general Flashcards
(v) to become gradually damaged, worse, or less; to cause something to do this
(n) damage, or a state that becomes gradually worse
پوسیده یا فاسد کردن، خراب کردن، رو به زوال یا افول رفتن - پوسیدگی یا فساد، خرابی، زوال یا افول
decay
Sugar makes your teeth decay.
The role of the extended family has been decaying for some time.
Pollution has decayed the surface of the stonework on the front of the cathedral.
the smell of decaying meat
………………………………………………………………
environmental/industrial/moral/urban/social decay
dental/tooth decay
The buildings had started to fall into decay.
This industry has been in decay for some time.
There’s still too much crime, poverty, and decay in the neighborhood.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : decay
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : decay / decadence = a state of low moral standards and behaviour in a society; social decay فساد اخلاقی،انحطاط و ابتذال
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : decadent فاسد از نظر اخلاقی،منحط و مبتذل / decayed / decaying
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
decay
Sugar makes your teeth decay.
The role of the extended family has been decaying for some time.
Pollution has decayed the surface of the stonework on the front of the cathedral.
the smell of decaying meat
………………………………………………………………
environmental/industrial/moral/urban/social decay
dental/tooth decay
The buildings had started to fall into decay.
This industry has been in decay for some time.
There’s still too much crime, poverty, and decay in the neighborhood.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : decay
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : decay / decadence = a state of low moral standards and behaviour in a society; social decay فساد اخلاقی،انحطاط و ابتذال
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : decadent فاسد از نظر اخلاقی،منحط و مبتذل / decayed / decaying
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to become gradually damaged, worse, or less; to cause something to do this
(n) damage, or a state that becomes gradually worse
پوسیده یا فاسد کردن، خراب کردن، رو به زوال یا افول رفتن - پوسیدگی یا فساد، خرابی، زوال یا افول
(v) to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed (Keep in original state, prevent decay)
حفظ کردن، نگهداری کردن
preserve
to preserve the environment
We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities.
The agreement preserved our right to limit trade in endangered species.
Putting varnish on wood is a way of preserving it.
I need to get out of the house from time to time just to preserve (= prevent me from losing) my sanity.
preserved fruit/food
oranges preserved in brandy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : preserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : preservation / preserve / preservative نگهدارنده/ preserver
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : preservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
preserve
to preserve the environment
We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities.
The agreement preserved our right to limit trade in endangered species.
Putting varnish on wood is a way of preserving it.
I need to get out of the house from time to time just to preserve (= prevent me from losing) my sanity.
preserved fruit/food
oranges preserved in brandy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : preserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : preservation / preserve / preservative نگهدارنده/ preserver
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : preservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed (Keep in original state, prevent decay)
حفظ کردن، نگهداری کردن
(v) to keep and protect (something, especially something of environmental or cultural importance) from damage, change, or waste (Use resources wisely to avoid waste (e.g., conserving water)
حفاظت کردن
conserve
In order to conserve fuel, they put in extra insulation.
“the funds raised will help conserve endangered meadowlands”
To conserve electricity, we are cutting down on our heating.
The nationalists are very eager to conserve their customs and language.
He rested all morning, conserving his strength/energy for the competition in the afternoon.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : conserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conservation / conservancy / conserve / conservatory / conservator / conservative / conservatism / conservationist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conservatively
conserve
In order to conserve fuel, they put in extra insulation.
“the funds raised will help conserve endangered meadowlands”
To conserve electricity, we are cutting down on our heating.
The nationalists are very eager to conserve their customs and language.
He rested all morning, conserving his strength/energy for the competition in the afternoon.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : conserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conservation / conservancy / conserve / conservatory / conservator / conservative / conservatism / conservationist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conservatively
(v) to keep and protect (something, especially something of environmental or cultural importance) from damage, change, or waste (Use resources wisely to avoid waste (e.g., conserving water)
حفاظت کردن
(v) (of a plan or idea) not certain or agreed, or (of a suggestion or action) said or done in a careful but uncertain way because you do not know if you are right (not certain or fixed; provisional.)
قطعی نشده
tentative
I have tentative plans to take a trip to Seattle in July.
“a tentative conclusion”
We have tentative plans to go to Hawaii in February.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tentativeness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tentative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : tentatively
= provisional, uncertain
tentative
I have tentative plans to take a trip to Seattle in July.
“a tentative conclusion”
We have tentative plans to go to Hawaii in February.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tentativeness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tentative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : tentatively
(v) (of a plan or idea) not certain or agreed, or (of a suggestion or action) said or done in a careful but uncertain way because you do not know if you are right (not certain or fixed; provisional.)
قطعی نشده
(v) to be connected with something, or to show that something is connected with something else= CONNECT
(v) to tell a story or describe a series of events
(v) to be able to understand a situation or someone’s feelings because you have experienced something similar yourself
مرتبط کردن یا ربط دادن - بازگو کردن/گفتن - ارتباط برقرار کردن
relate
We need to explain why these issues are important and relate them to everyday life.
Archaeologists hope to relate the discovery with the arrival of Vikings in the area in the tenth century.
equations that relate variables of pressure, volume, and temperature
………………………………………………………………
She related the events of the previous week to the police.
She related that she had been approached by an employee asking for time off.
He relates how at the age of 23 he was interned in a prison camp.
………………………………………………………………
I often wake very early - I’m sure most readers over 50 can relate.
= connect (with),associate (with),link (with)
relate
We need to explain why these issues are important and relate them to everyday life.
Archaeologists hope to relate the discovery with the arrival of Vikings in the area in the tenth century.
equations that relate variables of pressure, volume, and temperature
………………………………………………………………
She related the events of the previous week to the police.
She related that she had been approached by an employee asking for time off.
He relates how at the age of 23 he was interned in a prison camp.
………………………………………………………………
I often wake very early - I’m sure most readers over 50 can relate.
(v) to be connected with something, or to show that something is connected with something else= CONNECT
(v) to tell a story or describe a series of events
(v) to be able to understand a situation or someone’s feelings because you have experienced something similar yourself
مرتبط کردن یا ربط دادن - بازگو کردن/گفتن - ارتباط برقرار کردن
(v) to be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic or effect
متمایل بودن به ، تمایل داشتن ، غالبا یا طبیعتا بگونه اى بودن یا کارى انج
tend
“written language tends to be formal”
We tend to get cold winters and warm, dry summers in this part of the country.
We tend to eat at home.
Children tend to be like their parents.
فعل ( verb ) : tend
اسم ( noun ) : tendency / tendentiousness
صفت ( adjective ) : tendentious= (of speech or writing) expressing or supporting a particular opinion that many other people disagree with
قید ( adverb ) : tendentiously
= to be likely, be inclined,be apt
tend
“written language tends to be formal”
We tend to get cold winters and warm, dry summers in this part of the country.
We tend to eat at home.
Children tend to be like their parents.
فعل ( verb ) : tend
اسم ( noun ) : tendency / tendentiousness
صفت ( adjective ) : tendentious= (of speech or writing) expressing or supporting a particular opinion that many other people disagree with
قید ( adverb ) : tendentiously
(v) to be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic or effect
متمایل بودن به ، تمایل داشتن ، غالبا یا طبیعتا بگونه اى بودن یا کارى انج
to be likely to do something or behave in a particular way (you’re likely to do something, you’re leaning toward doing it, or you do it habitually)
(adj) likely or wanting to do something:
(adj) to have an opinion about something, but not a strong opinion
(adj) having natural artistic, technical, etc. ability
مایل ( به انجام کاری ) متمایل ( به انجام کاری ) - مایل و متمایل به داشتن نظر در مورد چیزی، اما نه یک نظر قوی- مستعد ( انجام کاری ) با استعداد ( در انجام کاری)
(adj) مایل، متمایل، راغب/مستعد/شیب دار، اریب
be inclined to
Tom is inclined to be lazy.
No one seemed inclined to help.
……………………………………………
be inclined to agree, believe, think, etc.
He was inclined to agree with them.
She was inclined to believe that he was telling the truth.
………………………………………………………………
She’s very bright, but she’s not academically inclined.
My sister was always artistically inclined.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : incline
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inclination
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inclined
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
be inclined to
Tom is inclined to be lazy.
No one seemed inclined to help.
……………………………………………
be inclined to agree, believe, think, etc.
He was inclined to agree with them.
She was inclined to believe that he was telling the truth.
………………………………………………………………
She’s very bright, but she’s not academically inclined.
My sister was always artistically inclined.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : incline
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inclination
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inclined
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
to be likely to do something or behave in a particular way (you’re likely to do something, you’re leaning toward doing it, or you do it habitually)
(adj) likely or wanting to do something:
(adj) to have an opinion about something, but not a strong opinion
(adj) having natural artistic, technical, etc. ability
مایل ( به انجام کاری ) متمایل ( به انجام کاری ) - مایل و متمایل به داشتن نظر در مورد چیزی، اما نه یک نظر قوی- مستعد ( انجام کاری ) با استعداد ( در انجام کاری)
(adj) مایل، متمایل، راغب/مستعد/شیب دار، اریب
(adj) suitable or right for a particular situation
(adj) likely; to be likely to do something or to often do something
(adj) having a natural ability or skill (quick to learn.)
مناسب. بجا. به موقع - مستعد. اماده. قابل - با استعداد. تیزهوش
apt
an apt comment/description
“Unusual”, yes, that’s a very apt description.
“the theme could not be more apt”
……………………………………..
be apt to do something/be apt to be something
The kitchen roof is apt to (= likely to) leak when it rains.
She’s in her eighties now and apt to be a little forgetful.
You’re apt to use things more if they’re within easy reach.
When animals are stressed, they are apt to get sick.
He is apt to be irritable when people ask him why he isn’t more cheerful.
………………………………………………
We have some particularly apt students in the class this year.
“she proved an apt pupil”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aptness / aptitude= natural ability or skill
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : apt
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : aptly
apt
an apt comment/description
“Unusual”, yes, that’s a very apt description.
“the theme could not be more apt”
……………………………………..
be apt to do something/be apt to be something
The kitchen roof is apt to (= likely to) leak when it rains.
She’s in her eighties now and apt to be a little forgetful.
You’re apt to use things more if they’re within easy reach.
When animals are stressed, they are apt to get sick.
He is apt to be irritable when people ask him why he isn’t more cheerful.
………………………………………………
We have some particularly apt students in the class this year.
“she proved an apt pupil”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aptness / aptitude= natural ability or skill
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : apt
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : aptly
(adj) suitable or right for a particular situation
(adj) likely; to be likely to do something or to often do something
(adj) having a natural ability or skill (quick to learn.)
مناسب. بجا. به موقع - مستعد. اماده. قابل - با استعداد. تیزهوش
(v) to use a law in order to achieve something, or to mention something in order to explain something or to support your opinion or action
(v) to request help from someone, especially a god, when you want to improve a situation
(v) to make someone have a particular feeling or remember something = evoke
استناد کردن ( به یک قانون، قضیه، مقاله، مثال و. . . برای نشون دادن درستی چیزی یا دلیل برای انجام کاری ) - توسل کردن، متوسل شدن - تداعی کردن، به یاد چیزی انداختن
invoke
Police can invoke the law to regulate access to these places.
“the antiquated defence of insanity is rarely invoked in England”
Rather than answer the question, the witness invoked the Fifth Amendment against incriminating himself.
…………………..
Their sacred dance is performed to invoke ancient gods.
………………………………………………………………….
His name was invoked as a symbol of the revolution.
The opening paragraph invokes a vision of England in the early Middle Ages.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : invoke
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : invocation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
invoke
Police can invoke the law to regulate access to these places.
“the antiquated defence of insanity is rarely invoked in England”
Rather than answer the question, the witness invoked the Fifth Amendment against incriminating himself.
…………………..
Their sacred dance is performed to invoke ancient gods.
………………………………………………………………….
His name was invoked as a symbol of the revolution.
The opening paragraph invokes a vision of England in the early Middle Ages.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : invoke
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : invocation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to use a law in order to achieve something, or to mention something in order to explain something or to support your opinion or action
(v) to request help from someone, especially a god, when you want to improve a situation
(v) to make someone have a particular feeling or remember something = evoke
استناد کردن ( به یک قانون، قضیه، مقاله، مثال و. . . برای نشون دادن درستی چیزی یا دلیل برای انجام کاری ) - توسل کردن، متوسل شدن - تداعی کردن، به یاد چیزی انداختن
(adj) hard to understand due to insufficient detail
مبهم
vague
“many patients suffer vague symptoms”
I do have a vague memory of meeting her many years ago.
The patient had complained of vague pains and backache.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vagueness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vague
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vaguely
vague
“many patients suffer vague symptoms”
I do have a vague memory of meeting her many years ago.
The patient had complained of vague pains and backache.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vagueness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vague
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vaguely
(adj) hard to understand due to insufficient detail
مبهم
(v) to come or arrange for a group of people to come together for an official meeting
تشکیل جلسه دادن
convene
The prime minister convened (a meeting of) his cabinet to discuss the matter.
The council will be convening on the morning of the 25th.
“he had convened a secret meeting of military personnel”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : convene
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : convention / conventionality / conventioneer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conventional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conventionally
………………………………..
convention
1- a large formal meeting of people who do a particular job or have a similar interest, or a large meeting for a political party کنوانسیون، نشست، مجمع
* the national Democratic convention
* Where are they holding their party convention?
* She addressed hundreds of attendees at the International Reading Association’s annual convention.
2-a formal agreement between country leaders, politicians, and states on a matter that involves them all توافقنامه، پیمان
* the Geneva Convention
* The decision is not compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights.
3- a usual or accepted way of behaving, especially in social situations, often following an old way of thinking or a custom in one particular society
* They defied/flouted/broke with convention by giving up their jobs and becoming self-sufficient. آداب و رسوم، عرف، رسم
* Convention dictates that it is the man who asks the woman to marry him and not the other way round.
* In many countries it is the/a convention to wear black at funerals.
convene
The prime minister convened (a meeting of) his cabinet to discuss the matter.
The council will be convening on the morning of the 25th.
“he had convened a secret meeting of military personnel”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : convene
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : convention / conventionality / conventioneer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conventional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conventionally
………………………………..
convention
1- a large formal meeting of people who do a particular job or have a similar interest, or a large meeting for a political party کنوانسیون، نشست، مجمع
* the national Democratic convention
* Where are they holding their party convention?
* She addressed hundreds of attendees at the International Reading Association’s annual convention.
2-a formal agreement between country leaders, politicians, and states on a matter that involves them all توافقنامه، پیمان
* the Geneva Convention
* The decision is not compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights.
3- a usual or accepted way of behaving, especially in social situations, often following an old way of thinking or a custom in one particular society
* They defied/flouted/broke with convention by giving up their jobs and becoming self-sufficient. آداب و رسوم، عرف، رسم
* Convention dictates that it is the man who asks the woman to marry him and not the other way round.
* In many countries it is the/a convention to wear black at funerals.
(v) to come or arrange for a group of people to come together for an official meeting
تشکیل جلسه دادن
(n) the process by which characteristics are given from a parent to their child through the genes
وراثت
heredity
Diet and exercise can influence a person’s weight, but heredity is also a factor.
“the relative influence of heredity and environment”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : heredity / hereditament= a piece of property that can be left to someone after its owner has died
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : hereditary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : hereditraily
= congenital characteristics,congenital traits
heredity
Diet and exercise can influence a person’s weight, but heredity is also a factor.
