reading Flashcards
impose
The court can impose a fine.
impose something on something/somebody
The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory.
…………………………………………………………………………….
impose something on somebody
parents who impose their own moral values on their children
……………………………………………………………………………..
impose a undue strain (=too much strain)/considerable burden/hardship/strain etc (on somebody/ something)
Military spending imposes a considerable financial strain on the economy.
Whether sth is ……….. or ……… is a moot point.
برای گقتن دو دیدگاه مختلف در مقدمه
trivial matter
strive/strove/striven
(v)to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties
prosperity
* It is sometimes difficult for people to maintain their prosperity once they retire and lose their steady income.
* The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity.
* economic/future prosperity(collocation)
فعل ( verb ) : prosper
اسم ( noun ) : prosperity
صفت ( adjective ) : prosperous
قید ( adverb ) : prosperously
pollution
* Coal is a relatively cheap source of energy, but it causes excessive pollution.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pollute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pollution / pollutant / polluter
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : polluted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
- foster good relations/economic growth/a sense of / an interest in (collocation)
Conservation
* energy/water conservation(collocation)
* nature/environmental/wildlife conservation (collocation)
dictate policy/term/treatment
preserve jobs
vastly different(collocation)
vast majority/amount/number
rural areas/communities/life/population
tackle a crisis/question/problem/issue (collocation)
tackle unemployment/crime (collocation)
per se
indiscriminate use
executive body of the country
Individuals’ rights=حقوق افراد
environment
* workplace environment
* social media environment
* harm/damage/destroy/polute the environment
* conserve the environment
* pollute the environment
* the marine/natural environment
* the effect/impact on the environment
remain a mystery(collocation)
obscure
intervene
* The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate.
* The minister intervened personally to stop the museum from being closed.
*
(noun) intervention
rapid intervention (collocation) مداخله سریع
foreign/military intervention (collocation)
boost
* boost profits/prices/rates =>
* boost exports/sales/trade =>
* boost confidence/morale =>
* boost the economy.
* boost production/performance/productivity
* boost sth (by) 20%/50%/100%, etc.
* boost performance/energy/appearance (collocation)
fiercely
* She’s fiercely competitive/independent
* a violinist fiercely concentrating on a piece of music.
* the army clashed fiercely with militants
اسم ( noun ) : fierceness
صفت ( adjective ) : fierce
قید ( adverb ) : fiercely
شدیداً و قویاً (از نظر احساس یا خشنی)
(v)energetically and with strong feelings
(v)angrily or in a frightening or attacking manner
overcome
* to overcome difficulties /obstacles /problems /resistance
*Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class.
* They were overcome by fumes from the fire and had to be carried out of their houses.
* Overcome with/by emotion, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes.
* he might have felt overcome with tiredness.
confront
confront problem, difficulty
fulfillment
* Workaholics can only find fulfillment in their work.
* Morales said that owning his own home was the fulfillment of a dream.
* People are wondering if they will ever see the fulfillment of the government’s campaign pledges.
* a sense of fulfillment
fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective/wish
fulfil a promise/pledge
✅ فعل ( verb ) : fulfill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : fulfillment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : fulfilled / fulfilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
thus,
hence,
consequently
trivial
(adj)having little value or importance
trivial task/matter/problem/complaint (collocation)
کم اهمیت یا کم ارزش
peer
* Do you think it’s true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers?
pollution
* Coal is a relatively cheap source of energy, but it causes excessive pollution.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pollute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pollution / pollutant / polluter
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : polluted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
flourish
The school created an environment where its students could flourish.
The effective advertisements helped the new store to flourish.
(v) to grow(for plants or animals) or develop well, or be successful (for example, by making a lot of money or developing quickly)
prosperity
* It is sometimes difficult for people to maintain their prosperity once they retire and lose their steady income.
* The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity.
* economic/future prosperity(collocation)
فعل ( verb ) : prosper
اسم ( noun ) : prosperity
صفت ( adjective ) : prosperous
قید ( adverb ) : prosperously
رونق(از نظر مالی)،رفاه مالی
(ir)relevant
* The student wrote about personal debt in America because she thought it was a valuable and relevant topic.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : relevance
صفت ( adjective ) : relevant
قید ( adverb ) : relevantly
origin
✅ فعل ( verb ) : originate شروع به وقوع یا وجود کردن، نشات گرفتن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : origin / original / originality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : original
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : originally
originate from
* A lot of our medicines originate from tropical plants.
originate in
* Many Christmas traditions originated in Germany.
originate with
* The idea originated with the ancient Greek philosophers.
originate as
* The town originated as a small fishing port.
starvation
20 million people face starvation unless a vast emergency aid program is launched.
on the verge of starvation.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : starve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : starvation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : starved / starving
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
multiple
Baxter was rushed to the hospital with multiple stab wounds.
severalچندین/numerousمتعدد/multipleچندین
possess
* Different workers possess different skills.
* He no longer possessed the power to frighten her.
* Those states are the countries that possess nuclear weapons
* possess an ability
✅ فعل ( verb ) : possess
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : possession / possessive / possessiveness / possessor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : possessive / possessed / possessory / possessable ( possessible )
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : possessively
have داشتن، در اختیار داشتن، فرمال
primary purpose/aim/objective/goal (collocation)
* sth be of primary importance.در درجه اول اهمیت قرار داشتن (collocation)
primary/chief/major/main concern/ reason/ source of income/ duty/ role /responsibility /consideration /focus /problem (collocation)
(adj) more important than anything else; main
(adj) happening first
perception
* We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.
* These photographs will affect people’s perceptions of war.
* drugs that alter perception
* sensory perceptions
فعل ( verb ) : perceive = to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
اسم ( noun ) : perception / perceptiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : perceptive / perceptible
قید ( adverb ) : perceptively / perceptibly
(n) the way you think about something and your idea of what it is like
(n) the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing, et
revival
A revival of the timber industry is needed.
