**hare**
خرگوش صحرایی یا خرگوش وحشی
171
**hedgehog**
جوجه تیغی
172
گله (گروه بزرگی از حیوانات، به ویژه پستانداران سم دار که با هم زندگی می کنند یا در کنار هم به عنوان دام نگهداری می شوند.)
**herd**
a herd of cows/deer/elephants
a beef/dairy herd
The herd grazes/graze outdoors between March and November.
173
**herd**
a herd of cows/deer/elephants
a beef/dairy herd
The herd grazes/graze outdoors between March and November.
گله (گروه بزرگی از حیوانات، به ویژه پستانداران سم دار که با هم زندگی می کنند یا در کنار هم به عنوان دام نگهداری می شوند.)
174
پنهان شدن
**hide/hid/hidden**
175
**hind**
The horse reared up on its hind legs.
...............................
**hindlimb** =ANT= forelimb or foreleg
(adj) عقبی (راجب پاهای عقبی حیوانات چهارپا)
..........................
(n) یکی از پاها در پشت بدن حیوان
176
**hippo or hippopotamus**
اسب آبی
177
اسب آبی
**hippo or hippopotamus**
178
**hog**
in iowa corn growing and hog raising dovetail efficiently
Feed a pig and you'll have a hog.
a pig, especially one that is kept and made fat for eating
or
a male pig that has been castrated (= had part of its sex organs removed) and is kept for its meat
## Footnote
یک خوک یا گراز (مخصوصاً خوک یا گراز که برای خوردن نگهداری می شود )
179
**hoof-hooves**
The horse tossed its head and stamped its hooves nervously.
سم (قسمت سخت پای برخی از حیوانات، به عنوان مثال اسب)
180
شاخ
**horn**
181
اسب
**horse**
182
**hump**
کوهان (شتر)
183
شکارچی
**hunter**
(v) hunt
184
**hyaena or hyena**
کفتار
185
**ibex**
بزکوهی
186
**iguana**
ایگووانا {نوعی مارمولک بزرگ، بومی مناطق استوایی قاره آمریکا}
187
بومی (2تا کلمه)
**indigenous or native**
**indigenous (to…)**
The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.
The reserve supports a wide range of indigenous species.
...............................................
**native (to…)**
the native plants of America
native species
The tiger is native to India.
Some animals are in danger because their native habitat is being destroyed.
188
**jackal**
Now there was an aged jackal, and he devised a plan to get food.
DNA analysis has shown that the Egyptian jackal, previously believed to be a subspecies of the golden jackal, is a relative of the grey wolf.
(جانور شناسی) شغال (انواع سگ های وحشی کوچکتر از گرگ که به صورت گروهی شکار می کنند و لاشخور هم هستند ـ بومی آسیا و شمال افریقا)
189
پلنگ (3 تا )
**leopard-jaguar-panther**
190
**leopard-jaguar-panther**
پلنگ (3تا)
191
آرواره(برای حیوانات)
فک (برای انسان)
**jaw**
192
کانگورو
**kangaroo**
193
**kitten**
پیشی (بچه گربه)
به بچه خرگوش هم میگند
194
**koala**
کوالا
195
**lair**
"he saw that his dogs had roused a wild boar from its lair"
"look at the wolf crouching in its lair"
"the hero goes off to find the dragon's lair"
(n) a place where a wild animal, especially a fierce or dangerous one, lives.
| لانه (به مکانی گفته میشه که حیوانات وحشی قایم میشن یا استراحت میکنن)
196
(بره(بچه گوسفند
**lamb**
197
**lamb**
(بره(بچه گوسفند
198
(طناب یا ریسمان یا تسمه و غیره که با آن سگ و غیره را به جایی می بندند یا مهار می کنند) قلاده
**leash**
199
**leash**
(طناب یا ریسمان یا تسمه و غیره که با آن سگ و غیره را به جایی می بندند یا مهار می کنند) قلاده
200
شیر
**lion**
201
مارمولک
**lizard**
202
**litter**
a litter of puppies
the runt (= the smallest and weakest baby) of the litter
‘Chief’ was born six years ago, one of a litter of 11.