“the relative influence of heredity and environment”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : heredity / hereditament= a piece of property that can be left to someone after its owner has died
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : hereditary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : hereditraily
(n) the process by which characteristics are given from a parent to their child through the genes
وراثت
(adj) existing at or from birth (a trait or a disease or physical abnormality) = inborn
مادرزادی
congenital
“a congenital liar”
“a congenital malformation of the heart”
a congenital abnormality/disease/defect
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : _
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : congenital
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : congenitally
= inborn,inherited,hereditary, innate
congenital
“a congenital liar”
“a congenital malformation of the heart”
a congenital abnormality/disease/defect
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : _
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : congenital
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : congenitally
(adj) existing at or from birth (a trait or a disease or physical abnormality) = inborn
مادرزادی
(adj) used to refer to a mental or physical characteristic that someone has from birth = innate
مادر زادی و ذاتی
inborn
Apparently some people have an inborn tendency to develop certain kinds of tumour.
She seems to have an inborn talent for physics.
= innate,congenital
inborn
Apparently some people have an inborn tendency to develop certain kinds of tumour.
She seems to have an inborn talent for physics.
(adj) used to refer to a mental or physical characteristic that someone has from birth =innate
مادر زادی و ذاتی
(of a quality) which you are born with, or which is present naturally = inborn
مادر زادی و ذاتی
innate
Cyril’s most impressive quality was his innate goodness.
“her innate capacity for organization”
Her dance expresses the innate beauty of the human spirit.
innate
Cyril’s most impressive quality was his innate goodness.
“her innate capacity for organization”
Her dance expresses the innate beauty of the human spirit.
(of a quality) which you are born with, or which is present naturally = inborn
مادر زادی و ذاتی
(adj) (of facts, proof, or arguments) proving that something is true, or ending any doubt or uncertainty about a situation
قطعی و قانع کننده
conclusive
They had conclusive evidence/proof of her guilt.
a conclusive argument
“the findings were by no means conclusive
فعل ( verb ) : conclude
اسم ( noun ) : conclusion
صفت ( adjective ) : conclusive / concluding
قید ( adverb ) : conclusively
………………………………………..
conclude
1- to end a speech, meeting, or piece of writing جمع بندی یا پایان دادن به یک مقاله، سخنرانی و. . .
* She concluded the speech by reminding us of our responsibility.
* Before I conclude, I’d like to thank you all for coming.
* The concert concluded with a rousing chorus.
2- to judge or decide something after thinking carefully about it قضاوت و نتیجه گیری کردن
The jury concluded from the evidence that the defendant was innocent.
The discussions continued late into the night, but nothing was concluded.
conclusive
They had conclusive evidence/proof of her guilt.
a conclusive argument
“the findings were by no means conclusive
فعل ( verb ) : conclude
اسم ( noun ) : conclusion
صفت ( adjective ) : conclusive / concluding
قید ( adverb ) : conclusively
………………………………………..
conclude
1- to end a speech, meeting, or piece of writing جمع بندی یا پایان دادن به یک مقاله، سخنرانی و. . .
* She concluded the speech by reminding us of our responsibility.
* Before I conclude, I’d like to thank you all for coming.
* The concert concluded with a rousing chorus.
2- to judge or decide something after thinking carefully about it قضاوت و نتیجه گیری کردن
The jury concluded from the evidence that the defendant was innocent.
The discussions continued late into the night, but nothing was concluded.
(adj) (of facts, proof, or arguments) proving that something is true, or ending any doubt or uncertainty about a situation
قطعی و قانع کننده
(n) a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment
(n) a surface with devices that a person uses to control or get information about the operation of one or more machines
گروه، هیئت - بورد کنترل
panel
The competition will be judged by a panel of experts.
A panel of experts was formed to look into the causes of the fire.
………………………………………………………………….
The car’s instrument panel has buttons that give off a little blue-green light at night.
a control/instrument panel
panel
The competition will be judged by a panel of experts.
A panel of experts was formed to look into the causes of the fire.
………………………………………………………………….
The car’s instrument panel has buttons that give off a little blue-green light at night.
a control/instrument panel
(n) a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment
(n) a surface with devices that a person uses to control or get information about the operation of one or more machines
گروه، هیئت - بورد کنترل
(adj) of or relating to punishment given by law
کیفری. جزایی
penal
Many people believe that execution has no place in the penal system of a civilized society.
He had been in and out of penal institutions (= prison) from the age of 16
penal
Many people believe that execution has no place in the penal system of a civilized society.
He had been in and out of penal institutions (= prison) from the age of 16
the penal system
(adj) of or relating to punishment given by law
کیفری. جزایی
(adj) holding tightly onto something, or keeping an opinion in a determined way
(adj) unwilling to accept defeat or stop doing or having something
سرسخت
tenacious
The baby took my finger in its tenacious little fist.
There has been tenacious local opposition to the new airport.
…………………….
Seles is a tenacious opponent – she never gives in.
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : tenacity= the determination to continue what you are doing سرسختی و عزم و اراده
صفت ( adjective ) : tenacious
قید ( adverb ) : tenaciously
tenacious
The baby took my finger in its tenacious little fist.
There has been tenacious local opposition to the new airport.
…………………….
Seles is a tenacious opponent – she never gives in.
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : tenacity= the determination to continue what you are doing سرسختی و عزم و اراده
صفت ( adjective ) : tenacious
قید ( adverb ) : tenaciously
(adj) holding tightly onto something, or keeping an opinion in a determined way
(adj) unwilling to accept defeat or stop doing or having something
سرسخت
(proposition and idiom) in combination with, together with, in addition to, alongside
همراه با یا علاوه بر
in conjunction with
“herbal medicine was used in conjunction with acupuncture and massage”
The concert will be held in conjunction with the festival.
The medicine is typically used in conjunction with other treatments.
in conjunction with a strong longitudinal electric field component, a natural acceleration channel has been demonstrated to exist for a laser beam in a vacuum
in conjunction with
“herbal medicine was used in conjunction with acupuncture and massage”
The concert will be held in conjunction with the festival.
The medicine is typically used in conjunction with other treatments.
in conjunction with a strong longitudinal electric field component, a natural acceleration channel has been demonstrated to exist for a laser beam in a vacuum
(proposition and idiom) in combination with, together with, in addition to, alongside
همراه با یا علاوه بر
(adj) rough and not smooth or soft
(adj) rude or offensive in manner or speech
زبر و زمخت - توهین امیز و بی ادبانه
coarse
a coarse woollen cloth
………………
a coarse joke
coarse language
Now and then coarse laughter broke out.
فعل ( verb ) : -
اسم ( noun ) : coarseness
صفت ( adjective ) : coarse
قید ( adverb ) : coarsely
coarse
a coarse woollen cloth
………………
a coarse joke
coarse language
Now and then coarse laughter broke out.
فعل ( verb ) : -
اسم ( noun ) : coarseness
صفت ( adjective ) : coarse
قید ( adverb ) : coarsely
(adj) rough and not smooth or soft
(adj) rude or offensive in manner or speech
زبر و زمخت - توهین امیز و بی ادبانه
(v) to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else
(n) someone who is closely connected to another person as a companion, friend, or business partner
(adj) connected with an organization or business.
مرتبط دانستن - دوست یا همکار - وابسته یا معاون
Associate
associate sth with
Most people associate this brand with good quality.
“I associated wealth with freedom”
Both politicians have been closely associated with the movement for some time.
He has been associated with some dubious characters.
……………………………
“a close associate of the Minister”
A close associate of the author denied reports that she had cancer.
Mr. Shelton had a meeting that afternoon with a business associate.
……………………………………………..
“an associate company”
an associate member of an organization
associate director/producer
فعل ( verb ) : associate
اسم ( noun ) : association
صفت ( adjective ) : associated = connected= related=linked مرتبط
قید ( adverb ) : -
She was prepared to take on the job, with all its associated risks.
…………………………………………………
association
1- a group of people who work together in a single organization for a particular purpose انجمن - اتحادیه
* The Football Association
* The British Medical Association is/are campaigning for a complete ban on tobacco advertising.
2- the fact of being involved with or connected to someone or something: ارتباط _رابطه
her association with the university
This event was organized in association with a local school.
“he developed a close association with the university”
Associate
associate sth with
Most people associate this brand with good quality.
“I associated wealth with freedom”
Both politicians have been closely associated with the movement for some time.
He has been associated with some dubious characters.
……………………………
“a close associate of the Minister”
A close associate of the author denied reports that she had cancer.
Mr. Shelton had a meeting that afternoon with a business associate.
……………………………………………..
“an associate company”
an associate member of an organization
associate director/producer
فعل ( verb ) : associate
اسم ( noun ) : association
صفت ( adjective ) : associated = connected= related=linked مرتبط
قید ( adverb ) : -
She was prepared to take on the job, with all its associated risks.
…………………………………………………
association
1- a group of people who work together in a single organization for a particular purpose انجمن - اتحادیه
* The Football Association
* The British Medical Association is/are campaigning for a complete ban on tobacco advertising.
2- the fact of being involved with or connected to someone or something: ارتباط _رابطه
her association with the university
This event was organized in association with a local school.
“he developed a close association with the university”
(v) to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else
(n) someone who is closely connected to another person as a companion, friend, or business partner
(adj) connected with an organization or business.
مرتبط دانستن - دوست یا همکار - وابسته یا معاون
(v) to correct something or make something right
تصحیح کردن.اصلاح کردن. درست کردن اشتباه، خطا، موقعیت
rectify
am determined to take whatever action is necessary to rectify the situation.
Every effort is made to rectify any errors/mistakes before the book is printed.
“mistakes made now cannot be rectified later”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : rectify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rectification
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rectifying / rectifiable / rectified
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
= correct, make right
rectify
am determined to take whatever action is necessary to rectify the situation.
Every effort is made to rectify any errors/mistakes before the book is printed.
“mistakes made now cannot be rectified later”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : rectify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rectification
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rectifying / rectifiable / rectified
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(v) to correct something or make something right
تصحیح کردن.اصلاح کردن. درست کردن اشتباه، خطا، موقعیت
(adj) expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time
(phrase, adjective) because
(adj) owed as a debt or as a right
1 - قرار است که، انتظار میرود که
2- به دلیل و ناشی از چیزی بودن
3- به عنوان بدهی یا حق
sth be due = باید پرداخت شود چون موعدشه، موعد
sb be due = طلبکار بودن
be due to sb= بدهکار و مدیون کسی بودن
be due for something = مستحق چیزی بودن
due
be due (to verb)
What time is the next bus due?
The package is due to arrive tomorrow.
The next meeting is due to be held in three months’ time.
in due course= at a suitable time in the future در زمان مناسب
You will receive notification of the results in due course.
………………………………………………………………..
be due to something
A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.
The bus was delayed due to heavy snow.
Regrettably, the service has been dropped due to lack of funding
………………………………………………………..
be due
The rent is due (= should be paid) at the end of the month.
When is the next payment due?
be due to someone
Our thanks are due to everyone.
£50 is due me from the people I worked for last month.
UK He was found to have been driving without due (= the necessary) care and attention.
be due for something = to expect, need, or have the right to have something:
I’m due for a promotion soon.
due
be due (to verb)
What time is the next bus due?
The package is due to arrive tomorrow.
The next meeting is due to be held in three months’ time.
in due course= at a suitable time in the future در زمان مناسب
You will receive notification of the results in due course.
………………………………………………………………..
be due to something
A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.
The bus was delayed due to heavy snow.
Regrettably, the service has been dropped due to lack of funding
………………………………………………………..
be due
The rent is due (= should be paid) at the end of the month.
When is the next payment due?
be due to someone
Our thanks are due to everyone.
£50 is due me from the people I worked for last month.
UK He was found to have been driving without due (= the necessary) care and attention.
be due for something = to expect, need, or have the right to have something:
I’m due for a promotion soon.
(adj) expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time
(phrase, adjective) because
(adj) owed as a debt or as a right
1 - قرار است که، انتظار میرود که
2- به دلیل و ناشی از چیزی بودن
3- به عنوان بدهی یا حق
sth be due = باید پرداخت شود چون موعدشه، موعد
sb be due = طلبکار بودن
be due to sb= بدهکار و مدیون کسی بودن
be due for something = مستحق چیزی بودن
(adj) coming or likely to happen very soon
حتمی، قریب الوقوع
imminent
imminent disaster/danger
A strike is imminent.
“they were in imminent danger of being swept away”
A rain storm was imminent.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : imminence = the state of being likely to happen very soon, or coming very soon قریب الوقوعی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : imminent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : imminently
imminent
imminent disaster/danger
A strike is imminent.
“they were in imminent danger of being swept away”
A rain storm was imminent.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : imminence = the state of being likely to happen very soon, or coming very soon قریب الوقوعی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : imminent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : imminently
(adj) coming or likely to happen very soon
حتمی، قریب الوقوع
(n,adj) total
(v) to combine into a single group or total
مجموع - مجموع - جمع و جمع آوری کردن
aggregate
aggregate of
They purchased an aggregate of 3,000 shares in the company.
Snowflakes are loose aggregates of ice crystals.
on aggregate در مجموع(فقط ورزش)
Arsenal lost the second game, but got through to the final on aggregate.
After 90 minutes it was 2-2 on aggregate.
……………………………
The seven companies have an The company aggregate turnover of £5.2 million.
“the aggregate amount of grants made”
aggregate profit
………………………………………
The company aggregates news and information from a number of sources on its website.
“socio-occupational groups aggregate men sharing similar kinds of occupation”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggregate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggregate / aggregation / aggregator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggregate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
aggregate
aggregate of
They purchased an aggregate of 3,000 shares in the company.
Snowflakes are loose aggregates of ice crystals.
on aggregate در مجموع(فقط ورزش)
Arsenal lost the second game, but got through to the final on aggregate.
After 90 minutes it was 2-2 on aggregate.
……………………………
The seven companies have an The company aggregate turnover of £5.2 million.
“the aggregate amount of grants made”
aggregate profit
………………………………………
The company aggregates news and information from a number of sources on its website.
“socio-occupational groups aggregate men sharing similar kinds of occupation”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggregate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggregate / aggregation / aggregator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggregate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n,adj) total
(v) to combine into a single group or total
مجموع - مجموع - جمع و جمع آوری کردن
(v) to control an activity or process by rules or a system
(v) to adjust something to a desired level or standard
کنترل و قانونمند کردن - تنظیم کردن
regulate
A computer system regulates production.
Their parents regulate how much TV the children can watch.
“the Code regulates the takeovers of all public companies”
…………………………………………..
As a diabetic, she regulates her sugar intake carefully.
“a hormone which regulates metabolism”
“the standard time by which other clocks were regulated”
You can regulate the temperature in the house by adjusting the thermostat.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : regulate / regularize= to change a situation or system so that it obeys laws or is based on reason نظم بخشیدن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : regulation مقررات/ regulator / regularity / regularization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : regulatory / regulation = according to the rules or the usual way of doing things / regular
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : regularly
regulate
A computer system regulates production.
Their parents regulate how much TV the children can watch.
“the Code regulates the takeovers of all public companies”
…………………………………………..
As a diabetic, she regulates her sugar intake carefully.
“a hormone which regulates metabolism”
“the standard time by which other clocks were regulated”
You can regulate the temperature in the house by adjusting the thermostat.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : regulate / regularize= to change a situation or system so that it obeys laws or is based on reason نظم بخشیدن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : regulation مقررات/ regulator / regularity / regularization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : regulatory / regulation = according to the rules or the usual way of doing things / regular
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : regularly
(v) to control an activity or process by rules or a system
(v) to adjust something to a desired level or standard
کنترل و قانونمند کردن - تنظیم کردن
مجرای فاضلاب
………………………………………………
فاضلاب_گنداب (چه محتویات و چه سیستم)
sewer
a sewer pipe
A complicated system of sewers runs under the city.
The county is putting in new sewers.
…………………….
Sewerage or sewage
Some cities in the world do not have proper facilities for the disposal of sewage.
Raw/untreated sewage is being pumped into the sea, from where it pollutes our beaches.