There has been a revival of interest in Picasso’s work.
the recent revival in medieval music
Senior economists believe that market liberalism is leading to a revival of the economy.
revival of interest in sth/ economic revival/ revival in the economy
spark/lead to a revival Prices at the top end of the market adjusted last year, leading to a revival in recent months.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : revive / revivify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : revival / revivalism / revivalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : revivalist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= resumption, renewal
frequent
* it is more frequent among women and lefthanders
* more/less frequent
* Her headaches are becoming less frequent.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : frequent
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : frequency
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : frequent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : frequently
aggravate
* Their money problems were further aggravated by a rise in interest rates.
* Building the new road will only aggravate the
✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggravate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggravation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggravated / aggravating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : aggravatingly
aggravation
علاوه بر نون معانی بالا، معنی زیر را هم میدهد
* trouble or difficulty
* * I’ve been getting a lot of aggravation at work recently.
* * I don’t need any more aggravation today.
* * I’d complain to the manager but it’s not worth the aggravation.
- campaigns to alert the public to the dangers of HIV.
provisional
* a provisional government
* We accept provisional bookings by phone.
(adv) provisionally
The meeting has been provisionally arranged for the end of May.
trim
** trim something away/off**
* Pete was trimming the lawn around the roses.
* I have my hair trimmed every six weeks.
* The government’s plan to trim spending included cuts to the higher education budget.
* We need to trim costs by £500m.
* The bill would trim the number of immigrants to the US.
** trim something from/off something**
* The company trimmed £46,000 from its advertising budget.
(v) to make something tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it
(v) to reduce a number, amount, or the size of something
کاهش دادن(تعداد،مقدار،سایز)،چیدن و اصلاح کردن
prompt
* The cold weather has prompted a rush to travel websites to book warm-weather vacations.
* What prompted you to buy that suit?
* The physical and mental health problems experienced by retired NFL football players has prompted a congressional investigation into football brain injuries.
* The reformation of the rock band after so many years prompted the question “Why did they break up in the first place?”
* Concerns about pedestrian safety prompted the city council’s decision to put up new traffic lights at the corner of Lincoln Avenue and Broad Street.
* * Prompt action/ payment/ response
* prompted a investigation/question/decision
(adv) promptly سریعا
(v) cause something to happen or be done(to cause someone to say or do something)
(v) to make someone decide to say or do something
(adj) done quickly, immediately, or at the right time
باعث چیزی شدن یا وا داشتن، سریع
deprivation
* social/economic/emotional/sensory/nutrition deprivation
* deprivation of …..
prune
* She spent the afternoon pruning roses.
* The plan for the next financial year is to prune 25% off the budget.
* The company is pruning staff in order to reduce costs.
* The original version of the text has been pruned quite a bit.
** if you prune something such as a piece of writing, you make it shorter by removing parts of it that are needed or wanted
to prune an organization, its expenditure, or the jobs it provides means to make it smaller by reducing it in size, or by reducing the amount of money it spends.**
translate
** if one thing translates into another, the second thing happens as a result of the first**
* translate (something) into something
* A small increase in local spending will translate into a big rise in property tax.
* These rates translate into a return of 8.5% for dollar investors.
* translate into=> So how does this theory translate into practical policy?
Ordinary people are hoping that the recent economic recovery will translate into more jobs.
A raise in pay doesn’t always translate into more spending money, as much of it ends up going to taxes
viable
a viable idea/ plan/ method
viable alternative/proposition/option/ solution etc
The committee came forward with one viable solution.
economically/commercially/financially viable شدنی و مقرون به صرفه بودن
Will a hotel here be financially viable?
** a viable business/company/market**
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : viability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : viable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : viably
(adj) capable of working successfully = feasible.
شدنی یا قابل اجرا، با قابلیت بقا و رویش پذیر
feasible
a feasible solution
economically/technically/politically etc feasible
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : feasibility
صفت ( adjective ) : feasible
قید ( adverb ) : feasibly
(adj) possible and is likely to work = possible
امکان پذیر، شدنی
global
✅ فعل ( verb ) : globalize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : globe / globalization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : global
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : globally
cope (with)
* He coped quite well as manager while still captaining the team.
* Local authorities have to cope with the problems of homelessness.
* No system is designed to cope with the floods we have had this year.
* cope with a situation
can/can’t cope
Older people can’t cope so well with the heat.
be able/unable to cope
Some young mothers feel that they aren’t able to cope on their own.
struggle to cope
it is difficult/hard to cope
کنار آمدن
roblem or situation
diet
1- collocation for first meaning
* healthy/good/poor/unhealthy/a balanced/a varied
* a sensible/proper diet
* somebody’s staple diet (=the food that a group of people or type of animal normally eats)
* a vegetarian diet (=that does not include any meat or fish)
* a high-fibre/high-protein etc diet
* eat/have a diet
* live/exist on a diet of something
* feed somebody on a diet of something
* a diet high/rich in something (=which contains a lot of something)
relieve
relieve tension/pressure/stress/pain/anxieties
…………………………………………………………………………….
* programs aimed at relieving unemployment
* The addition to the school will relieve overcrowding.
* New toll roads could help relieve congestion on other routes.
* emergency food aid to help relieve the famine
* relieve congestion/overcrowding
فعل ( verb ) : relieve
اسم ( noun ) : relief
صفت ( adjective ) : relieved
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to reduce pain or unpleasant feelings
(v) to make a problem less difficult or serious or to improve an unpleasant situation
کاهش دادن یا تسکین بخشیدن،رفع کردن(وضعیت بد یا مشکل)، جایگزین کردن
adopt
* I think it’s time to adopt a different strategy in my dealings with him.