(n) a number of baby animals that one mother gives birth to at the same time
## Footnote
(سگ و گربه و خوک و دیگر جانورانی که هر بار چند بچه می زایند) توله ها
203
**llama**
(جانور شناسی) لاما
204
پستاندار
**mammal**
205
**mammal**
پستاندار
206
**mane**
She spent ages braiding her horse's mane.
The horse's mane streamed in the wind.
"the horse was rushing about in the field, tossing its mane"
(n) the long hair on the neck of a horse, a lion, , or other mammal.
| (اسب و شیر و غیره) **یال**
207
**equine**
"equine infectious anaemia"
equine disciplines such as dressage and showjumping
(adj) relating to or affecting horses or other members of the horse family.
| وابسته یا مربوط به اسب
208
**marsupial**
(جانورشناسی) کیسه داران (n)
مثل کانگوروها و کوالاها
...........................
(جانورشناسی) وابسته به کیسه داران (adj)
209
جفت (گیری کردن)
**mate**
Do foxes ever mate with dogs?
After mating, the female kills the male.
Females that mate with several males are rare.
the sexual signal from the adult female that tells the male she is ready to mate
...............................................
A male bird sings to attract a mate.
**(n) mating** جفت گیری
the mating season
Ten matings produced forty-six puppies.
210
**mate**
Do foxes ever mate with dogs?
After mating, the female kills the male.
Females that mate with several males are rare.
the sexual signal from the adult female that tells the male she is ready to mate
...............................................
A male bird sings to attract a mate.
**(n) mating** جفت گیری
the mating season
Ten matings produced forty-six puppies.
جفت (گیری کردن)
211
**mob**
a mob of cattle
(Australian English, New Zealand English) a group of animals = flock, herd
| گله
212
**molt - moult(uk)**
The adult birds were already molting.
**molt something**
The female hornbill molts her beautiful feathers.
....................................................
The birds undergo a complete molt after breeding.
(v)(of an animal) shed old feathers, hair, or skin to make way for a new growth.
(n) (of an animal) the act of sheding old feathers, hair, or skin to make way for a new growth.
| پر، مو، پوست، تولک، پولک، شاخ و غیره اندازی (کردن)
213
میمون
**monkey**
214
**monotreme**
The Australian short-beaked echidna, a monotreme, is one of the oldest living mammals on earth.
پستانداران تخم گذار
215
موش
**mouse**
216
**mule**
the mule flung out at him as he passed
a man on a mule
قاطر
217
**mustang**
اسب وحشی
218
**muzzle**
**snout**
**پوزه** (قسمت بیرون زده صورت، از جمله بینی و دهان حیوانی مانند سگ یا اسب.)
**پوزه** به خصوص خوک
219
**neigh**
(شیهه (کشیدن
220
**neuter**
Has your cat been neutered?
(v) to remove part of the sex organs of an animal so that it cannot produce young = castrate or spay
spay= to remove the ovaries of a female animal, to prevent it from producing young
| اخته/ عقیم کردن یک حیوان
221
اورانگوتان
**orangutan**
222
**order**
the order of primates
(n) a group into which animals, plants, etc. that have similar characteristics are divided, smaller than a class and larger than a family
| راسته
223
**ox**
(n) a bull (= a male cow) that has been castrated (= had part of its sex organs removed), used, especially in the past, for pulling farm equipment, etc.
| گاو نر اخته شده (به خصوص برای کشیدن تجهیزات مزرعه)
224
**pack**
packs of savage dogs
wolves hunting in packs
a pack of hounds
the dominant animal in the pack
The pack is/are led by the alpha male and female.