The storm caused raw sewage to flow into the bay.
“a proper sewerage system”
“sewage treatment”
sewer
a sewer pipe
A complicated system of sewers runs under the city.
The county is putting in new sewers.
…………………….
Sewerage or sewage
Some cities in the world do not have proper facilities for the disposal of sewage.
Raw/untreated sewage is being pumped into the sea, from where it pollutes our beaches.
The storm caused raw sewage to flow into the bay.
“a proper sewerage system”
“sewage treatment”
مجرای فاضلاب
………………………………………………
فاضلاب_گنداب (چه محتویات و چه سیستم)
(v) to collect a large number of things over a long period of time
(v) to gradually increase in number or amount
انباشتن، اندوختن - جمع شدن انباشته شدن
accumulate
As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes.
The company said the debt was accumulated during its acquisition of nine individual businesses.
We’ve accumulated so much rubbish over the years.
………………………………………………….
A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room.
If you don’t go through the papers on your desk on a regular basis, they just keep on accumulating.
فعل ( verb ) : accumulate
اسم ( noun ) : accumulation
صفت ( adjective ) : accumulative
قید ( adverb ) : _
accumulate
As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes.
The company said the debt was accumulated during its acquisition of nine individual businesses.
We’ve accumulated so much rubbish over the years.
………………………………………………….
A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room.
If you don’t go through the papers on your desk on a regular basis, they just keep on accumulating.
فعل ( verb ) : accumulate
اسم ( noun ) : accumulation
صفت ( adjective ) : accumulative
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to collect a large number of things over a long period of time
(v) to gradually increase in number or amount
انباشتن، اندوختن - جمع شدن انباشته شدن
دام و احشام
Cattle [ plural ]= a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk or meat
livestock[ plural ]= animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens
Cattle [ plural ]= a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk or meat
livestock[ plural ]= animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens
دام و احشام
(v) to take responsibility for and begin doing something = take on
(v) to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficult
(v) to promise that you will do something
بعهده گرفتن - انجام دادن، شروع به انجام کاری کردن - قول دادن و متعهد شدن
undertake
The president directed the Department of Justice to undertake an investigation of the allegations.
I undertook to help him learn English.
“a firm of builders undertook the construction work”
……………………………………………………………………….
Students are required to undertake simple experiments.
The agency undertook the survey in January 2004
This is one of the largest aid projects ever undertaken.
………………………………
She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved.
The government undertook that the buildings would not be redeveloped.
undertake
The president directed the Department of Justice to undertake an investigation of the allegations.
I undertook to help him learn English.
“a firm of builders undertook the construction work”
……………………………………………………….
Students are required to undertake simple experiments.
The agency undertook the survey in January 2004
This is one of the largest aid projects ever undertaken.
………………………………
She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved.
The government undertook that the buildings would not be redeveloped.
(v) to take responsibility for and begin doing something = take on
(v) to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficult
(v) to promise that you will do something
بعهده گرفتن - انجام دادن، شروع به انجام کاری کردن - قول دادن و متعهد شدن
(n) the particular things that a person prefers, believes, thinks, or usually does
(n) training or preparation for a new job or activity
(n) arrangement or direction (the position of something in relation to its surroundings)
گرایش ، عقیده ، الگوی فکری- معارفه (مراسم اموزش و اشنا سازی برای ورود به یک شغل یک فعالیت) - جهت گیری
orientation
We employ people without regard to their political orientation
He is not legally required to disclose his orientation to his employer.
……………………………………………….
The department has arranged an orientation session.
“studies of locational awareness and orientation in young children”
……………………………………………..
The building has an east-west orientation (= it is built on a line between east and west).
“using the orientation of a building to capture energy from the sun”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : orient / orientate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : orientation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : oriented / orientated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………..
orient
1-(v) to discover the position of yourself in relation to your surroundingsتعیین جهت کردن
After she came out of the station, she paused to orient herself.
2-(v) to make someone familiar with a new place آشنا کردن
Incoming freshmen have advisers to help orient them to the university.
……………………………………………
orientatemainly UK
to aim something at someone or something, or to make something suitable for a particular group of people
* orientate sth toward(s) sb/sth
* It is essential that our business should orientate itself towards our key customers.
………………………………………………..
**-orientated and -oriented **
. . . محور
family-oriented
orientation
We employ people without regard to their political orientation
He is not legally required to disclose his orientation to his employer.
……………………………………………….
The department has arranged an orientation session.
“studies of locational awareness and orientation in young children”
……………………………………………..
The building has an east-west orientation (= it is built on a line between east and west).
“using the orientation of a building to capture energy from the sun”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : orient / orientate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : orientation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : oriented / orientated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………..
orient
1-(v) to discover the position of yourself in relation to your surroundingsتعیین جهت کردن
After she came out of the station, she paused to orient herself.
2-(v) to make someone familiar with a new place آشنا کردن
Incoming freshmen have advisers to help orient them to the university.
……………………………………………
orientatemainly UK
to aim something at someone or something, or to make something suitable for a particular group of people
* orientate sth toward(s) sb/sth
* It is essential that our business should orientate itself towards our key customers.
………………………………………………..
**-orientated and -oriented **
. . . محور
family-oriented
(n) the particular things that a person prefers, believes, thinks, or usually does
(n) training or preparation for a new job or activity
(n) arrangement or direction (the position of something in relation to its surroundings)
گرایش ، عقیده ، الگوی فکری- معارفه (مراسم اموزش و اشنا سازی برای ورود به یک شغل یک فعالیت) - جهت گیری
(adj) based on random choice or personal desire or idea, rather than any reason or system.
اتفاقی یا اختیاری برپایه ترجیح فردی
arbitrary
Her outfit was an arbitrary choice but was just perfect.
Did you have a reason for choosing your destination or was it arbitrary?
That percentages of air being used add up to one unit of air is purely arbitrary.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : arbitrariness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : arbitrary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : arbitrarily
arbitrary
Her outfit was an arbitrary choice but was just perfect.
Did you have a reason for choosing your destination or was it arbitrary?
That percentages of air being used add up to one unit of air is purely arbitrary.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : arbitrariness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : arbitrary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : arbitrarily
(adj) based on random choice or personal desire or idea, rather than any reason or system.
اتفاقی یا اختیاری برپایه ترجیح فردی
(v) to find out sth=discover
(v) to make certain of something
فهمیدن و کشف کردن - اطمینان حاصل کردن
ascertain
The police have so far been unable to ascertain the cause of the explosion.
“an attempt to ascertain the cause of the accident”
………………………………………
I ascertained that no one could overhear us before I told Otto the news.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : ascertain
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ascertainment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ascertainable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ascertainably
ascertain
The police have so far been unable to ascertain the cause of the explosion.
“an attempt to ascertain the cause of the accident”
………………………………………
I ascertained that no one could overhear us before I told Otto the news.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : ascertain
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ascertainment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ascertainable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ascertainably
(v) to find out sth=discover
(v) to make certain of something
فهمیدن و کشف کردن - اطمینان حاصل کردن
(n) a fundamental element or principal part of somthing, especially in terms of products in consumption (like food and diet) or trade
(adj) main or most important, especially in terms of products in consumption (like food and diet) or trade
جزء اصلی(به خصوص راجب محصولاتی مصرفی مثل غذا یا در تجارت) - اصلی
staple
bread, milk, and other staples
rubber became the staple of the Malayan economy
Shortages mean that even staples (= basic foods) like bread are difficult to find.
Phosphate has been a staple of this area for many years.
Romantic fiction and reference books are a staple of many public libraries.
……………………………………………………..
the staple foods of the poor
rice was the staple crop grown in most villages
The staple diet here is mutton, fish and boiled potatoes.
Prices of staple foods such as wheat and vegetables have also been increasing.
staple
bread, milk, and other staples
rubber became the staple of the Malayan economy
Shortages mean that even staples (= basic foods) like bread are difficult to find.
Phosphate has been a staple of this area for many years.
Romantic fiction and reference books are a staple of many public libraries.
……………………………………………………..
the staple foods of the poor
rice was the staple crop grown in most villages
The staple diet here is mutton, fish and boiled potatoes.
Prices of staple foods such as wheat and vegetables have also been increasing.
(n) a fundamental element or principal part of somthing, especially in terms of products in consumption (like food and diet) or trade
(adj) main or most important, especially in terms of products in consumption (like food and diet) or trade
جزء اصلی(به خصوص راجب محصولاتی مصرفی مثل غذا یا در تجارت) - اصلی
(v) to have and show particular qualities or ideas; represent
(v) to include as part of something
سمبل و مظهر چیزی بودن - گنجاندن
embody
a national team that embodies competitive spirit and skill
She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field.
……………………………………………….
the changes in law embodied in the Children Act
Kennett embodied in one man an unusual range of science, music, and religion.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : embody
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : embodiment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
embody
a national team that embodies competitive spirit and skill
She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field.
……………………………………………….
the changes in law embodied in the Children Act
Kennett embodied in one man an unusual range of science, music, and religion.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : embody
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : embodiment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to have and show particular qualities or ideas; represent
(v) to include as part of something
سمبل و مظهر چیزی بودن - گنجاندن
(v) fix (an object) firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass.
ثابت و جاساز کردن چیزی در یک ماده ، فرو کردن
embed
“he had an operation to remove a nail embedded in his chest”
“you can embed the videos into a blog post.”
to embed tiles in cement
embed
“he had an operation to remove a nail embedded in his chest”
“you can embed the videos into a blog post.”
to embed tiles in cement
(v) fix (an object) firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass.
ثابت و جاساز کردن چیزی در یک ماده ، فرو کردن
(proposition and idiom) in combination with, together with, in addition to, alongside
همراه با یا علاوه بر
in conjunction with
“herbal medicine was used in conjunction with acupuncture and massage”
The concert will be held in conjunction with the festival.
The medicine is typically used in conjunction with other treatments.
in conjunction with a strong longitudinal electric field component, a natural acceleration channel has been demonstrated to exist for a laser beam in a vacuum
in conjunction with
“herbal medicine was used in conjunction with acupuncture and massage”
The concert will be held in conjunction with the festival.
The medicine is typically used in conjunction with other treatments.
in conjunction with a strong longitudinal electric field component, a natural acceleration channel has been demonstrated to exist for a laser beam in a vacuum
(proposition and idiom) in combination with, together with, in addition to, alongside
همراه با یا علاوه بر
(v) to block and prevent movement, progress, success (to block or get in the way of something or someone, or to prevent something from happening or progressing by causing difficulties)
مسدود کردن، مانغ شدن
obstruct
Demonstrators obstructed the entrance to the building.
Trees obstructed our view of the ocean.
she was obstructing the entrance
“they had to alter the course of the stream and obstruct the natural flow of the water”
“fears that the regime would obstruct the distribution of food”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : obstruct
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obstruction
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : obstructive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : obstructively
= block, stop, prevent
obstruct
Demonstrators obstructed the entrance to the building.
Trees obstructed our view of the ocean.
she was obstructing the entrance
“they had to alter the course of the stream and obstruct the natural flow of the water”
“fears that the regime would obstruct the distribution of food”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : obstruct
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obstruction
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : obstructive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : obstructively
(v) to block and prevent movement, progress, success (to block or get in the way of something or someone, or to prevent something from happening or progressing by causing difficulties)
مسدود کردن، مانغ شدن
(adj) energetic, bright, and full of life or excitement
vibrant
The city is youthful, vibrant – an exciting place.
Flowers of vibrant colors were on each table.
a vibrant personality
a vibrant city
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vibrance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vibrant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vibrantly
vibrant
The city is youthful, vibrant – an exciting place.
Flowers of vibrant colors were on each table.
a vibrant personality
a vibrant city
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vibrance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vibrant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vibrantly
(adj) energetic, bright, and full of life or excitement
(n) energy and strength
انرژی و قدرت
vitality
According to the packet, these vitamin pills will restore lost vitality.
“changes that will give renewed vitality to our democracy”
youthful vitality
The new factory should improve the economic vitality of the region.
فعل ( verb ) : vitalize
اسم ( noun ) : vitality
صفت ( adjective ) : vital
قید ( adverb ) : vitally
vitality
According to the packet, these vitamin pills will restore lost vitality.
“changes that will give renewed vitality to our democracy”
youthful vitality
The new factory should improve the economic vitality of the region.
فعل ( verb ) : vitalize
اسم ( noun ) : vitality
صفت ( adjective ) : vital
قید ( adverb ) : vitally
(n) energy and strength
انرژی و قدرت
(adj) (esp. of a woman or girl) full of energy and enthusiasm
سرزنده ، بانشاط و خوشحال بطوریکه خیلی دلربا و جذاب باشه
vivacious
Judy Garland was bright and vivacious, with a vibrant singing voice.
“her vivacious and elegant mother”
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : vivacity
صفت ( adjective ) : vivacious
قید ( adverb ) : vivaciously
vivacious
Judy Garland was bright and vivacious, with a vibrant singing voice.
“her vivacious and elegant mother”
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : vivacity
صفت ( adjective ) : vivacious
قید ( adverb ) : vivaciously
(adj) (esp. of a woman or girl) full of energy and enthusiasm
سرزنده ، بانشاط و خوشحال بطوریکه خیلی دلربا و جذاب باشه
(v) to scatter or move away over a large area, or to make something do this
متفرق و پراکنده کردن یا شدن
disperse
When the rain came down the crowds started to disperse.
Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered.
It took several hours for the crowd to disperse.
فعل ( verb ) : disperse
اسم ( noun ) : dispersal / dispersion
صفت ( adjective ) :dispersed
قید ( adverb ) :
disperse
When the rain came down the crowds started to disperse.
Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered.
It took several hours for the crowd to disperse.
فعل ( verb ) : disperse
اسم ( noun ) : dispersal / dispersion
صفت ( adjective ) :dispersed
قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to scatter or move away over a large area, or to make something do this
متفرق و پراکنده کردن یا شدن
(v) escape from or avoid (a danger, enemy, or pursuer), typically in a skilful or cunning way.
(v) (of an achievement or something desired) fail to be attained by (someone).
دم به تله ندادن یا قسر در رفتن ، از زیر دست در رفتن و از دست دادن
elude
“he tried to elude the security men by sneaking through a back door”
The bear that had eluded capture for so long was caught at last.
…………………………………….
It was simply her misfortune that an Olympic medal eluded her in 1988.
They had minor breakthroughs but real success eluded them.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : elude
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : elusiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : elusive = difficult to find, catch, or achieve.
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : elusively
………………………………….
elusive
difficult to describe, find, achieve, catch, or remember.
* “success will become ever more elusive”
* The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever.
* Success, however, remained elusive for her.
* elusive memories
در مورد انسان یا حیوان: کمیاب
در مورد نتایج : دور از دسترس، سخت دست یافتنی
در مورد نظرات و افکار: مبهم
elusive memories : خاطرات فرّار ( بسختی به یاد آورده می شوند )
elusive questions : سئوالات سخت ( پاسخشان به سختی بدست می آید )
elusive numbers : اعداد پیچیده، اعداد متغیر، اعداد نامعلوم ( سخت بدست می آیند )
elude
“he tried to elude the security men by sneaking through a back door”
The bear that had eluded capture for so long was caught at last.
…………………………………….
It was simply her misfortune that an Olympic medal eluded her in 1988.
They had minor breakthroughs but real success eluded them.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : elude
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : elusiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : elusive = difficult to find, catch, or achieve.
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : elusively
………………………………….
elusive
difficult to describe, find, achieve, catch, or remember.
* “success will become ever more elusive”
* The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever.
* Success, however, remained elusive for her.