* The new tax would force companies to adopt energy-saving measures.
* He’s adopted a remarkably light-hearted attitude towards the situation.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : adopt
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : adoption
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : adopted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to decide to start using a particular method, plan, or idea
encounter (n,v)
encounter problems/difficulties/situations
* They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition were injured.
encounter opposition/resistance
* The government has encountered strong opposition to its plans to raise income tax.
* The doctor had encountered several similar cases in the past
to experience something, especially problems or opposition
lifestyle
* a greener lifestyle
* a healthy lifestyle
* an active lifestyle (=in which you exercise)
* a sedentary lifestyle (=in which you sit down a lot and do not exercise much)
* a lavish/extravagant lifestyle (=in which you buy or do expensive things)
* a comfortable lifestyle (=in which you have enough money to buy things you want)
* an alternative lifestyle (=one that is different from most people’s)
* a busy/hectic lifestyle
* a stressful lifestyle
* have a healthy/simple etc lifestyle
* change your lifestyle
* maintain your lifestyle (=keep your lifestyle as it is)
* live a healthy/simple etc lifestyle
* a lifestyle choice (=a choice about how you live)
infrequently
(n)infrequency
(adj) infrequent
(adv) infrequently
not often
به ندرت
resolve
resolve a problem/ crisis/ situation/ dispute/ conflict/ issue/ matter/ question/ your differences
…………………………………………………………………………………
resolve to do something=> After the divorce she resolved never to marry again.
resolve that=> Mary resolved that she would stop smoking.
The Senate resolved to accept the president’s proposals.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : resolve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : resolution / resolve = strong determination to succeed in doing something
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(v) to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty = solve
(v) to make a definite decision to do something, or to make a formal decision
حل و برطرف کردن، تصمیم گرفتن
persist
persist in (doing) something
He persisted in his refusal to admit responsibility.
persist with
She persisted with her studies in spite of financial problems.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
If the pain persists, you must see a doctor.
فعل ( verb ) : persist
اسم ( noun ) : persistence
صفت ( adjective ) : persistent
قید ( adverb ) : persistently
(v) to continue to do something, although this is difficult, or other people oppose it
(v) something bad continues to exist or happen
اصرار کردن و پافشاری کردن یا ادامه دادن به انجام کاری، اگرچه این کار دشوار است یا افراد دیگر با آن مخالفت می کنند ، چیزی بد به وجود یا اتفاق افتادن ادامه می دهد
tolerate
We simply will not tolerate vigilante groups on our streets.
I couldn’t tolerate the long hours.
plants that tolerate drought
…………………………………………………………………………………………
endure means to keep pushing on ahead no matter the obstacle. Tolerate is putting up with something as long as you can without undue stress.
فعل ( verb ) : tolerate
اسم ( noun ) : toleration / tolerance
صفت ( adjective ) : tolerable / tolerant
قید ( adverb ) : tolerably
(v) to allow people to do, say, or believe something without criticizing or punishing them
(v) to be able to accept something unpleasant or difficult, even though you do not like it = stand, bear
(v) to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions
تحمل كردن
ornamental
ornamental gardens
The pillars in the centre are purely ornamental.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : ornament = to add decoration to something = decorate
She ornamented her letters with little drawings in the margin.
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ornament = an object that is beautiful rather than useful / ornamentation = decoration
a shelf covered with books and ornaments
a bronze plate with gold ornamentation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ornamental = decorative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ornamentally = decoratively
device
modern labor-saving devices
device for doing something
a device for separating metal from garbage
device to do something
The company makes devices to detect carbon monoxide.
handheld/ labor-savingdevices
safety/security/medical device
……………………………………………………………………………………..
* A trademark can be a powerful marketing device.
* Her cool manner is just a device to avoid having to talk to people.
* Their proposal was only a device to confuse the opposition.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
devise to invent or plan
(n) a machine or tool that does a special job = gadget
(n)a method that is used to produce a particular effect = technique, method
offset
* Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers.
* The extra cost of travelling to work is offset by the lower price of houses here.
* The extra cost of commuting to work from the suburbs is offset by cheaper rents.
offset something against something
He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax.
** offset the [costs, losses, increase, risk, the effects of]**
(v) to balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that there is no great difference as a result ( cost, payment or amount of something)
جبران کردن ما به التفاوت اثر چیزی
ample
There is ample evidence that climate patterns are changing.
She found ample room for her things in the wardrobe.
ample time/evidence/opportunity/ room/space
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ample
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : amply
Recent US history has amply demonstrated the risks of foreign intervention.
syn= enough, sufficient
(adj) more than enough = abundant(فرمال تره )
فراوان - بیشتر از اندازه
reward
The school has a system of rewards and punishments to encourage good behaviour.
reward for (doing) something
Parents often give their children rewards for passing exams.
financial/economic reward (also monetary reward formal)
…………………………………………………………………………………
reward somebody with something
The club’s directors rewarded him with a free season ticket.
reward somebody for (doing) something
She wanted to reward the cleaners for their efforts.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : reward
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reward
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rewarding
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
n) something that you get because you have done something good or helpful or have worked hard
(n) an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner
(v) to give something to someone because they have done something good or helpful or have worked for it
جایزه(دادن)
necessity
* The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.
* With a personal fortune of sixty million dollars, she certainly doesn’t work out of necessity
…………………………………………………………………………………
* She saw books as a necessity, not a luxury.
* A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the country.
the basic/bare necessities
* A lot of families cannot even afford to buy the basic necessities of life.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : necessitate ضروری کردن انجام کاری
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : necessity / necessaries چیزهایی مانند غذا یا لباس های اولیه که برای زندگی به آن نیاز دارید
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : necessary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : necessarily
(n) the need for something
(n) something that you need, especially in order to live
ضرورت
reproduce
The turtles return to the coast to reproduce.