(n) a group of wild animals, especially wolves, living and hunting together.
| گروهی از حیوانات شکارچی
225
**paw**
پنجه (پای حیوانی که چنگال یا ناخن دارد)
226
**pelt**
پوست ( دباغی نشده ) یک حیوان
227
**phylum**
(n) a group into which animals, plants, etc. are divided, smaller than a kingdom and larger than a class
| شاخه ( جانوران )
228
خوک
**pig**
229
**piglet**
بچه خوک
230
**pod**
a pod of adult dolphins
a pod of pilot whales
(n) a small group of sea animals, such as dolphins or whales, swimming together
## Footnote
گروه کوچکی از حیوانات دریایی مانند دلفین ها یا نهنگ ها که با هم شنا می کنند
231
سمی
**poisonous**
232
خرس قطبی
**polar bear**
233
**tadpole or polliwog or pollywog**
بچه وزغ، بچه قورباغه
234
**pony**
اسب کوتاه و کوچک
235
**porcupine**
خارپشت (یه چیزی شبیه جوجه تیغی)
236
**pouch**
کیسه (یک جیب پوستی روی شکم برخی از حیوانات کیسه دار ماده مانند کانگورو که بچه های خود را در آن حمل می کنند.)
237
حیوانِ شکارچی
**predator**
**(n)predation**
**(adj) predatory**
238
**predator**
**(n)predation**
**(adj) predatory**
حیوانِ شکارچی
239
شکار (حیوانی که توسط حیوانی دیکر شکار شود)
**prey**
240
**prey**
شکار (حیوانی که توسط حیوانی دیکر شکار شود)
241
**pride**
This pride of lions is/are resting after a hunt.
گله ( ی شیر )
242
**primate**
نخستین سانان یا جانوران نخستین (که انسان و گوریل ومیمون هم جزو آن هستند)
243
**pup or puppy**
یک توله از گونه های مختلف، به ویژه سگ
244
**purr**
صدای خرخر گربه، خر خر کردن
245
پایتون
**python**
246
خرگوش
**rabbit or hare**
247
راکون
**raccoon or racoon**
248
**race**
a race of cattle
نژاد حیوان
249
موش فاضلاب
**rat**
250
# F
**reptile**
**(adj) reptilian**
خزنده
251
**rhinoceros or rhino**
کرگدن
252
**roar**
(غرش (کردن
253
**rodent**
جانور جونده (جانور از راسته خزندگان. هر حیوان کوچکی که متعلق به گروهی از حیوانات با دندان های جلویی تیز قوی باشد. موش ها، موش ها و سنجاب ها همه جوندگان هستند.)
جمعش میشه همون جوندگان
254
**rump**
He slapped the horse on the rump.
کفل (باسن حیوانات چهارپا)
255
سمندر
**salamander**
256
**salamander**
سمندر
257
**scale**
The beast was a dragon, with great purple and green scales.
فلس یا پولک (هر یک از صفحات نازک از مواد سخت که پوست بسیاری از ماهی ها و خزندگان را می پوشانند)
258
**seal or sea lion**
فک دریایی
259
لاکپشت آبی
لاکپشت خشکی
**turtle**
**Tortoise**
260
**turtle**
**Tortoise**
لاکپشت آبی
لاکپشت خشکی
261
گوسفند
**sheep**
262
**shell**
snail/oyster/clam shells
the shell of a turtle
eggshell, nutshell, razor shell, seashell, tortoiseshell
قسمت بیرونی سخت تخم مرغ، مغزها، برخی از دانه ها و برخی حیوانات مثل لاکپشت، صدف، حلزون و غیره
263
**skunk-polecat**
راسو
264
**slither** = glide
The snake slithered away as we approached.
| گروه توی هری پاتر که سلایترینگ بود
خزیدن (نرم حرکت کردن بر روی یک سطح، مانند یک مار)
265
**sloth**
حیواناتی به نام تنبل
266
مار
**snake**
267
**snarl**
The dog snarled at us.
The dog bared its teeth in a snarl.
The dog turned with a snarl to attack me.
(سگ یا خرس و غیره - با دندان های نمایان به نشان خشم یا تعرض) خرخر کردن
268
گونه ها
**species**
269
**spine**
Porcupines use their spines to protect themselves.
(برخی ماهیان - جوجه تیغی - استخوان) تیغ
(برخی گیاهان مانند گل محمدی) تیغ
270
**squeak**
The mouse ran away, squeaking with fear.
the squeak of a mouse
صدای ناله طوری که ته جیغ مانند داره - صدای موش
271
**stallion**
نریان (اسب نر)
272
**stroke**
He's a beautiful dog. Can I stroke him?
She stroked the cat absently.
نوازش کردن