* elusive memories
در مورد انسان یا حیوان: کمیاب
در مورد نتایج : دور از دسترس، سخت دست یافتنی
در مورد نظرات و افکار: مبهم
elusive memories : خاطرات فرّار ( بسختی به یاد آورده می شوند )
elusive questions : سئوالات سخت ( پاسخشان به سختی بدست می آید )
elusive numbers : اعداد پیچیده، اعداد متغیر، اعداد نامعلوم ( سخت بدست می آیند )
دم به تله ندادن یا قسر در رفتن ، از زیر دست در رفتن و از دست دادن
(v) escape from or avoid (a danger, enemy, or pursuer), typically in a skilful or cunning way.
(v) (of an achievement or something desired) fail to be attained by (someone).
(adj) difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember
در مورد انسان یا حیوان: کمیاب
در مورد نتایج : دور از دسترس، سخت دست یافتنی
در مورد نظرات و افکار: مبهم
elusive
* “success will become ever more elusive”
* The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever.
* Success, however, remained elusive for her.
* elusive memories
در مورد انسان یا حیوان: کمیاب
در مورد نتایج : دور از دسترس، سخت دست یافتنی
در مورد نظرات و افکار: مبهم
elusive memories : خاطرات فرّار ( بسختی به یاد آورده می شوند )
elusive questions : سئوالات سخت ( پاسخشان به سختی بدست می آید )
elusive numbers : اعداد پیچیده، اعداد متغیر، اعداد نامعلوم ( سخت بدست می آیند )
elusive
* “success will become ever more elusive”
* The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever.
* Success, however, remained elusive for her.
* elusive memories
elusive memories :
elusive questions :
elusive numbers :
(adj) difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember
در مورد انسان یا حیوان: کمیاب
در مورد نتایج : دور از دسترس، سخت دست یافتنی
در مورد نظرات و افکار: مبهم
(adv) in a clearly visible way; noticeably
به طور آشکار
conspicuously
The temple’s grand white arches rose conspicuously over the dirty decaying city.
Ms Andrews was conspicuously absent from the event
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conspicuousness = conspicuity = the quality of being noticeable or easy to see آشکار بودن
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conspicuous = very noticeable or attracting attention, often in a way that is not wanted اشکار
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conspicuously
= noticeably
conspicuously
The temple’s grand white arches rose conspicuously over the dirty decaying city.
Ms Andrews was conspicuously absent from the event
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conspicuousness = conspicuity = the quality of being noticeable or easy to see آشکار بودن
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conspicuous = very noticeable or attracting attention, often in a way that is not wanted اشکار
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conspicuously
(adv) in a clearly visible way; noticeably
به طور آشکار
(adj) existing commonly or happening frequently (widespread in a particular area or at a particular time.)
رایج
prevalent
These diseases are more prevalent among young children.
Trees are dying in areas where acid rain is most prevalent.
Drought conditions have been prevalent across the area for several years.
(n) prevalence
prevalent
These diseases are more prevalent among young children.
Trees are dying in areas where acid rain is most prevalent.
Drought conditions have been prevalent across the area for several years.
(n) prevalence
(adj) existing commonly or happening frequently (widespread in a particular area or at a particular time.)
رایج
(v) to get control or influence (prove more powerful or superior.)
(v) to be common among a group of people or area at a particular time
غلبه کردن ؛ رواج داشتن
prevail
I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end.
And did reason prevail over (= become a more powerful influence than) emotion?
“it is hard for logic to prevail over emotion”
Let’s hope that common sense prevails.
In spite of injuries, our team prevailed and went on to win.
…………………………….
This attitude still prevails among the middle classes.
an ancient tradition that still prevails
This attitude still prevails among the middle classes
فعل ( verb ) : prevail
اسم ( noun ) : prevalence
صفت ( adjective ) : prevailing / prevalent
قید ( adverb ) : _
…………………….
prevailing
existing and accepted in a particular place or at a particular time غالب، حاکم
* the prevailing attitude
* The prevailing mood is one of optimism.
* The prevailing view is that economic growth is likely to slow down.
* “the unfavourable prevailing economic conditions”
* “the prevailing mood within Whitehall circles”
prevail
I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end.
And did reason prevail over (= become a more powerful influence than) emotion?
“it is hard for logic to prevail over emotion”
Let’s hope that common sense prevails.
In spite of injuries, our team prevailed and went on to win.
…………………………….
This attitude still prevails among the middle classes.
an ancient tradition that still prevails
This attitude still prevails among the middle classes
فعل ( verb ) : prevail
اسم ( noun ) : prevalence
صفت ( adjective ) : prevailing / prevalent
قید ( adverb ) : _
…………………….
prevailing
existing and accepted in a particular place or at a particular time غالب، حاکم
* the prevailing attitude
* The prevailing mood is one of optimism.
* The prevailing view is that economic growth is likely to slow down.
* “the unfavourable prevailing economic conditions”
* “the prevailing mood within Whitehall circles”
(v) to get control or influence (prove more powerful or superior.)
(v) to be common among a group of people or area at a particular time
غلبه کردن ؛ رواج داشتن
(adj) difficult and tiring, or needing a great deal of effort and energy
پر زحمت و طاقت فرسا
arduous
an arduous climb/task/journey
Despite all this, completing the book - though immensely rewarding - is an arduous undertaking.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : arduousness پر زحمتی و طاقت فرسایی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : arduous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : arduously
arduous
an arduous climb/task/journey
Despite all this, completing the book - though immensely rewarding - is an arduous undertaking.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : arduousness پر زحمتی و طاقت فرسایی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : arduous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : arduously
(adj) difficult and tiring, or needing a great deal of effort and energy
پر زحمت و طاقت فرسا
(v) resist or refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc.
سرپیچی کردن
defy
It is rare to see children openly defying their teachers.
A few workers have defied the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike.
The fact that aircraft don’t fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity.
A forest fire raging in southern California is defying (= is not changed by) all attempts to control it.
فعل ( verb ) : defy
اسم ( noun ) : defiance
صفت ( adjective ) : defiant= clearly refusing to do what someone tells you to do(refusing to obey) سرکش
قید ( adverb ) : defiantly
………………………………………………………….
defy belief/description/analysis/analysis
be of such a kind or nature that (a specified attitude or action) is almost impossible.
غیر قابل . . . بودن
The chaos at the airport defies description.
Defy belief: غیرقابل باور بودن
Defy analysis: غیرقابل تحلیل بودن
Defy description: غیرقابل توصیف بودن
defy analysis: غیرقابل توضیح بودن
………………………………….
defy someone to do something = challange or dare sb to do sth
to tell someone to do something that you think will be impossible
I defy you to prove your accusations.
I defy you to find a better cup of coffee anywhere in this city.
I defy you to read this description without laughing.
I defy you to tell where I’ve painted over the scratch on my car.
She defied me to come up with a more plausible explanation.
defy
It is rare to see children openly defying their teachers.
A few workers have defied the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike.
The fact that aircraft don’t fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity.
A forest fire raging in southern California is defying (= is not changed by) all attempts to control it.
فعل ( verb ) : defy
اسم ( noun ) : defiance
صفت ( adjective ) : defiant= clearly refusing to do what someone tells you to do(refusing to obey) سرکش
قید ( adverb ) : defiantly
………………………………………………………….
defy belief/description/analysis/analysis
be of such a kind or nature that (a specified attitude or action) is almost impossible.
غیر قابل . . . بودن
The chaos at the airport defies description.
Defy belief: غیرقابل باور بودن
Defy analysis: غیرقابل تحلیل بودن
Defy description: غیرقابل توصیف بودن
defy analysis: غیرقابل توضیح بودن
………………………………….
defy someone to do something = challange or dare sb to do sth
to tell someone to do something that you think will be impossible
I defy you to prove your accusations.
I defy you to find a better cup of coffee anywhere in this city.
I defy you to read this description without laughing.
I defy you to tell where I’ve painted over the scratch on my car.
She defied me to come up with a more plausible explanation.
(v) resist or refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc.
سرپیچی کردن
(v) to stick or be attached firmly to a surface
(v) to continue to obey a rule, believe in, or support something, esp. a custom or belief:
چسبیدن ( به ) ؛ پایبند بودن ( به )
adhere
Glue won’t adhere to any surface that’s wet.
………………………………
She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life.
They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement/treaty.
The translator has obviously adhered very strictly to the original text.
College coaches have to adhere to the rules about recruiting high school students.
فعل ( verb ) : adhere
اسم ( noun ) : adherence / adherent = someone who supports a particular party, person, or set of ideas.
صفت ( adjective ) : -
قید ( adverb ) : _
adhere
Glue won’t adhere to any surface that’s wet.
………………………………
She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life.
They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement/treaty.
The translator has obviously adhered very strictly to the original text.
College coaches have to adhere to the rules about recruiting high school students.
فعل ( verb ) : adhere
اسم ( noun ) : adherence / adherent = someone who supports a particular party, person, or set of ideas.
صفت ( adjective ) : -
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to stick or be attached firmly to a surface
(v) to continue to obey a rule, believe in, or support something, esp. a custom or belief:
چسبیدن ( به ) ؛ پایبند بودن ( به )
(v) to act according and obey an order, rule, or request
مطابق با …. عمل کردن
تبعیت کردن ، پیروی کردن ، اطاعت کردن، فرمانبردار ی کردن
comply
He’s been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it’s dangerous, but he refuses to comply.
comply with
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.
Comosa says he will comply with the judge’s ruling.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : comply
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : compliance / compliancy
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : compliant مطیع، فرمانبردار ( در مورد انسان )
● سازگار ( در مورد تجهیزات و غیره )
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : compliantly
comply
He’s been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it’s dangerous, but he refuses to comply.
comply with
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.
Comosa says he will comply with the judge’s ruling.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : comply
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : compliance / compliancy
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : compliant مطیع، فرمانبردار ( در مورد انسان )
● سازگار ( در مورد تجهیزات و غیره )
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : compliantly
(v) to act according and obey an order, rule, or request
مطابق با …. عمل کردن
تبعیت کردن ، پیروی کردن ، اطاعت کردن، فرمانبردار ی کردن
(adv) in a careful, polite manner (in a way that is careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by keeping something secret)
چراغ خاموش، طوری که دیگران نفهمن ، با ملاحظه و احتباط
discreetly
The removal of the waste is done discreetly.
She very discreetly corrected him about his mistake.
The cables can be discreetly placed out of sight.
“he discreetly inquired whether the position was still available”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : discretion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discreet = careful not to cause embarrassment or attract a lot of attention / discretionary = available to someone by choice, without having to get permission or authority اختیاری
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : discreetly
……………………………………………….
discretion
the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid causing offence or revealing confidential information
* “she knew she could rely on his discretion”
the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation
* “local authorities should use their discretion in setting the charges”
…………………………………………………….
discreet
careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by keeping something secret محتاطانه،محتاط ، نامحسوس
* The family made discreet enquiries about his background.
* They are very good assistants, very discreet - they wouldn’t go talking to the press.
* She hung the laundry on a line in a discreet corner of the yard.
* There was a discreet knock on the door.
discreetly
The removal of the waste is done discreetly.
She very discreetly corrected him about his mistake.
The cables can be discreetly placed out of sight.
“he discreetly inquired whether the position was still available”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : discretion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discreet = careful not to cause embarrassment or attract a lot of attention / discretionary = available to someone by choice, without having to get permission or authority اختیاری
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : discreetly
……………………………………………….
discretion
the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid causing offence or revealing confidential information
* “she knew she could rely on his discretion”
the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation
* “local authorities should use their discretion in setting the charges”
…………………………………………………….
discreet
careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by keeping something secret محتاطانه،محتاط ، نامحسوس
* The family made discreet enquiries about his background.
* They are very good assistants, very discreet - they wouldn’t go talking to the press.
* She hung the laundry on a line in a discreet corner of the yard.
* There was a discreet knock on the door.
(adv) in a careful, polite manner (in a way that is careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by keeping something secret)
چراغ خاموش، طوری که دیگران نفهمن ، با ملاحظه و احتباط
(adj) clearly separate or different in shape or form
مختص به خود، مجزا، مجزا
discrete
These small companies now have their own discrete identity.
This area has four discrete neighborhoods centered around a school.
“speech sounds are produced as a continuous sound signal rather than discrete units”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : discreteness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discrete
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : discretely
= separateو distinctو individual
discrete
These small companies now have their own discrete identity.
This area has four discrete neighborhoods centered around a school.
“speech sounds are produced as a continuous sound signal rather than discrete units”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : discreteness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discrete
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : discretely
(adj) clearly separate or different in shape or form
مختص به خود، مجزا، مجزا
(v) to fail to include or do something (leave out or exclude (someone or something), either intentionally or forgetfully.)
حذف کردن، از قلم انداختن
omit
She was omitted from the list of contributors to the report.
The Prince’s tour conveniently omitted the most deprived areas of the city.
She omitted to mention that she would be away next week.
I’d be upset if my name were omitted from the list of contributors.
“he was omitted from the second Test”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : omit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : omission
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : omitted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
= leave out, neglect
omit
She was omitted from the list of contributors to the report.
The Prince’s tour conveniently omitted the most deprived areas of the city.
She omitted to mention that she would be away next week.
I’d be upset if my name were omitted from the list of contributors.
“he was omitted from the second Test”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : omit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : omission
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : omitted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to fail to include or do something (leave out or exclude (someone or something), either intentionally or forgetfully.)
حذف کردن، از قلم انداختن
(phrasal verb) to stop considering something as a possibility
(phrasal verb) to make impossible or prevent something from happening
1- رد کردن، غیر محتمل پنداشتن، نپذیرفتن
2-غیر ممکن کردن، نامیسر کردن،جلوگیری کردن، ممنوع ساختن
rule out
It’s unlikely that he’ll run for president, but you can never rule anything out.
The police haven’t yet ruled out murder.
I won’t rule out a June election.
The police have not ruled him out as a suspect.
……………………………………………….
This recent wave of terrorism has ruled out any chance of peace talks.
The warehouse fire has ruled out any chance that we will make a profit this year.
rule out
It’s unlikely that he’ll run for president, but you can never rule anything out.
The police haven’t yet ruled out murder.
I won’t rule out a June election.
The police have not ruled him out as a suspect.
……………………………………………….
This recent wave of terrorism has ruled out any chance of peace talks.
The warehouse fire has ruled out any chance that we will make a profit this year.
(phrasal verb) to stop considering something as a possibility
(phrasal verb) to make impossible or prevent something from happening
1- رد کردن، غیر محتمل پنداشتن، نپذیرفتن
2-غیر ممکن کردن، نامیسر کردن،جلوگیری کردن، ممنوع ساختن
(adj) (of a person or organization) seeking to promote the welfare of others. helping poor people, especially by giving them money
بشردوستانه
philanthropic
He is known for his philanthropic work for children in Africa.
philanthropic organizations/projects/ventures
“they receive financial support from philanthropic bodies”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : philanthropy / philanthropist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : philanthropic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : philanthropically
= humanitarian
philanthropic
He is known for his philanthropic work for children in Africa.
philanthropic organizations/projects/ventures
“they receive financial support from philanthropic bodies”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : philanthropy / philanthropist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : philanthropic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : philanthropically
(adj) (of a person or organization) seeking to promote the welfare of others. helping poor people, especially by giving them money
بشردوستانه
(v) force or oblige (someone) to do something.
مجبور کردن یا وادار کردن
compel
As a schoolboy he was compelled to wear shorts even in winter.
The new circumstances compelled a change in policy.
“a sense of duty compelled Harry to answer her questions”
“they may compel a witness’s attendance at court by issue of a summons”
فعل ( verb ) : compel
اسم ( noun ) : compulsion
صفت ( adjective ) : compulsive / compulsory / compelling
قید ( adverb ) : compulsively / compulsorily / compellingly
………………………………………………………….