……………………………………………………………………….
Klimt’s artwork is reproduced in this exquisite book.
……………………………………………………………………….
British scientists have so far been unable to reproduce these results.
………………………………………………………………………………….
With a good set of speakers, you can reproduce the orchestra’s sound in your own home.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : reproduce
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reproduction
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reproducible / reproductive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) produces young plants or animals
(v) to make a photograph or printed copy of something
(v) to make something happen in the same way as it happened before
تکثیر کردن(تولید دوباره)
convey
convey something to somebody
I want to convey to children that reading is one of life’s greatest treats.
convey a sense/an impression/an idea/ information/ image/feeling/meaning etc
…………………………………………………………………………..
Your luggage will be conveyed to the hotel by taxi.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : convey
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conveyance انتقال / conveyor انتقال دهنده
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= pass on, transmit, give
(v) to communicate or express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people(with or without using words)
(v) to take or carry someone or something to a particular place
منتقل کردن
(in)fertility
declining fertility rates
He runs a fertility clinic.
the fertility of the soil
✅ فعل ( verb ) : fertilize حاصلخیز و بارور کردن،کود دادن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : fertilization / fertilizer کود / fertility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : fertile باروری و حاصلخیزی
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= fruitfulness, richness, productiveness
(n) the ability of the land or soil to produce good crops
(n) the ability of a person, animal, or plant to produce babies, young animals, or seeds
باروری، حاصلخیزی
numerous
* Numerous attempts have been made to hide the truth.
* The two leaders have worked together on numerous occasions.
(adj) great in number; many.
متعدد (دفعات زیاد)
in/under the shadow of something
For years, people had been living under the shadow of communism.
cast a shadow over/on something (=make something seem less enjoyable, attractive, or impressive)
The events of September 11th cast a shadow over the celebrations.
crush
* His leg was crushed in the accident.
* Crush two cloves of garlic.
* crush a rebellion/uprising/revolt etc
* crush somebody’s hopes/enthusiasm/confidence etc
* Sara was crushed by their insults.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : crush
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : crush
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : crushed / crushing
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
pale
pale into insignificance
to seem much less important when compared to something bigger, worse, more serious
* The amounts of money involved pale into insignificance when compared with the sums spent each year on research.
pale in/by comparison
to seem small or unimportant compared to something else
* The amount of money spent on advertising milk pales in comparison to the money spent on advertising beer
* Today’s economic problems pale in comparison with those of the 1930s.
alongside
Children’s prices are shown alongside adult prices.
Organized crime continued to flourish alongside the mainstream economy.
marital
marital problems
marital breakdown
mineral
* rich in minerals.
* mineral resources
* a mineral deposit (= substance or layer that is left)
* rich mineral reserves
……………………………………………………………………
* A healthy diet should supply all necessary vitamins and minerals.
* a mineral supplement
(n) a substance that is formed naturally in the earth, such as coal, salt, stone, or gold. Minerals can be dug out of the ground and used
(n) a natural substance such as iron that is present in some foods and is important for good health
composition
* The composition of the group that is studied depends on the interests of the researcher.
* Some minerals have complex chemical compositions.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : compose
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : composition
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : compositional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : compositionally
……………………………………………………………………………………….
* a composition by jazzman Dave Brubeck, called ‘Chromatic Fantasy’
* The Journals contain accounts of literary composition.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : compose
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : composure خونسردی / composition / composer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : composed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………………
compose
1-be composed of something=> to be formed from a number of substances, parts, or people = consist of
* Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
آب از هیدروژن و اکسیژن تشکیل شده است
2-to combine together to form something = make up
* More than 17.6 million firms compose the business sector of our economy.
بیش از 17.6 میلیون شرکت بخش تجاری اقتصاد ما را تشکیل می دهند
3- to write a piece of music
* Barrington has composed the music for a new production of ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’
بارینگتون موسیقی تولید جدید «رویای یک شب نیمه تابستان» را ساخته است.
former
* Their farm has been reduced to half its former size.
* former President Clinton
* former boss/life/world champion
objective
* have an objective
* set an objective (=decide what you are trying to achieve)
* achieve/accomplish an objective (also attain an objective formal)
* pursue an objective (=try to achieve something you want)
* the main/principal/primary/prime/key objective
* an economic/military/business/political etc objective
* aims and objectives
……………………………………………………………………………….
objective assessment/measurement/ description etc
* It’s hard to give an objective opinion about your own children.
* Scientists need to be objective when doing research.
purely/totally/completely objective
* the importance of a completely objective, independent press
✅ فعل ( verb ) : object = to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something / objectify= to treat a person or idea as a physical object
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : object هدف یا شی / objection اعتراض / objectivity عینیت (بر اساس واقعیت ها)/ objectification برخورد با کسی یا چیزی مثل شی/ objective
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : objective / objectionable ناخوشایند و به احتمال زیاد باعث آزار مردم می شود = offend
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : objectively
offender
* Many of the young men here are likely to offend again.
* She was released from jail, only to offend again three weeks later.
* a small hard core of young criminals who offend again and again
✅ فعل ( verb ) : offend توهین و ازرده کردن، ارتکاب جرم = to commit a crime or crimes
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : offenseیاoffence=جرم،توهین، تهاجم=crime / offender / offensive یک حمله نظامی برنامه ریزی شده / offensiveness توهین آمیزی،تهاجمی بودن،بسیار ناخوشایندی /
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (in)offensive توهین آمیز،تهاجمی،بسیار ناخوشایند / offended توهین شده
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : offensively
remedy
The problems in our schools do not have a simple remedy.
remedy for =>The program is one remedy for discrimination.
…………………………………………………………………………..
To remedy the situation, the water must be chemically treated.