(adj) compulsive (adv) compulsively
having a very strong desire to do something repeatedly and unable to stop doing it
* a compulsive liar/thief/eater/shopper
* compulsive gambling/eating
* a compulsive eating disorder
* He is compulsively neat. وسواس گونه
…………………………………………………………………
(adj) compulsory اجباری (adv) compulsory
(of something) that must be done; necessary by law or a rule= obligatory=mandatory
* compulsory military service
* Swimming was compulsory at my school.
* The law made wearing seat belts in cars compulsory.
………………………………………………………………..
(adj) compelling قانع کننده (adv) compellingly
persuasive and makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong=convincing=persuasive
* compelling evidence
* It’s a fairly compelling argument for going.
=force, oblige
compel
As a schoolboy he was compelled to wear shorts even in winter.
The new circumstances compelled a change in policy.
“a sense of duty compelled Harry to answer her questions”
“they may compel a witness’s attendance at court by issue of a summons”
فعل ( verb ) : compel
اسم ( noun ) : compulsion
صفت ( adjective ) : compulsive / compulsory / compelling
قید ( adverb ) : compulsively / compulsorily / compellingly
………………………………………………………….
(adj) compulsive (adv) compulsively
having a very strong desire to do something repeatedly and unable to stop doing it
a compulsive liar/thief/eater/shopper
compulsive gambling/eating
a compulsive eating disorder
He is compulsively neat. وسواس گونه
…………………………………………………………………
(adj) compulsory اجباری (adv) compulsory
(of something) that must be done; necessary by law or a rule= obligatory=mandatory
compulsory military service
Swimming was compulsory at my school.
The law made wearing seat belts in cars compulsory.
………………………………………………………………..
(adj) compelling قانع کننده (adv) compellingly
persuasive and makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong=convincing=persuasive
compelling evidence
It’s a fairly compelling argument for going.
(v) force or oblige (someone) to do something.
مجبور کردن یا وادار کردن
(v) to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a formal way
(v) to teach someone how to do something
دستور دادن - آموزش دادن
instruct
The police have been instructed to patrol the building and surrounding area.
“she instructed him to wait”
The police have been instructed not to let anyone leave the area.
……………………………………………..
instruct someone in something
He works in a sports centre instructing people in the use of the gym equipment.
“he instructed them in the use of firearms”
I need someone to instruct me on how to use the computer.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : instruct
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : instruction / instructor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : instructional آموزشی / instruction / instructive آموزنده
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : instructively
= enlighten
instruct
The police have been instructed to patrol the building and surrounding area.
“she instructed him to wait”
The police have been instructed not to let anyone leave the area.
……………………………………………..
instruct someone in something
He works in a sports centre instructing people in the use of the gym equipment.
“he instructed them in the use of firearms”
I need someone to instruct me on how to use the computer.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : instruct
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : instruction / instructor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : instructional آموزشی / instruction / instructive آموزنده
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : instructively
(v) to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a formal way
(v) to teach someone how to do something
دستور دادن - آموزش دادن
(n) a great victory or success or achievement.(a complete victory or success achieved esp. after great difficulties, making the result particularly satisfying)
(v) to have a very great success or victory
موفقیت - پیروزی
triumph
“a garden built to celebrate Napoleon’s many triumphs”
The book celebrates the hostages’ remarkable triumph over appalling adversity.
The signing of the agreement was a personal triumph for the prime minister.
It was the Republican Party’s third election triumph in a row.
The eradication of smallpox by vaccination was one of medicine’s greatest triumphs.
The constitutional changes have been hailed as a triumph for democracy.
The game ended in triumph for the home team.
…………………………………………………………………
triumph over
I believe that sooner or later good must triumph over evil.
The Democrats once again triumphed in recent elections.
We visited Yorktown Battlefield on the York River, where in 1781 George Washington’s forces triumphed over the English army.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : triumph
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : triumph
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : triumphal پیروزمندانه/ triumphant پیروز
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : triumphantly
triumph
“a garden built to celebrate Napoleon’s many triumphs”
The book celebrates the hostages’ remarkable triumph over appalling adversity.
The signing of the agreement was a personal triumph for the prime minister.
It was the Republican Party’s third election triumph in a row.
The eradication of smallpox by vaccination was one of medicine’s greatest triumphs.
The constitutional changes have been hailed as a triumph for democracy.
The game ended in triumph for the home team.
…………………………………………………………………
triumph over
I believe that sooner or later good must triumph over evil.
The Democrats once again triumphed in recent elections.
We visited Yorktown Battlefield on the York River, where in 1781 George Washington’s forces triumphed over the English army.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : triumph
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : triumph
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : triumphal پیروزمندانه/ triumphant پیروز
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : triumphantly
(n) a great victory or success or achievement.(a complete victory or success achieved esp. after great difficulties, making the result particularly satisfying)
(v) to have a very great success or victory
موفقیت - پیروزی
(adj) too slight or small in amount to be important; insignificant
ناچیز، جزئی، قابل چشم پوشی
negligible
The difference between the two products is negligible.
My knowledge of German is negligible.
The effect on sales was negligible.
“he said that the risks were negligible”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : neglect
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : neglect / negligence = the fact of not giving enough care or attention to someone or something سهل انگاری - غفلت
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : neglected نادیده گرفته شده است / neglectful= کوتاهی کننده، فروگذار، غافل ،سهل انگار / negligent / negligible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : negligently
…………………………………………..
neglect
(v) to fail to give needed care or attention to someone or something غافل شدن-بی توجهی کردن-فراموش کردن انجام کاری-اهمال کردن
* She had neglected the program and allowed student interest in it to fall off.
* He neglected to tell his employer that he would be taking the day off.
* I’d neglected to give him the name of the hotel where I’d be staying.
* She’s been neglecting her studies this semester.
* He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention.
(n) a situation in which you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something, or the state of not receiving enough care or attention غفلت-بی توجهی
Both parents were found guilty of neglect and their child was taken away from them.
Over the years the church has fallen into a state of neglect.
The park was in a sorry state of neglect.
……………………………………………….
(adj) negligent (adv) negligently (n) negligence
failing to be careful enough or to give enough attention to your responsibilities, esp. when this results in harm or loss to others سهل انگار
The judge said that the teacher had been negligent in allowing the children to swim in dangerous water.
She charged her landlord with negligence for not repairing leaks that ruined her rugs.
“the council had been negligent in its supervision of the children in care”
negligible
The difference between the two products is negligible.
My knowledge of German is negligible.
The effect on sales was negligible.
“he said that the risks were negligible”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : neglect
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : neglect / negligence = the fact of not giving enough care or attention to someone or something سهل انگاری - غفلت
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : neglected نادیده گرفته شده است / neglectful= کوتاهی کننده، فروگذار، غافل ،سهل انگار / negligent / negligible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : negligently
…………………………………………..
neglect
(v) to fail to give needed care or attention to someone or something غافل شدن-بی توجهی کردن-فراموش کردن انجام کاری-اهمال کردن
* She had neglected the program and allowed student interest in it to fall off.
* He neglected to tell his employer that he would be taking the day off.
* I’d neglected to give him the name of the hotel where I’d be staying.
* She’s been neglecting her studies this semester.
* He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention.
(n) a situation in which you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something, or the state of not receiving enough care or attention غفلت-بی توجهی
Both parents were found guilty of neglect and their child was taken away from them.
Over the years the church has fallen into a state of neglect.
The park was in a sorry state of neglect.
……………………………………………….
(adj) negligent (adv) negligently (n) negligence
failing to be careful enough or to give enough attention to your responsibilities, esp. when this results in harm or loss to others سهل انگار
The judge said that the teacher had been negligent in allowing the children to swim in dangerous water.
She charged her landlord with negligence for not repairing leaks that ruined her rugs.
“the council had been negligent in its supervision of the children in care”
(adj) too slight or small in amount to be important; insignificant
ناچیز، جزئی، قابل چشم پوشی
(v) to fail to give needed care or attention to someone or something
(n) a situation in which you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something, or the state of not receiving enough care or attention
غافل شدن-بی توجهی کردن-فراموش کردن انجام کاری-اهمال کردن / غفلت-بی توجهی
neglect
* She had neglected the program and allowed student interest in it to fall off.
* He neglected to tell his employer that he would be taking the day off.
* I’d neglected to give him the name of the hotel where I’d be staying.
* She’s been neglecting her studies this semester.
* He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention.
(n) a situation in which you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something, or the state of not receiving enough care or attention غفلت-بی توجهی
* Both parents were found guilty of neglect and their child was taken away from them.
* Over the years the church has fallen into a state of neglect.
* The park was in a sorry state of neglect.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : neglect
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : neglect / negligence = the fact of not giving enough care or attention to someone or something سهل انگاری - غفلت
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : neglected نادیده گرفته شده است / neglectful= کوتاهی کننده، فروگذار، غافل ،سهل انگار / negligent / negligible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : negligently
……………………………………………….
(adj) negligent (adv) negligently (n) negligence
failing to be careful enough or to give enough attention to your responsibilities, esp. when this results in harm or loss to others سهل انگار
* The judge said that the teacher had been negligent in allowing the children to swim in dangerous water.
* She charged her landlord with negligence for not repairing leaks that ruined her rugs.
* “the council had been negligent in its supervision of the children in care”
neglect
* She had neglected the program and allowed student interest in it to fall off.
* He neglected to tell his employer that he would be taking the day off.
* I’d neglected to give him the name of the hotel where I’d be staying.
* She’s been neglecting her studies this semester.
* He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention.
(n) a situation in which you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something, or the state of not receiving enough care or attention غفلت-بی توجهی
* Both parents were found guilty of neglect and their child was taken away from them.
* Over the years the church has fallen into a state of neglect.
* The park was in a sorry state of neglect.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : neglect
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : neglect / negligence = the fact of not giving enough care or attention to someone or something سهل انگاری - غفلت
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : neglected نادیده گرفته شده است / neglectful= کوتاهی کننده، فروگذار، غافل ،سهل انگار / negligent / negligible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : negligently
……………………………………………….
(adj) negligent (adv) negligently (n) negligence
failing to be careful enough or to give enough attention to your responsibilities, esp. when this results in harm or loss to others سهل انگار
* The judge said that the teacher had been negligent in allowing the children to swim in dangerous water.
* She charged her landlord with negligence for not repairing leaks that ruined her rugs.
* “the council had been negligent in its supervision of the children in care”
(v) to fail to give needed care or attention to someone or something
(n) a situation in which you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something, or the state of not receiving enough care or attention
غافل شدن-بی توجهی کردن-فراموش کردن انجام کاری-اهمال کردن / غفلت-بی توجهی
(adj) long and tiring
خسته کننده به خاطر طولانی بودن
tedious
a tedious job/journey/work/tasks
The problem is I find most forms of exercise so tedious.
Learning a new computer program can be a tedious process.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tedium = tediousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tedious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : tediously
= monotonous, boring, mundane
tedious
a tedious job/journey/work/tasks
The problem is I find most forms of exercise so tedious.
Learning a new computer program can be a tedious process.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tedium = tediousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tedious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : tediously
(adj) long and tiring
خسته کننده به خاطر طولانی بودن
(adj) boring because of not changing
خسته کننده به خاطر یکنواختی و تکراری بودن
monotonous
a monotonous job
a monotonous voice
The music became monotonous after a while.
“the statistics that he quotes with monotonous regularity”
She stood all day ironing a monotonous succession of clothes and sheets.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : monotone=a sound or voice that stays on the same note صدای یکنواخت / monotony= boring sameness=یکسانی و یکنواختی خسته کننده
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : monotonous / monotonic یکنواخت(صدا)
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : monotonously / monotonically
monotonous
a monotonous job
a monotonous voice
The music became monotonous after a while.
“the statistics that he quotes with monotonous regularity”
She stood all day ironing a monotonous succession of clothes and sheets.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : monotone=a sound or voice that stays on the same note صدای یکنواخت / monotony= boring sameness=یکسانی و یکنواختی خسته کننده
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : monotonous / monotonic یکنواخت(صدا)
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : monotonously / monotonically
(adj) boring because of not changing
خسته کننده به خاطر یکنواختی و تکراری بودن
(adj) very ordinary and therefore not interesting
خسته کننده به خاطر معمولی بودن مثل کارهای روزمره یا پیش پا افتاده
mundane
Mundane matters such as paying bills and shopping for food do not interest her.
The show was just another mundane family sitcom.
The day began with the mundane business of getting my white chiffon dress shortened
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mundanity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mundane
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : mundanely
mundane
Mundane matters such as paying bills and shopping for food do not interest her.
The show was just another mundane family sitcom.
The day began with the mundane business of getting my white chiffon dress shortened
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mundanity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mundane
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : mundanely
(adj) very ordinary and therefore not interesting
خسته کننده به خاطر معمولی بودن مثل کارهای روزمره یا پیش پا افتاده
(adv) without forethought (suddenly, without any planning and without considering the effects your actions may have)
بدون فکر قبلی - از روی وسوسه و میل و هوس
impulsively= on impulse
“avoid reacting impulsively to events around you”
At the age of 17 he impulsively decided to leave school.
As a child, she was fearless and often acted impulsively.
فعل ( verb ) : impel = drive, force, or urge (someone) to do something. وادار کردن = force = push = urge = to persuade
اسم ( noun ) : impulsion انگیزه و میل شدید یا دلیلی برای انجام کاری / impulsiveness= behaviour in which you do things suddenly without any planning and without considering the effects they may have جوگیری و نسنجیدگی و شتاب زدگی / impulse میل و هوس و جوگیری
صفت ( adjective ) : impulsive
قید ( adverb ) : impulsively
= capriciously
impulsively= on impulse
“avoid reacting impulsively to events around you”
At the age of 17 he impulsively decided to leave school.
As a child, she was fearless and often acted impulsively.
فعل ( verb ) : impel = drive, force, or urge (someone) to do something. وادار کردن = force = push = urge = to persuade
اسم ( noun ) : impulsion انگیزه و میل شدید یا دلیلی برای انجام کاری / impulsiveness= behaviour in which you do things suddenly without any planning and without considering the effects they may have جوگیری و نسنجیدگی و شتاب زدگی / impulse میل و هوس و جوگیری
صفت ( adjective ) : impulsive
قید ( adverb ) : impulsively
(adv) without forethought (suddenly, without any planning and without considering the effects your actions may have)
بدون فکر قبلی - از روی وسوسه و میل و هوس
(adj) expressing what needs to be said without unnecessary words; short and clear
مختصرمفید
concise
Make your answers clear and concise
“a concise account of the country’s history”
She wrote up a concise summary of the day’s events.
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : concision =conciseness
صفت ( adjective ) : concise
قید ( adverb ) : concisely
concise
Make your answers clear and concise
“a concise account of the country’s history”
She wrote up a concise summary of the day’s events.
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : concision =conciseness
صفت ( adjective ) : concise
قید ( adverb ) : concisely
(adj) expressing what needs to be said without unnecessary words; short and clear
مختصرمفید
(v) weaken
تضعیف کردن
debilitate
Chemotherapy exhausted and debilitated him.
“he was severely debilitated by a stomach upset”
hard drugs destroy families and debilitate communities
فعل ( verb ) : debilitate
اسم ( noun ) : debility = physical weakness, especially as a result of illness. ضعف و ناتوانی
صفت ( adjective ) : debilitating
قید ( adverb ) : _
= weaken
debilitate
Chemotherapy exhausted and debilitated him.
“he was severely debilitated by a stomach upset”
hard drugs destroy families and debilitate communities
فعل ( verb ) : debilitate
اسم ( noun ) : debility = physical weakness, especially as a result of illness. ضعف و ناتوانی
صفت ( adjective ) : debilitating
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) weaken
تضعیف کردن
(v) to raise something or lift something up
(v) to give someone a higher or more important position
بلند کردن یا بالا بردن - ارتقای موقعیت یا رتبه دادن
elevate
- The platform was elevated by means of hydraulic legs.