……………………………………………………………………………
cold/cough remedy or a remedy for colds
herbal/natural/traditional remedy
(n) a way of dealing with a problem or making a bad situation better = solution
(v) to deal with a problem or improve a bad situation
(n) a medicine to cure an illness or pain that is not very serious = cure
راه حل، رفع ، دارو و درمان
elaborate
pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns
a very elaborate telecommunications network
elaborate hoax (collocation) حقه
elaborate system
(adj) involving many carefully arranged parts or details; detailed and complicated in design and planning.
furnish
Will these finds furnish more information on prehistoric man?
Jeanne’s catering company furnished all the food for the party.
fish furnish an important source of protein
furnish somebody/something with something
John was furnished with a list of local solicitors.
We aim to furnish our business customers with all their IP solutions.
** furnish information/details**
**furnish sth to sb **The fund may include information on its investment results in reports furnished to present or prospective shareholders.
supply,provide فرمال این دوتاست و میشه به جاشون استفاده کرد
(v) to supply or provide something; be a source of
behave
Learning/start/try to behave
فعل ( verb ) : behave
اسم ( noun ) : behavior
صفت ( adjective ) : behavioral
قید ( adverb ) : behaviorally
syn= conduct one’s self
artificial
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : artificiality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : artificial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : artificially
…………………………………………………………………………………..
artificial would generally mean something not found in Nature and synthetic would mean something that is man-made
controversial
فعل ( verb ) : -
اسم ( noun ) : controversy
صفت ( adjective ) : controversial
قید ( adverb ) : controversially
syn= contentious (formal), something is a moot point (formal),
unprecedented
(adv) unprecedentedly
launch
launch an attack/assault/offensive/career/campaign/ investigation
…………………………………………………………………………
The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October.
barrier
* barrier to => Problems with childcare remain the biggest barrier to women succeeding at work.
* trade barriers (=things such as taxes that make trade between countries difficult)
* the language barrier (=the problem of understanding people who do not speak the same language)
* cultural/racial/class barriers
* technical/legal/political barriers.
* institutional/organizational barriers
* break/tear/remove/eliminate/lift down barriers
* overcome barriers
ban
Smoking is banned in the building.
ban somebody from doing something
Charlie’s been banned from driving for a year.
a banned substance/drug
…………………………………………………………………………
ban on =>a total ban on cigarette advertising
put/place/impose/enforce a ban
global ban
syn= disallow, forbid, outlaw, prohibit, not allow
participation
Thank you for your participation.
participation in => We want more participation in the decision-making.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : participate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : participation / participant
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : participatory / participative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= doing, involvement, taking part
dwelling
residential dwelling
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dwell- dwelt or dwelled = to live in a particular place
syn= house, residence, abode, apartment, habitation,
خانه،واحد مسکونی
(n) a house, apartment etc where people live
modest
* a modest increase in costs
* She had saved a modest amount of money.
* The new service proved a modest success.
* a modest house with a small garden
* modest amounts of interaction
* modest sum
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : modesty
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : modest
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : modestly
(adj) not very great, big, or expensive
inclined(passive) to
Tom is inclined to be lazy.
No one seemed inclined to help.
………………………………………………………………………………
be inclined to agree/think/believe etc
to hold a particular opinion, but not very strongly
داشتن یک نظر خاص، اما نه خیلی قوی
Arthur has some strange ideas, but on this occasion I’m inclined to agree with him.
………………………………………………………………………………….
be inclined to do something/inclined to something
to be likely to do something or behave in a particular way
احتمال دارد کاری انجام دهد یا رفتار خاصی داشته باشد
Commandos are inclined to shoot first and ask questions later.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
be/feel inclined (to do something)
want to do something, but without having a strong desire.
می خواهید کاری انجام دهید، اما بدون داشتن میل شدید
It was Sunday morning, and she was not inclined to get up yet.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
artistically/musically/mathematically/technically etc inclined
naturally interested in or good at art, music etc
✅ فعل ( verb ) : incline
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inclination / incline
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inclined
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= tend to, to be prone to do, be liable to do
devastating
a devastating effect/impact
The recession has had a devastating impact on employment in this area.
devastating consequences/results
a terrible disease with devastating results
a devastating flood/fire/earthquake/disease/ illness etc
فعل ( verb ) : devastate
اسم ( noun ) : devastation
صفت ( adjective ) : devastating / devastated
قید ( adverb ) : devastatingly
…………………………………………………….
devastate
1-to make someone feel extremely shocked and sad
کسی را به شدت شوکه و غمگین کردن
* Rob was devastated by the news of her death.
2-to damage something very badly or completely
ویران کردن
* The city centre was devastated by the bomb.
فعل ( verb ) : devastate
اسم ( noun ) : devastation
صفت ( adjective ) : devastating / devastated
قید ( adverb ) : devastatingly
(adj) very damaging or destructive
vital
The work she does is absolutely vital.
vital to
These measures are vital to national security.
vital for
Regular exercise is vital for your health.
it is vital (that)
It is vital that you keep accurate records.
it is vital to do something
It is vital to keep accurate records.
** a vital role/part**
a vital part/element/ingredient/component
a vital source of something
something is of vital importance
چیزی اهمیت حیاتی دارد
Reading is of vital importance in language learning.
(adj) extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist = crucial
حیاتی
privacy
With seven people squashed in one house, you don’t get much privacy.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
each individual’s right to privacy
protect/invade somebody’s privacy
ensure privacy
somebody’s right to privacy
Children feel more comfortable when parents respect their right to privacy.
personal privacy
without sacrificing privacy
فعل ( verb ) : privatize
اسم ( noun ) : privatization / privacy
صفت ( adjective ) : private
قید ( adverb ) : privately
mounting
* There was mounting pressure on him to resign.
* The government has come under mounting criticism in the press.
* They faced mounting debts.
* mounting evidence
syn= growing, escalating
(adj) gradually increasing – often used about things that cause problems or trouble
فزاینده
shrink - shrank - shrunk
The city continued to shrink.
shrink to
- The firm’s staff had shrunk to only four people.
- Treatment can shrink a tumour.
- We want to expand the business, not shrink it.
syn= reduce in size, get smaller
(v) to become or to make something smaller in amount, size, or value
کوچک کردن یا شدن(آب رفتن)
merge
* The company plans to merge its subsidiaries in the US.
merge with
* The bank announced that it was to merge with another of the high street banks.
merge something into something
* proposals to merge the three existing health authorities into one
merge together
* The villages have grown and merged together over the years.
merge into
* Because of the economic recession, the two companies decided to merge into one.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : merge
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : merger
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : merged / merging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(v) to combine, or to join things together to form one thing
receive = to be given something = get
All the children will receive a small gift.
receive something from somebody
She received an honorary degree from Harvard.
receive attention/affection/support
She received no support from her parents.
receive payment/money/a pension etc
They will be entitled to receive unemployment benefit.
receive a prize/award/gift etc
He went up to receive his award from the mayor.
receive education/training
استفاده شود در رایتینگgetبه جای
sophisticated
sophisticated software/ technology/ versions
a highly sophisticated weapons system
sophisticated approach to tackling the problem.
steal
Boys broke into a shop and stole £45 in cash.
steal from
He stole money from his parents.
steal something from somebody/something
He’d stolen the flowers from our garden.
………………………………………………………………………………
Inventors know that someone is always going to try to steal their designs/ideas.
——————————————–
steal to illegally take something that belongs to someone else
* The thieves stole over £10,000 worth of computer equipment..
take to steal something – used when it is clear from the situation that you mean that someone takes something dishonestly
* The boys broke into her house and took all her money.
burgle (British), burglarize (American) to go into someone’s home and steal things, especially when the owners are not there
* Their house was burgled while they were away.
rob to steal money or other things from a bank, shop, or person
* The gang were convicted of robbing a bank in Essex.
shoplifting stealing things from a shop by taking them when you think no one is looking
* Shoplifting costs stores millions of pounds every year.
kidnap to take someone somewhere illegally by force, often in order to get money for returning them
error
error in
There must be an error in our calculations.
commit an error formal (=make an error, especially a serious one)
find/spot/notice an error
correct an error (also rectify an error formal)
compound an error (=make it worse)
an error arises/occurs formal (=happens)
human/computer error
(n) a mistake
خطا،اشتباه ، فرمال میستیک
halt
The government has failed to halt economic decline
……………………………………………………………………………………
grind/come to a halt
bring something to a halt (=make something or someone stop moving)
order a halt to something (=officially say that something must stop)
demand a halt to something (=firmly ask for something to stop)
put a halt to something (=stop something suddenly)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : halt
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : halt
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : halting / halted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : haltingly
فرمال stop
(v) to prevent someone or something from continuing – used especially in news reports = stop
(n) a stop or pause
thorny
a thorny question/problem/issue etc
* the thorny issue of immigration policy
* مسئله حساس سیاست مهاجرت
(adj) complicated and difficult
ruin
* This illness has ruined my life.
* His career would be ruined.
* All this mud’s going to ruin my shoes.
* ruined my appetite.
* ruined her day.
* ruined the economy.
………………………………………………………………………………
destroy to damage something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be used or repaired
devastate to damage a large area very badly and destroy many things in it
demolish to completely destroy a building, either deliberately or by accident
flatten to destroy a building or town by knocking it down, bombing it etc, so that nothing is left standing
wreck to deliberately damage something very badly, especially a room or building
obliterate formal to destroy a place so completely that nothing remains
ruin to spoil something completely, so that it cannot be used or enjoyed
(v) to spoil or destroy something completely
خراب کردن
Environmentally Friendly not harmful to the environment
* Cycling is very environmentally friendly.
* environmentally friendly products
eco-friendly not harmful to the environment – used especially about products
* eco-friendly products
green not harmful to the environment – used especially in the following phrases ( relating to the protection of the environment)
* green products
* green technology
* green energy
* It was voted the greenest building in Britain.
* green politics/issues
* a green campaigner/activist
* Green Party
clean clean fuels or forms of energy do not release any harmful substances into the atmosphere
* We need cleaner fuels for cars and other road vehicles.
* clean energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines
renewable renewable energy comes from sources that can be easily replaced naturally, so that there is always more available
* The building is heated using renewable energy from the sun.
* The government needs to invest more in renewable energy sources.
* Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during operation.
sustainable using the Earth’s resources, without causing damage to the environment – used especially about farming, ways of living, and development
* The flowers are produced to high environmental standards using sustainable farming methods.
* Many people want to lead more sustainable lifestyles and to conserve the planet’s resources.
* sustainable use of the world’s resources
carbon-neutral balancing the amount of carbon gases that you put into the Earth’s atmosphere with other activities that will effectively reduce the amount of carbon gases, for example by planting trees
* a carbon-neutral company
* Stirling is aiming to become the UK’s first carbon neutral city.
* All new homes will be carbon-neutral.
reformation
* He’s undergone something of a reformation - he’s a changed man.
* They are committed to the radical reformation of their society.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : form / reform / transform
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : form / formation / transformation / reformer / reform / reformation / reformist / transformer / formlessness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reformed / reformist / formless
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : formlessly
………………………………………………………………………………………
reform
(n) a change or changes made to a system or organization in order to improve it
* implement/make/carry out reforms
* reform of
* a reform of the legal system
* economic/political/educational reform
* far-reaching/sweeping/radical reforms
(v) to make an improvement, especially by changing a person’s behaviour or the structure, system or organization of something
* plans to radically reform the tax system
………………………………………………………………………………………..
reform is frequently used to refer to a specific change itself, whereas reformation is more often used to denote the set of changes made
syn= improvement, reorganization, development
(n) the act of making an improvement, especially by changing a person’s behaviour or the structure of something
اصلاحات
accelerate
measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth
(n) acceleration
ant= decelerate
سرعت بخشیدن یا تسریع
restore
* restore something to something
* The government promises to restore the economy to full strength.