- “the exercise will naturally elevate your chest and head”
- She wore high heels that elevated her a few inches above 5 feet.
……………………………………………………. - They want to elevate the status of teachers.
- These factors helped to elevate the town to the position of one of the most beautiful in the country.
- be elevated to something
- He has been elevated to deputy manager.
- He was elevated to the chairmanship of the House Armed Services Committee.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : elevate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : elevation / elevator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : elevated / elevating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………….
elevated
(adj) raised up or higher than other things = raised = high or important بالا،مرتفع، بالاتر از حد معمول
* The train runs on an elevated track.
* elevated blood sugar levels
* She holds a more elevated position in the company.
elevate
- The platform was elevated by means of hydraulic legs.
- “the exercise will naturally elevate your chest and head”
- She wore high heels that elevated her a few inches above 5 feet.
……………………………………………………. - They want to elevate the status of teachers.
- These factors helped to elevate the town to the position of one of the most beautiful in the country.
- be elevated to something
- He has been elevated to deputy manager.
- He was elevated to the chairmanship of the House Armed Services Committee.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : elevate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : elevation / elevator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : elevated / elevating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………….
elevated
(adj) raised up or higher than other things = raised = high or important بالا،مرتفع، بالاتر از حد معمول
* The train runs on an elevated track.
* elevated blood sugar levels
* She holds a more elevated position in the company.
(v) to raise something or lift something up
(v) to give someone a higher or more important position
بلند کردن یا بالا بردن - ارتقای موقعیت یا رتبه دادن
(v) to commit a crime or a violent or harmful act
مرتکب شدن
perpetrate
In this country, half of all violent crime is perpetrated by people who have been drinking alcohol.
Federal soldiers have been accused of perpetrating atrocities against innocent people.
We will find the person who perpetrated this crime.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : perpetrate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : perpetrator / perpetration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : perpetrated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
= commit
perpetrate
In this country, half of all violent crime is perpetrated by people who have been drinking alcohol.
Federal soldiers have been accused of perpetrating atrocities against innocent people.
We will find the person who perpetrated this crime.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : perpetrate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : perpetrator / perpetration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : perpetrated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to commit a crime or a violent or harmful act
مرتکب شدن
(v) to force something or someone out of its usual or original place
(v) to force someone to leave their home, typically because of war, persecution, or natural disaster
(v) to start to be used instead of something or someone else; to replace something or someone
جابجا کردن (از جای خودش با زور) - آواره کردن - جایگزین چیزی یا کسی شدن = (جای شخص یا چیز دیگر را) گرفتن
displace
The blow displaced the woman’s eardrum and left her partially deaf.
…………………………………………………..
The building of a new dam will displace thousands of people who live in this area.
…………………………………………………..
Contemporary technoscience has largely displaced these early thermodynamic principles.
The next step, the union fears, is for contractors to start fitting parts onto planes on the line, displacing well-paid workers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : displace
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : displacement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : displaced
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
displace
The blow displaced the woman’s eardrum and left her partially deaf.
…………………………………………………..
The building of a new dam will displace thousands of people who live in this area.
…………………………………………………..
Contemporary technoscience has largely displaced these early thermodynamic principles.
The next step, the union fears, is for contractors to start fitting parts onto planes on the line, displacing well-paid workers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : displace
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : displacement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : displaced
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
جابجا کردن (از جای خودش با زور) - آواره کردن - جایگزین چیزی یا کسی شدن = (جای شخص یا چیز دیگر را) گرفتن
(v) to force something or someone out of its usual or original place
(v) to force someone to leave their home, typically because of war, persecution, or natural disaster
(v) to start to be used instead of something or someone else; to replace something or someone
(adv) in a way that continues without any possibility of being stopped
بطور اجتناب ناپذیر, بطور ناگزیر
inexorably
These events led inexorably to war.
The bacteria spread inexorably through many insect populations.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inexorability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inexorable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inexorably
inexorably
These events led inexorably to war.
The bacteria spread inexorably through many insect populations.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inexorability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inexorable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inexorably
(adv) in a way that continues without any possibility of being stopped
بطور اجتناب ناپذیر, بطور ناگزیر
(n) a small close-knit group of people who do not readily allow others to join them.
اِکیپ دوستی
clique
Our golf club is run by a very unfriendly clique of people.
There’s a clique at work that never talks/who never talk to anyone else.
clique
Our golf club is run by a very unfriendly clique of people.
There’s a clique at work that never talks/who never talk to anyone else.
(n) a small close-knit group of people who do not readily allow others to join them.
اِکیپ دوستی
(v) to change from the usual way or established course., or to go in a different direction
منحرف شدن, تبعیت نکردن از مسیر همیشگی یا از نرم
deviate
He never deviated from his strict vegetarian diet.
We need to know when the bus deviates from its scheduled route.
“you must not deviate from the agreed route”
The recent pattern of weather deviates from the norm for this time of year.
فعل ( verb ) : deviate
اسم ( noun ) : deviation = deviance = deviancy / deviant آدم منحرف
صفت ( adjective ) : deviant = differing from the accepted standard, especially in social or sexual behaviour. منحرف
قید ( adverb ) : _
deviate
He never deviated from his strict vegetarian diet.
We need to know when the bus deviates from its scheduled route.
“you must not deviate from the agreed route”
The recent pattern of weather deviates from the norm for this time of year.
فعل ( verb ) : deviate
اسم ( noun ) : deviation = deviance = deviancy / deviant آدم منحرف
صفت ( adjective ) : deviant = differing from the accepted standard, especially in social or sexual behaviour. منحرف
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to change from the usual way or established course., or to go in a different direction
منحرف شدن, تبعیت نکردن از مسیر همیشگی یا از نرم
(n) an organization where people do a particular type of scientific, educational, or social work, or the buildings that it uses
(v) to start or cause a system, rule, legal action,a scheme, undertaking, or policy, etc. to exist. (to introduce or establish them)
موسسه - شروع به اجرای چیزی کردن ، به اجرا درآوردن;
institute
“the Institute of Architects”
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
………………………………………..
She is threatening to institute legal proceedings against the hospital.
These are some of the safety guidelines we’ve instituted in our hotels.
“the state instituted a national lottery”
institute
“the Institute of Architects”
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
………………………………………..
She is threatening to institute legal proceedings against the hospital.
These are some of the safety guidelines we’ve instituted in our hotels.
“the state instituted a national lottery”
(n) an organization where people do a particular type of scientific, educational, or social work, or the buildings that it uses
(v) to start or cause a system, rule, legal action,a scheme, undertaking, or policy, etc. to exist. (to introduce or establish them)
موسسه - شروع به اجزای چیزی کردن ، به اجرا درآوردن;
(v) to delay something until a later time; to postpone = postpone = put off =delay
(v) to let another person decide, or to accept another person’s opinion, usually because you respect the knowledge or experience of that person
به تعویق انداختن - ,محول نمودن و سپردن ( به کس دیگر ) از روی احترام یا اعتماد ، تسلیم شدن
defer
My bank has agreed to defer the repayments on my loan.
[ + -ing verb ] Can we defer making a decision until next week?
“they deferred the decision until February”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : defer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : deferral = deferment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : deferred
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
…………………………………………………..
defer to someone on something
I have to defer to my boss on important decisions.
I defer to your judgment.
I deferred to Brian on the question of what to serve at the party.
“he deferred to Tim’s superior knowledge”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : defer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : deference = respect shown for another person esp. because of that person’s experience, knowledge, age, or power
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : deferential = polite and showing respect
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : deferentially
=
defer
My bank has agreed to defer the repayments on my loan.
[ + -ing verb ] Can we defer making a decision until next week?
“they deferred the decision until February”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : defer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : deferral = deferment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : deferred
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
…………………………………………………..
defer to someone on something
I have to defer to my boss on important decisions.
I defer to your judgment.
I deferred to Brian on the question of what to serve at the party.
“he deferred to Tim’s superior knowledge”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : defer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : deference = respect shown for another person esp. because of that person’s experience, knowledge, age, or power
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : deferential = polite and showing respect
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : deferentially
(v) to delay something until a later time; to postpone= = postpone = put off =delay
(v) to let another person decide, or to accept another person’s opinion, usually because you respect the knowledge or experience of that person
=
به تعویق انداختن - ,محول نمودن و سپردن ( به کس دیگر ) از روی احترام یا اعتماد ، تسلیم شدن
(adj) happening one after the other without any break
متوالی, پی در پی
successive
It was the team’s fourth successive defeat.
He won the World Championship for the third successive year.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : succeed
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : success / succession / successor = someone or something that comes after another person or thing جانشین،جایگزین
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : successive / successful
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : successively / successfully
…………………………………………………………………
succession
(n) a number of similar events or people that happen, exist, etc. after each other جانشینی ، توالی
succession جانشینی
In succession متوالی
in quick/rapid/close succession سریع و متوالی
A succession of تعدادی، گروهی
- A succession of scandals and revelations has undermined the government over the past year.
- Life was just an endless succession of parties and dinners.
- The five aircraft landed in succession.
- At that time, the secretary of state followed the vice president in line of presidential succession (= the order of taking over a position of authority).
successive
It was the team’s fourth successive defeat.
He won the World Championship for the third successive year.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : succeed
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : success / succession / successor = someone or something that comes after another person or thing جانشین،جایگزین
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : successive / successful
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : successively / successfully
…………………………………………………………………
succession
(n) a number of similar events or people that happen, exist, etc. after each other جانشینی ، توالی
succession جانشینی
In succession متوالی
in quick/rapid/close succession سریع و متوالی
A succession of تعدادی، گروهی
- A succession of scandals and revelations has undermined the government over the past year.
- Life was just an endless succession of parties and dinners.
- The five aircraft landed in succession.
- At that time, the secretary of state followed the vice president in line of presidential succession (= the order of taking over a position of authority).
(adj) happening one after the other without any break
متوالی, پی در پی
(v) to change the words of a text, especially a law or a legal document
اصلاح کردن نوشته (به خصوص قانون یا سند قانونی)
amend
MPs were urged to amend the law to prevent another oil tanker disaster.
In line 20, “men” should be amended (= changed) to “people”.
Until the constitution is amended, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : amend
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : amendment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : amendatory / amendable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
amend
MPs were urged to amend the law to prevent another oil tanker disaster.
In line 20, “men” should be amended (= changed) to “people”.
Until the constitution is amended, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : amend
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : amendment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : amendatory / amendable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to change the words of a text, especially a law or a legal document
اصلاح کردن نوشته (به خصوص قانون یا سند قانونی)
آفت-آفت کش
pest-pesticide
The pesticides that farmers spray on their crops kill pests, but they can also damage people’s health.
pest-pesticide
The pesticides that farmers spray on their crops kill pests, but they can also damage people’s health.
آفت-آفت کش
(v) to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
غیب شدن، ناپدید شدن
vanish
My keys were here a minute ago but now they’ve vanished.
vanish without (a) trace/vanish off the face of the earth (=disappear so that no sign remains)
The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found.
The bird vanished from sight.
She seemed to have just vanished into thin air (=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way).
By the 1930s, the wolf had vanished from the American West.
Public support for the prime minister has now vanished.
vanish
My keys were here a minute ago but now they’ve vanished.
vanish without (a) trace/vanish off the face of the earth (=disappear so that no sign remains)
The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found.
The bird vanished from sight.
She seemed to have just vanished into thin air (=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way).
By the 1930s, the wolf had vanished from the American West.
Public support for the prime minister has now vanished.
(v) to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
غیب شدن، ناپدید شدن
(n) the natural area where a plant or animal lives
زیستگاه
habitat
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
habitat
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
(n) the natural area where a plant or animal lives
زیستگاه
(v) to catch (to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there)
جلوی راه کسی یا چیزی رو گرفتن
intercept
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
His phone calls were intercepted.
Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Central America.
Barry intercepted Naylor’s pass and scored the third goal.
(n) interception
intercept
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
His phone calls were intercepted.
Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Central America.
Barry intercepted Naylor’s pass and scored the third goal.
(n) interception
(v) to catch (to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there)
جلوی راه کسی یا چیزی رو گرفتن
(v) to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true
(v) to allow someone to have something, even if you do not want to (surrender or yield (a possession, right, or privilege).)
با اکراه اعتراف کردن یا پذیرفتن یا اجازه دادن - پذیرفتن یا قبول کردن اجباری
concede
[ + (that) ] The government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a disaster.
[ + speech ] “Well okay, perhaps I was a little hard on her,” he conceded.
…………………………………………………………….
The president is not expected to concede these reforms.
He is not willing to concede any of his power/authority.
Britain conceded (= allowed) independence to India in 1947.
concede
[ + (that) ] The government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a disaster.
[ + speech ] “Well okay, perhaps I was a little hard on her,” he conceded.
…………………………………………………………….
The president is not expected to concede these reforms.
He is not willing to concede any of his power/authority.
Britain conceded (= allowed) independence to India in 1947.
(v) to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true
(v) to allow someone to have something, even if you do not want to (surrender or yield (a possession, right, or privilege).)
با اکراه اعتراف کردن یا پذیرفتن یا اجازه دادن - پذیرفتن یا قبول کردن اجباری
(n) the amount of something such as food, breath, or a liquid that is taken in by someone or something
مصرف، ، میزان مصرف
intake
“your daily intake of calories”
the intake of fuel in a vehicle
a deep intake of breath
intake
“your daily intake of calories”
the intake of fuel in a vehicle
a deep intake of breath
(n) the amount of something such as food, breath, or a liquid that is taken in by someone or something
مصرف، ، میزان مصرف
(v) to avoid someone or something
(v) to ignore someone and not speak to that person because you cannot accept their behaviour, beliefs, etc.:
دوری یا پرهیز کردن - طرد کردن
shun
She has shunned publicity since she retired from acting.
He has shunned his brother for years
After the trial he was shunned by friends
He decided to shun all alcoholic beverages
………………………………………….
After the trial he was shunned by friends and family alike.
shun
She has shunned publicity since she retired from acting.
He has shunned his brother for years
After the trial he was shunned by friends
He decided to shun all alcoholic beverages
………………………………………….
After the trial he was shunned by friends and family alike.
(v) to avoid someone or something
(v) to ignore someone and not speak to that person because you cannot accept their behaviour, beliefs, etc.:
دوری یا پرهیز کردن - طرد کردن
(n) a person who is responsible for a crime or other misdeed.
مقصر ، فرد خاطی
culprit
Police hope the public will help them to find the culprits.
Two eyewitnesses identified her as the culprit.
The culprit was identified as a microorganism that contaminated mayonnaise.
culprit
Police hope the public will help them to find the culprits.
Two eyewitnesses identified her as the culprit.
The culprit was identified as a microorganism that contaminated mayonnaise.
(n) a person who is responsible for a crime or other misdeed.
مقصر ، فرد خاطی
(v) to surround something
(v) place (something) in an envelope together with a letter.
enclose
The park that encloses the monument has recently been enlarged.
“the entire estate was enclosed with walls”
………………………………………………………………………….
“I enclose a copy of the job description”
Please enclose a curriculum vitae with your application.
enclose
The park that encloses the monument has recently been enlarged.
“the entire estate was enclosed with walls”
………………………………………………………………………….
“I enclose a copy of the job description”
Please enclose a curriculum vitae with your application.
(v) to surround something
(v) place (something) in an envelope together with a letter.
(n) an animal that eats meat
حیوان گوشت خوار
carnivore
Foxes were the only carnivore species seen in the release site.
Lions and tigers are carnivores.
(adj) carnivorous = relating to a person, animal, or other living thing that eats meat گوشت خوار
* carnivorous plants
* I gave up my carnivorous diet several years ago.