* She was hoping that the Mediterranean climate would restore her to full health.
* The National Guard was called in to restore order (=make people stop fighting and breaking the law) when riots broke out.
* initiatives to restore peace in the Middle East
* restore (diplomatic) relations with somebody
* Vietnam restored diplomatic relations with South Korea on December 22.
* restore somebody’s sight/hearing (=make someone who cannot hear or who is blind, hear or see again)
(v) to make something return to its former state or condition
بازگرداندن
harsh
* The hostages are being held in harsh conditions.
* harsh winter/weather/climate
* harsh realities
………………………………………………………………………………..
harsh criticism/treatment/punishment etc
the harsh measures taken against the protesters
a harsh authoritarian regime
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : harshness
صفت ( adjective ) : harsh
قید ( adverb ) : harshly
syn= strict یا stark
(adj) something that is unpleasant or uncomfortable; difficult to live in
(adj) severe, cruel, or unkind in manner or treatment of someone or something
stark
* In the cold dawn light, the castle looked stark and forbidding.
* the stark beauty of New Mexico
……………………………………………………………………………………
* The movie shows the stark realities of life in the ghetto.
* We are faced with a stark choice.
* a stark reminder of life under Communist rule
stark contrast کنتراست شدید
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : starkness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : stark / starkers
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : starkly / stark
(adj) very plain in appearance, with little or no colour or decoration
(adj) unpleasantly clear and impossible to avoid = harsh
capture
Government troops have succeeded in capturing the rebel leader.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
The town was captured after a siege lasting ten days.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
The tiger was finally captured two miles outside the village.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
These photographs capture the essence of working-class life at the turn of the century.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : captivate اسیر کردن یا محصور کردن و شیفته خود کردن/ capture
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : captivation اسیر شدن / captive اسیر / captivity اسارت/ captor / capture / capturer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : captivating محصور کننده و شیفته خود کننده/ captive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : captivatingly
(v) to catch a person and keep them as a prisoner
(v) to get control of a place or object that previously belonged to an enemy, during a war
(v) to catch an animal after chasing or following it
(v) to succeed in recording, showing, or describing a situation or feeling, using words or pictures
1-اسیر کردن - دستگیر کردن - گرفتن
2 - تصرف کردن - تسخیر کردن
3- اسیر کردن
4-به تصویر کشیدن ، ثبت و ضبط کردن
deteriorate
Ethel’s health has deteriorated.
America’s deteriorating economy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : deteriorate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : deterioration
syn= become worse, weaken
(v) to become worse = get worse
بدتر شدن
boom
Business was booming, and money wasn’t a problem.
Tourism on the island has boomed.
booming market
………………………………………………………………………………….
The boom has created job opportunities.
boom in
a sudden boom in the housing market
consumer/investment/property/ housing /economic/ spending/ building/construction etc boom
the post-war property boom
boom years/times
In boom times, airlines do well.
cause/lead to a boom
trigger/spark a boom (=start it)
………………………………………………………………………………………
the disco boom of the 1970s
boom in
the boom in youth soccer in the U.S.
(v) (business, trade, or a particular area) increasing and being very successful
(n) a quick increase of business activity(INCREASE IN BUSINESS)
(n) an increase in how popular or successful something is, or in how often it happens (WHEN SOMETHING IS POPULAR)
solely
* Scholarships are given solely on the basis of financial need.
* I shall hold you solely responsible for anything that goes wrong.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : -
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : sole
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : solely
The exhibition helped increase the visibility of women artists.
(n) the situation of being noticed by people in general
substitute
substitute something for something
The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.
………………………………………………………………………………….
a sugar substitute
a father substitute
✅ فعل ( verb ) : substitute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : substitute / substitution
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to use something new or different instead of something else
(n) a person or thing that you use instead of the one that you usually have, because the usual one is not available
(v) to use something new or different instead of something else
(n) a person or thing that you use instead of the one that you usually have, because the usual one is not available
جایگزین (کردن) یا تعویض کردن
- Drug abuse poses a major threat to the fabric of our society.
- The country’s social fabric is disintegrating.
the basic structure of a society, culture, activity, etc.
lease (on)
They took out a lease on a seven-acre field.
The landlord refused to renew his lease.
The 99-year lease expired in 1999.
Do you understand all the terms of the lease?
I’m interested in leasing your cottage.
lease something from somebody
They lease the site from the council.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
a new lease of life زندگی جدیدی
Historic buildings can have a new lease of life through conversion.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : lease
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : lease
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : leased
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
…………………………………………………………………………………….
TO PAY MONEY TO USE SOMETHING
1. rent to pay money to use a house, room, vehicle, piece of equipment, area of land etc
* He rented a room in a house on the Old Kent Road.
* They flew out to New York and rented a car at the airport.
2. hire British English to pay money to use a car or a piece of clothing or equipment for a short period of time
* Why don’t we hire a van for the day?
* You can hire suits for weddings.
3. lease to have a legal agreement under which you pay money to a person or company in order to use a building, area of land, vehicle, piece of equipment etc for a fixed period of time
* They leased the offices from an American company.
* The car is leased from BMW.
…………………………………………………………………………………
TO ALLOW SOMEBODY TO USE SOMETHING FOR MONEY
1. rent/rent something out to allow someone to use a house, room, vehicle, piece of equipment, area of land etc in return for money
* She rents the flat out to students.
2. let/let something out to allow someone to use a room, house, building etc in return for money
* Some people don’t want to let rooms to foreigners.