* Farmed cod and haddock are carnivorous and need to be fed other sea fish.
carnivore
Foxes were the only carnivore species seen in the release site.
Lions and tigers are carnivores.
(adj) carnivorous = relating to a person, animal, or other living thing that eats meat گوشت خوار
* carnivorous plants
* I gave up my carnivorous diet several years ago.
* Farmed cod and haddock are carnivorous and need to be fed other sea fish.
(n) an animal that eats meat
حیوان گوشت خوار
(n) an animal that eats only plants
حیوان گیاه خوار
herbivore
Cows and sheep are herbivores.
During this time, none of the young plants were destroyed by herbivores.
(adj) herbivorous = (of an animal) eating plants گیاه خوار
The iguanadon was a herbivorous dinosaur.
Gorillas are primarily herbivorous, eating leaves and stems of shrubs.
herbivore
Cows and sheep are herbivores.
During this time, none of the young plants were destroyed by herbivores.
(adj) herbivorous = (of an animal) eating plants گیاه خوار
The iguanadon was a herbivorous dinosaur.
Gorillas are primarily herbivorous, eating leaves and stems of shrubs.
(n) an animal that eats only plants
حیوان گیاه خوار
(v) (of some animals) to spend the winter sleeping
به خواب زمستانی رفتن
hibernate
The turtle hibernates in a shallow burrow for six months of the year.
In winter the metabolic rate is depressed and the fish hibernate just above freezing level.
(n) hibernation
hibernate
The turtle hibernates in a shallow burrow for six months of the year.
In winter the metabolic rate is depressed and the fish hibernate just above freezing level.
(n) hibernation
(v) (of some animals) to spend the winter sleeping
به خواب زمستانی رفتن
(adj) spending too much money, or using too much of something:
(adj) extreme and unreasonable
ولخرج (برای آدم) ، ولخرجی (کلمه جدا) ، پرخرج و هزینه و گزاف(یک چیز) ، بی رویه (در مصرف یا استفاده) - بیش از حد - مفرط
extravagant
extravagant ….noun…. پرخرج- بی رویه ( در مصرف یا استفاده ) / extravagant of …..sb….. ولخرجی / extravagant ولخرجی
the extravagant lifestyle of a movie star
It was very extravagant of you to buy strawberries out of season.
He rarely used taxis, which he regarded as extravagant.
the extravagant use of packaging on many products
………………………………………………………………….
The product does not live up to the extravagant claims of the advertisers.
Parents who have extravagant hopes for their children are bound to be disappointed.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : extravagance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : extravagant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : extravagantly
extravagant
extravagant ….noun…. پرخرج- بی رویه ( در مصرف یا استفاده ) / extravagant of …..sb….. ولخرجی / extravagant ولخرجی
the extravagant lifestyle of a movie star
It was very extravagant of you to buy strawberries out of season.
He rarely used taxis, which he regarded as extravagant.
the extravagant use of packaging on many products
………………………………………………………………….
The product does not live up to the extravagant claims of the advertisers.
Parents who have extravagant hopes for their children are bound to be disappointed.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : extravagance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : extravagant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : extravagantly
(adj) spending too much money, or using too much of something:
(adj) extreme and unreasonable
ولخرج (برای آدم) ، ولخرجی (کلمه جدا) ، پرخرج و هزینه و گزاف(یک چیز) ، بی رویه (در مصرف یا استفاده) - بیش از حد - مفرط
(adj) (of a place) not being lived in or used, or (of a job or office) available for someone to do = empty and avialable
خالی
vacant
We have three vacant apartments in our building.
The hospital has no vacant beds.
The position fell (= became) vacant when Rodman was promoted.
“40 per cent of the offices are still vacant”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : vacate = to leave a place or job position خالی کردن یا کناره گیری کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vacancy = a space or place or a job position that is free and available جای خالی یا فرصت شغلی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vacant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vacantly
Hotel guests are requested to vacate their rooms by noon.
Denis vacates his job at the end of the week.
The motel was full – we saw the “No Vacancy” sign.
These companies have a lot of vacancies (= jobs) to fill, and they pay well.
= empty,unoccupied,unfilled, free
vacant
We have three vacant apartments in our building.
The hospital has no vacant beds.
The position fell (= became) vacant when Rodman was promoted.
“40 per cent of the offices are still vacant”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : vacate = to leave a place or job position خالی کردن یا کناره گیری کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vacancy = a space or place or a job position that is free and available جای خالی یا فرصت شغلی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vacant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vacantly
Hotel guests are requested to vacate their rooms by noon.
Denis vacates his job at the end of the week.
The motel was full – we saw the “No Vacancy” sign.
These companies have a lot of vacancies (= jobs) to fill, and they pay well.
(adj) (of a place) not being lived in or used, or (of a job or office) available for someone to do = empty and avialable
خالی
(adj) not done or happening when expected or when needed; late:
معوق، از موعد گذشته،پرداخت نشده، عقب افتاده
overdue
My library books are a week overdue.
The baby is two weeks overdue (= the baby was expected to be born two weeks ago).
Changes to the tax system are long overdue.
She feels she’s overdue for promotion.
= lateو behind schedule
overdue
My library books are a week overdue.
The baby is two weeks overdue (= the baby was expected to be born two weeks ago).
Changes to the tax system are long overdue.
She feels she’s overdue for promotion.
(adj) not done or happening when expected or when needed; late:
معوق، از موعد گذشته،پرداخت نشده، عقب افتاده
(n) an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries
(n) the highest point of a mountain:
قله، اجلاس
summit
a summit meeting
World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit.
The economic summit did not accomplish all that the President had hoped it would.
…………………………………………………….
We climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier.
summit
a summit meeting
World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit.
The economic summit did not accomplish all that the President had hoped it would.
…………………………………………………….
We climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier.
(n) an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries
(n) the highest point of a mountain:
قله، اجلاس
(n) height above sea level
ارتفاع از سطح دریا
altitude
We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 metres.
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
altitude
We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 metres.
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
(n) height above sea level
ارتفاع از سطح دریا
(n) an area of land, esp. when considering its natural features:
زمین، ناحیه
terrain
“they were delayed by rough terrain”
rugged mountain terrain
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
معمولا قتی می خواهند یک صفت به زمین نسبت بدهند ازش استفاده میکنند
1 - زمین ناهموار: rugged terrain = rugged land = rough terrain
2 - زمین بیابانی: desert terrain = desert land
3 - زمین نامساعد: Inhospitable terrain = Inhospitable land
mountain terrain
= landو groundو territoryو area
terrain
“they were delayed by rough terrain”
rugged mountain terrain
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
معمولا قتی می خواهند یک صفت به زمین نسبت بدهند ازش استفاده میکنند
1 - زمین ناهموار: rugged terrain = rugged land = rough terrain
2 - زمین بیابانی: desert terrain = desert land
3 - زمین نامساعد: Inhospitable terrain = Inhospitable land
mountain terrain
(n) an area of land, esp. when considering its natural features:
زمین، ناحیه
(v) to cause fresh air to enter and move around an enclosed space
تهویه کردن
ventilate
Ventilate the room well while applying the paint.
I work in a very poorly-ventilated building.
Public buildings must be safe, clean, well lighted, and properly ventilated.
(n) ventilation تهویه
(adj) ventilated تهویه شده
ventilate
Ventilate the room well while applying the paint.
I work in a very poorly-ventilated building.
Public buildings must be safe, clean, well lighted, and properly ventilated.
(n) ventilation تهویه
(adj) ventilated تهویه شده
(v) to cause fresh air to enter and move around an enclosed space
تهویه کردن
باسواد - بی سواد
literate-illiterate
Only 25% of the country’s population is literate.
A surprising percentage of the population is illiterate.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : literalize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (il)literacy سواد / literature ادبیات / (il)literate آدم باسواد-ادیب
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (il)literate با سواد / literary = relating to literature ادبی
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : literately / literarily به صورت ادبی
literate-illiterate
Only 25% of the country’s population is literate.
A surprising percentage of the population is illiterate.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : literalize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (il)literacy سواد / literature ادبیات / (il)literate آدم باسواد-ادیب
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (il)literate با سواد / literary = relating to literature ادبی
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : literately / literarily به صورت ادبی
باسواد - بی سواد
خوانا - ناخوانا
legible- illegible
Her handwriting is barely legible.
illegible handwriting
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (il)legibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : l(il)egible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (il)legibly
legible- illegible
Her handwriting is barely legible.
illegible handwriting
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (il)legibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : l(il)egible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (il)legibly
خوانا - ناخوانا
(n) a style, activity, or interest that is very popular for a short period of time:
مد زودگذر
(رسم یا مد یا سبک یا رفتار و غیره که برای مدت کوتاهی متداول می شود)
fad
the latest health fad
There was a fad for wearing ripped jeans a few years ago.
He thought computers would be just a fad.
“some regard green politics as no more than the latest fad”
fad
the latest health fad
There was a fad for wearing ripped jeans a few years ago.
He thought computers would be just a fad.
“some regard green politics as no more than the latest fad”
(n) a style, activity, or interest that is very popular for a short period of time:
مد زودگذر
(رسم یا مد یا سبک یا رفتار و غیره که برای مدت کوتاهی متداول می شود)
(n) an organized journey for a particular purpose, especially that of exploration, research, or war.
سفر یا گردش با هدف خاص، سفر تحقیقاتی یا اکتشافی یا نظامی
expedition
e’re going on a shopping expedition on Saturday.
Scott died while he was on an expedition to the Antarctic in 1912.
a military/fishing/hunting expedition
“an expedition to the jungles of the Orinoco”
expedition
e’re going on a shopping expedition on Saturday.
Scott died while he was on an expedition to the Antarctic in 1912.
a military/fishing/hunting/scientific expedition
“an expedition to the jungles of the Orinoco”
(n) an organized journey for a particular purpose, especially that of exploration, research, or war.
سفر یا گردش با هدف خاص، سفر تحقیقاتی یا اکتشافی یا نظامی
1
(v,n) tell (someone) officially that they can or must leave a place or situation(esp the armed forces, a prison, a hospital, or a job
(v,n) allow (a liquid, gas, or other substance) to flow out from where it has been confined.
- مرخص کردن، عزل کردن، بیرون کردن - ترخیص،عزل
- تخلیه کردن - تخلیه
discharge
Patients were discharged from the hospital because the beds were needed by other people.
More than half of all prisoners discharged are reconvicted within two years.
A peace protester was conditionally discharged for twelve months (= allowed to go free only if they do not commit a crime again for this period of time).
He returned home following his discharge from the Army.
……………………………………………………………….
Large amounts of dangerous waste are discharged daily by the factory.
The oil that discharged into the sea seriously harmed a lot of birds and animals.
Thousands of fish were killed as a result of a discharge of poisonous chemicals from a nearby factory.
discharge
Patients were discharged from the hospital because the beds were needed by other people.
More than half of all prisoners discharged are reconvicted within two years.
A peace protester was conditionally discharged for twelve months (= allowed to go free only if they do not commit a crime again for this period of time).
He returned home following his discharge from the Army.
……………………………………………………………….
Large amounts of dangerous waste are discharged daily by the factory.
The oil that discharged into the sea seriously harmed a lot of birds and animals.
Thousands of fish were killed as a result of a discharge of poisonous chemicals from a nearby factory.
(v,n) tell (someone) officially that they can or must leave a place or situation(esp the armed forces, a prison, a hospital, or a job
(v,n) allow (a liquid, gas, or other substance) to flow out from where it has been confined.
- مرخص کردن، عزل کردن، بیرون کردن - ترخیص،عزل
- تخلیه کردن - تخلیه
(v) to go away or leave, especially on a journey
(v) leave (one’s job)
رهسپار شدن، عازم شدن - ترک کردن شغل یا سازمانی
depart
The plane departs at 6 a.m.
The bus for Dallas departs from the Greyhound-Trailways Terminal.
I went to see him, but he had already departed for London.
…………………………………………………
“he will soon depart his post as high commissioner to Britain”
(n) departure
(adj) departed عازم شده - مرده
depart
The plane departs at 6 a.m.
The bus for Dallas departs from the Greyhound-Trailways Terminal.
I went to see him, but he had already departed for London.
…………………………………………………
“he will soon depart his post as high commissioner to Britain”
(n) departure
(adj) departed عازم شده - مرده
(v) to go away or leave, especially on a journey
(v) leave (one’s job)
رهسپار شدن، عازم شدن - ترک کردن شغل یا سازمانی
(v) to separate or remove something from something else that it is connected to ant attach
جدا کردن
detach
You can detach the hood if you prefer the coat without it.
detach something from something
Detach the lower part of the form from this letter and return it to the above address.
(n) detachment
detach
You can detach the hood if you prefer the coat without it.
detach something from something
Detach the lower part of the form from this letter and return it to the above address.
(n) detachment
(v) to separate or remove something from something else that it is connected to ant attach
جدا کردن
(v) to go onto a ship or aircraft.
(v) to start something new or important; begin (a course of action).
سوارکشتی شدن - شروع کردن یک چیز جدید یا مهم
embark
We embarked at Liverpool for New York.
……………………………
embark on/upon something
We’re embarking upon a new project later this year.
“she embarked on a new career”
embark on a campaign/career/plan/programme/project
(n) embarkation سوار شدن
ANT= disembark پیاده شدن از کشتی / (n) disembarkation
embark
We embarked at Liverpool for New York.
……………………………
embark on/upon something
We’re embarking upon a new project later this year.
“she embarked on a new career”
embark on a campaign/career/plan/programme/project
(n) embarkation سوار شدن
ANT= disembark پیاده شدن از کشتی / (n) disembarkation
(v) to go onto a ship or aircraft.
(v) to start something new or important; begin (a course of action).
سوارکشتی شدن - شروع کردن یک چیز جدید یا مهم
(v) to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually using your intelligence or imagination
طراحی کردن،اختراع کردن،ابداع کردن
devise
A new system has been devised to control traffic in the city
He’s good at devising language games that you can play with students in class.
The cartoon characters Snoopy and Charlie Brown were devised by Charles M. Schultz.
“a training programme should be devised”
He devised a new way to treat mental depression.
The committee is devising an agenda for the upcoming political convention.
“a training programme should be devised”
devise
A new system has been devised to control traffic in the city
He’s good at devising language games that you can play with students in class.
The cartoon characters Snoopy and Charlie Brown were devised by Charles M. Schultz.
“a training programme should be devised”
He devised a new way to treat mental depression.
The committee is devising an agenda for the upcoming political convention.
“a training programme should be devised”
(v) to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually using your intelligence or imagination
طراحی کردن،اختراع کردن،ابداع کردن
(v) to quickly take something in your hand(s) and hold it firmly
(v) to understand something, especially something difficult
(n) the act of holding onto someone or something
(n) the ability to get, achieve, or keep something:
(n) understanding
1- چیزی را گرفتن
2- فهمیدن ، مطلب را گرفتن ( مثلا ما تو فارسی می گیم مطلب رو گرفتی )
……………………………………………
3- نون اولی
4- دسترس (توانایی بدست آوردن، دستیابی یا نگه داشتن چیزی)
5- فهم و درک
grasp
Rosie suddenly grasped my hand.
………………………………………………………………………..
I think I managed to grasp the main points of the lecture.
The government has acknowledged that homelessness is a problem but it has failed to grasp the scale of the problem.
……………………………………………………
He shook my hand with a very firm grasp.
…………………………………………………..
within your grasp
The presidency at last looked within her grasp (= it looked possible that she might become president).
beyond your grasp
Why is success always beyond my grasp (= impossible to get)?
slip from your grasp The gold medal slipped from his grasp (= he was unable to get it) in the last moments of the race.
lose your grasp on something
I sometimes think that he’s losing his grasp on reality (= his ability to judge what is real and what is not).