* They let the house out while they were on holiday.
3. lease/lease something out to make a legal agreement which allows a person or company to use something that you own for a fixed period of time
* Santa Clara ‘ s Redevelopment Agency leased the existing city golf course to developers.
(n, v) (to use) a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc for a period of time, in return for rent
(n) sth is changed or repaired so that it can continue
اجاره(کردن) یا (دادن) ، زندگی جدیدی
grave danger/concern/doubts/ problems/ situations/worries/consequences/mistake/risk/
threat
The situation is becoming very grave.
(adj) very bad or serious(problems, situations, or worries) جدی = serious => جاش استفاده کنیم
novel
novel idea/approach/method/way/ suggestion etc
surrounding
* He switched on the light and examined his surroundings.
* I need to work in pleasant surroundings.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : surround
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : surroundings / surround
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : surrounding
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
ease
ease the pain/stress/tension
He’ll give you something to ease the pain.
ease the pressure/burden/problem
This should ease the burden on busy teachers.
measures to ease congestion in the city
……………………………………………………………………………….
The agreement will ease the way for other countries to join the EU
alleviate= to make something less painful or difficult to deal with
alleviate the problem/situation/suffering etc
- a new medicine to alleviate the symptoms of flu
- measures to alleviate poverty
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : alleviation
(v) make (something unpleasant or intense) less serious or severe
(v) to make a process happen more easily=MAKE EASIER => خیلی رایج نیست
campaign for/against
launch/mount a campaign (=begin a campaign)
run/wage/conduct a campaign (=carry out a campaign)
pose
pose a threat/danger/risk/problem/difficulties/ challenge/dilemma
Officials claim the chemical poses no real threat.
pose something to/for somebody/something
* The events pose a challenge to the church’s leadership.
* Rising unemployment is posing serious problems for the administration.
menace
menace of =>It’s the only way to deal with the menace of drug dealing.
menace to => That man’s a menace to society. He should be locked away.
the growing menace of oil pollution at sea
a menace to society
……………………………………………………………………………………
The elephants are still menaced by poachers.
(n) something or someone that is dangerous = threat
(v) to threaten
poach
Poach the salmon in white wine and water.
……………………………………………………………………………….
Deer have been poached here for years.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : poach
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : poaching / poacher
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : poached
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(v) to gently cook food, especially fish, in a small amount of boiling water, milk etc
(v) to illegally catch or shoot animals, birds, or fish, especially on private land without permission
شکار کردن غیر قانونی ، پختن غذا در مایع
intimidate
intimidate somebody into doing something
* They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.
* Attempts to intimidate her failed.
…………………………………………………………………………
The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intimidate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intimidation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intimidated / intimidating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(v) to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want
(v) to make someone feel worried and not confident
syn= frighten, scare
nuisance
a real/awful/terrible etc nuisance
The dogs next door are a real nuisance.
public nuisance = an act that is illegal because it interferes with the rights of the public generally.
syn= annoyance, bother
(n) a person, thing, or situation that annoys you or causes problems
مزاحمت ، مزاحم
catastrophic
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : catastrophe فاجعه = a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, suffering, or death = disaster
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : catastrophic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : catastrophically
syn= disastrous, terrible
(adj) causing a lot of destruction, suffering, or death
(adj) extremely bad
مصیبت بار - فاجعه آمیز
grind to a halt به تدریج متوقف شدن
Traffic ground to a halt as it approached the accident site.
After two days the talks had ground to a halt.
(v) to stop gradually (vehicle, a country, organization, or process)
overseas
* Chris is going to work overseas.
* Most applications came from overseas.
* Many species of birds migrate overseas to find food during the winter.
………………………………………………………………………….
* overseas students/aid/travel
* overseas investment
curb
* measures to curb the spread of the virus
* In an effort to save the firm money, the executives were required to curb their expenses, especially when traveling.
* curbed their excesses
* curb tax evasion
* curb the growth
* curb its activities.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
curb on => We are trying to keep a curb on their activities.
(v) to control or limit something in order to prevent it from having a harmful effect = hold back
(n) an influence which helps to control or limit something
(مهار کردن(کنترل یا محدود کردن چیزی به منظور جلوگیری از تأثیر مضر آن
substance
- The leaves were covered with a strange sticky substance.
- dangerous/toxic/hazardous/poisonous etc substance
- harmful substances in the atmosphere
(n) a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas = MATERIAL
disposal
* safe/illegal disposal.
* waste disposal (=getting rid of unwanted materials or substances)
* refuse disposal formal (also rubbish disposal British English, garbage disposal American English) (=getting rid of things people throw out of houses, shops etc)
* sewage disposal (=getting rid of waste water and waste products from toilets etc)
……………………………………………………………………………….
* a disposal site (=place to put waste and rubbish)
* a disposal facilities
* a disposal problem
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dispose of
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : disposal
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disposable / disposed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
hazardous
hazardous ……..
hazardous to ……..
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : hazard
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : hazardous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : hazardously
(adj) dangerous, especially to people’s health or safety
penalty
Withdrawing the money early will result in a 10% penalty.
penalty for
The penalty for a first offense is a fine.
severe/stiff/heavy/tough/harsh penalty
Drug dealers face severe penalties.
If he is convicted, he could receive the death penalty (=be killed as a punishment).
a financial penalty
impose a penalty
face a penalty
✅ فعل ( verb ) : penalize = to punish someone or treat them unfairly جریمه و مجازات کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : penalty
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : penalty
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(n) a punishment for breaking a law, rule, or legal agreement
**
encounter difficulties/problems/opposition/resistance
various-several-some-multiple-quite a few
many-numerous-a significant number of-multiple
abundant- a significant amount of-a great deal
difference = contrast = distinction
vary = differe = contrast