……………………………………………………….
He has a good grasp of the issues.
grasp
Rosie suddenly grasped my hand.
………………………………………………………………………..
I think I managed to grasp the main points of the lecture.
The government has acknowledged that homelessness is a problem but it has failed to grasp the scale of the problem.
……………………………………………………
He shook my hand with a very firm grasp.
…………………………………………………..
within your grasp
The presidency at last looked within her grasp (= it looked possible that she might become president).
beyond your grasp
Why is success always beyond my grasp (= impossible to get)?
slip from your grasp The gold medal slipped from his grasp (= he was unable to get it) in the last moments of the race.
lose your grasp on something
I sometimes think that he’s losing his grasp on reality (= his ability to judge what is real and what is not).
……………………………………………………….
He has a good grasp of the issues.
(v) to quickly take something in your hand(s) and hold it firmly
(v) to understand something, especially something difficult
(n) the act of holding onto someone or something
(n) the ability to get, achieve, or keep something:
(n) understanding
1- چیزی را گرفتن
2- فهمیدن ، مطلب را گرفتن ( مثلا ما تو فارسی می گیم مطلب رو گرفتی )
……………………………………………
3- نون اولی
4- دسترس (توانایی بدست آوردن، دستیابی یا نگه داشتن چیزی)
5- فهم و درک
(n) a strong feeling of disapproval that most people in a society have about something, especially when this is unfair
باورهای منفی ، انگ
stigma
There is no longer any stigma to being divorced.
Being an unmarried mother no longer carries the social stigma that it used to.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : stigmatize =to treat someone or something unfairly by disapproving of him, her, or it انگ زدن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : stigmatization / stigma
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
stigma
There is no longer any stigma to being divorced.
Being an unmarried mother no longer carries the social stigma that it used to.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : stigmatize =to treat someone or something unfairly by disapproving of him, her, or it انگ زدن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : stigmatization / stigma
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a strong feeling of disapproval that most people in a society have about something, especially when this is unfair
باورهای منفی ، انگ
(adj) pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement:
(v) to make someone feel happy and satisfied; satisfy or please (someone).
(n) the things that are held or included in something.
1- راضی، خشنود
2- راضی و خشنود کردن
3- محتوا
content
He seems fairly content with (his) life.
[ + to infinitive ] They’re content to socialize with a very small circle of people.
……………………….
You’re quite easily contented, aren’t you?
My explanation seemed to content him.
……………………………………………………………..
“she unscrewed the top of the flask and drank the contents”
“soya milk has a low fat content”
“online content providers”
(n) contentment
content
He seems fairly content with (his) life.
[ + to infinitive ] They’re content to socialize with a very small circle of people.
……………………….
You’re quite easily contented, aren’t you?
My explanation seemed to content him.
……………………………………………………………..
“she unscrewed the top of the flask and drank the contents”
“soya milk has a low fat content”
“online content providers”
(n) contentment
(adj) pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement:
(v) to make someone feel happy and satisfied; satisfy or please (someone).
(n) the things that are held or included in something.
1- راضی، خشنود
2- راضی و خشنود کردن
3- محتوا
(adj,n) (usually in law and crime contex) relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult:
نابالغ، نوجوان یا کودک
juvenile
juvenile crime/offenders/delinquent/delinquency
He was later taken to juvenile detention for violating the terms of his parole.
……………………………..
He was still a juvenile when the crime was committed.
Some of those programs fail in that they transfer juveniles to adult correctional systems
juvenile
juvenile crime/offenders
He was later taken to juvenile detention for violating the terms of his parole.
……………………………..
He was still a juvenile when the crime was committed.
Some of those programs fail in that they transfer juveniles to adult correctional systems
(adj,n) (usually in law and crime contex) relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult:
نابالغ، نوجوان یا کودک
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
breed/bred/bred
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
………………………………………………..
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
………………………………………………………..
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
…………………………………………………………
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What’s your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
breed/bred/bred
Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
………………………………………………..
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
………………………………………………………..
Favouritism breeds resentment.
Some teachers believe that early failures can later breed success.
…………………………………………………………
a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
What’s your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
(v) to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way
(v) (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals
(v) to cause something to happen, usually something bad
(n) a particular type of animal or plant
📐 در جایگاه فعل :
پرورش دادن ، تربیت کردن-1-
2- ( مربوط به حیوانات ) تولید مثل کردن ، زاییدن
۳ _ تولید کردن ؛ سبب یا عامل شدن
📐 در جایگاه اسم :
نژاد(نوع خاصی از حیوان )
(v) to care for young children or animals until they are able to care for themselves, or to keep and breed (= produce young from) animals or birds, for example on a farm
بزرگ کردن ( بچه ) - پرورش دادن
rear
Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
He describes how these birds rear their young.
She reared eight children.
“Nigel was born and reared in Bath”
“the calves are reared for beef”
to rear the offspring
to rear cattle
bring up, raise, breed
rear
Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
He describes how these birds rear their young.
She reared eight children.
“Nigel was born and reared in Bath”
“the calves are reared for beef”
to rear the offspring
to rear cattle
(v) to care for young children or animals until they are able to care for themselves, or to keep and breed (= produce young from) animals or birds, for example on a farm
بزرگ کردن ( بچه ) - پرورش دادن
(v,n) to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop
(پروش (دادن)، بزرگ (کردن
nurture
She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden
………………………….
Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?
nurture
She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden
………………………….
Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?
(v,n) to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop
(پروش (دادن)، بزرگ (کردن
(adj,n) a person, usually young, who behaves in a way that is illegal or not acceptable to most people
(adj) failing in one’s duty, like being late in paying money owed
بزهکار - بد حساب
delinquent
Our neighbour hated children and just thought we were a bunch of delinquents.
They are carrying out research on the causes of delinquent behaviour among young people.
delinquent teenagers
……………………………………………………….
She was delinquent in paying her taxes.
We would be delinquent in our duties if we didn’t constantly look for ways to improve our service.
(n) delinquency
(adv) delinquently
delinquent
Our neighbour hated children and just thought we were a bunch of delinquents.
They are carrying out research on the causes of delinquent behaviour among young people.
delinquent teenagers
……………………………………………………….
She was delinquent in paying her taxes.
We would be delinquent in our duties if we didn’t constantly look for ways to improve our service.
(n) delinquency
(adv) delinquently
(adj,n) a person, usually young, who behaves in a way that is illegal or not acceptable to most people
(adj) failing in one’s duty, like being late in paying money owed
بزهکار - بد حساب
(v) involve (something) as a necessary or inevitable part or consequence.
مستلزم بودن (درپی داشتن چیزی به صورت ضروری یا اجتناب ناپذیر )
مثلا هر سرمایه گذاری مستلزم ریسک است
entail
Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk.
[ + -ing verb ] Repairing the roof will entail spending a lot of money.
Any investment entails risk.
“a situation which entails considerable risks”
= involve, necessitate, make necessary, require, need, demand
entail
Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk.
[ + -ing verb ] Repairing the roof will entail spending a lot of money.
Any investment entails risk.
“a situation which entails considerable risks
(v) involve (something) as a necessary or inevitable part or consequence.
مستلزم بودن (درپی داشتن چیزی به صورت ضروری یا اجتناب ناپذیر )
مثلا هر سرمایه گذاری مستلزم ریسک است
(v) to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen
(v) to discover the facts or truth about something:
تعیین کردن - مشخص کردن
determine
The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we’re allowed to spend.
Your health is determined in part by what you eat.
Eye colour is genetically determined.
[ + question word ] formal Officials will determine whether or not the game will be played.
People should be allowed to determine their own future.
………………………………………………………
The police never actually determined the cause of death.
[ + question word ] It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether these men are innocent.
[ + that ] The jury determined that the men were guilty.
(n) determination
determine
The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we’re allowed to spend.
Your health is determined in part by what you eat.
Eye colour is genetically determined.
[ + question word ] formal Officials will determine whether or not the game will be played.
People should be allowed to determine their own future.
………………………………………………………
The police never actually determined the cause of death.
[ + question word ] It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether these men are innocent.
[ + that ] The jury determined that the men were guilty.
(n) determination
(v) to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen
(v) to discover the facts or truth about something:
تعیین کردن - مشخص کردن
(adj) having some of the same qualities; similar
مشابه با، شبیه به
akin to
They speak a language akin to French.
“something akin to gratitude overwhelmed her”
akin to
They speak a language akin to French.
“something akin to gratitude overwhelmed her”
(adj) having some of the same qualities; similar
مشابه با، شبیه به
(n) a situation in which people are governed in an unfair and cruel way and prevented from having opportunities and freedom
ظلم و ستم
oppression
Every human being has the right to freedom from oppression.
War, famine and oppression have forced people in the region to flee from their homes.
the oppression of women
✅ فعل ( verb ) : oppress ظلم کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : oppression / oppressor / oppressiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : oppressed / oppressive ظالم
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : oppressively
oppression
Every human being has the right to freedom from oppression.
War, famine and oppression have forced people in the region to flee from their homes.
the oppression of women
✅ فعل ( verb ) : oppress ظلم کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : oppression / oppressor / oppressiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : oppressed / oppressive ظالم
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : oppressively
(n) a situation in which people are governed in an unfair and cruel way and prevented from having opportunities and freedom
ظلم و ستم
(n) the use of force or violence to control a group of people = the action of subduing someone or a group of people by force.
(n)the restraint, prevention, or inhibition of a feeling, quality, etc. or the process and effect of keeping particular thoughts or wishes out of your conscious mind in order to defend or protect it = the action of subduing something (a feeling, quality, thoughts, wishes, desires, ideas etc. ) by force.
سرکوب
repression
The political repression in this country is enforced by terror.
“students sparked off events that ended in brutal repression”
…………….
“the repression of anger can be positively harmful”
“children and adults pay a heavy price for their deep repression of thoughts about death”
an attitude of unhealthy sexual repression
فعل ( verb ) : repress
اسم ( noun ) : repression / repressiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : repressiveسرکوبگر / repressed
قید ( adverb ) : repressively
……………………………………………………..
repress سرکوب کردن
subdue (someone or something) by force
1- to prevent feelings, desires, or ideas from being expressed
* In the end, it was impossible to repress her emotions.
* The government repressed all reports from the region.
2- to control what people do, especially by using force
* “the uprisings were repressed”
= subduing
repression
The political repression in this country is enforced by terror.
“students sparked off events that ended in brutal repression”
…………….
“the repression of anger can be positively harmful”
“children and adults pay a heavy price for their deep repression of thoughts about death”
an attitude of unhealthy sexual repression
فعل ( verb ) : repress
اسم ( noun ) : repression / repressiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : repressiveسرکوبگر / repressed
قید ( adverb ) : repressively
……………………………………………………..
repress سرکوب کردن
subdue (someone or something) by force
1- to prevent feelings, desires, or ideas from being expressed
* In the end, it was impossible to repress her emotions.
* The government repressed all reports from the region.
2- to control what people do, especially by using force
* “the uprisings were repressed”
(n) the use of force or violence to control a group of people = the action of subduing someone or a group of people by force.
(n)the restraint, prevention, or inhibition of a feeling, quality, etc. or the process and effect of keeping particular thoughts or wishes out of your conscious mind in order to defend or protect it = the action of subduing something (a feeling, quality, thoughts, wishes, desires, ideas etc. ) by force.
سرکوب
(v) overcome, quieten, or bring under control (a feeling or person).
1- to reduce the force of something, or to prevent something from existing or developing
2- to bring a person or group under control by using force:
کسی یا چیزی را تحت کنترل یا سلظه درآوردن
subdue
The fire burned for eight hours before the fire crews could subdue it.
He criticized the school for trying to subdue individual expression.
“she managed to subdue an instinct to applaud”
……………………………………………..
Police say they have a range of methods available to them to subdue a person during a confrontation.
Their aim was to subdue security guards and cut the paintings from their frames.
As one rebellion is subdued, the conditions for another are forming elsewhere.
subdue
The fire burned for eight hours before the fire crews could subdue it.
He criticized the school for trying to subdue individual expression.
“she managed to subdue an instinct to applaud”
……………………………………………..
Police say they have a range of methods available to them to subdue a person during a confrontation.
Their aim was to subdue security guards and cut the paintings from their frames.
As one rebellion is subdued, the conditions for another are forming elsewhere.
(v) overcome, quieten, or bring under control (a feeling or person).
1- to reduce the force of something, or to prevent something from existing or developing
2- to bring a person or group under control by using force:
کسی یا چیزی را تحت کنترل یا سلظه درآوردن
(n) the act of ending something by force
(n) the act of preventing something from being seen or expressed or from operating:
سرکوب
suppression
brutal police suppression of the riots
the suppression of human rights
…………………………………………………………
the suppression of free speech
the illegal suppression of evidence
the suppression of emotions
فعل ( verb ) : suppress
اسم ( noun ) : suppression / suppressant / suppressor
صفت ( adjective ) : _
قید ( adverb ) : _
……………………………………..
suppress سرکوب کردن
1- to end something by force
* The Hungarian uprising in 1956 was suppressed by the Soviet Union.
* He either has to begin reforms, or he has to suppress the opposition.
2- to prevent something from being expressed or known
She couldn’t suppress her anger/annoyance/delight.
His feelings of resentment have been suppressed for years.
The British government tried to suppress the book because of the information it contained about the security services.
The virus suppresses the body’s immune system.
He was accused of suppressing evidence.
She could barely suppress a smile.
suppression
brutal police suppression of the riots
the suppression of human rights
…………………………………………………………
the suppression of free speech
the illegal suppression of evidence
the suppression of emotions
فعل ( verb ) : suppress
اسم ( noun ) : suppression / suppressant / suppressor
صفت ( adjective ) : _
قید ( adverb ) : _
……………………………………..
suppress سرکوب کردن
1- to end something by force
* The Hungarian uprising in 1956 was suppressed by the Soviet Union.
* He either has to begin reforms, or he has to suppress the opposition.
2- to prevent something from being expressed or known
She couldn’t suppress her anger/annoyance/delight.
His feelings of resentment have been suppressed for years.
The British government tried to suppress the book because of the information it contained about the security services.
The virus suppresses the body’s immune system.
He was accused of suppressing evidence.
She could barely suppress a smile.
(n) the act of ending something by force
(n) the act of preventing something from being seen or expressed or from operating:
سرکوب
مستاجر -صاحب خانه
tenant - landlord
tenant - landlord
مستاجر -صاحب خانه
(n) the period of time when someone holds a job, esp. an official position, or the right to keep a job permanently
دوران ریاست ، مدت تصدی
tenure
During his tenure as mayor, relations with the police department worsened.
Michelle has tenure in her new teaching position.
She is one of the few people in the English Department who has tenure.
tenure-track US
Tenure-track professors (= those likely to get tenure) who don’t publish enough work may not be offered tenure.
tenure
During his tenure as mayor, relations with the police department worsened.
Michelle has tenure in her new teaching position.
She is one of the few people in the English Department who has tenure.
tenure-track US
Tenure-track professors (= those likely to get tenure) who don’t publish enough work may not be offered tenure.
(n) the period of time when someone holds a job, esp. an official position, or the right to keep a job permanently
دوران ریاست ، مدت تصدی
(n) the ability to say or do the right thing without making anyone unhappy or angry
توانایی با سیاست ( صحیح و درست ) حرف زدن
tact
He’s never had much tact and people don’t like his blunt manner.
“the inspector broke the news to me with tact and consideration”
The editors of this book have shown tact and good sense in their selections.
(adj) tactful
You were very tactful about the awful meal my mother fixed.
(adv) tactfully
I tried to say as tactfully as I could that she was totally wrong.
tact
He’s never had much tact and people don’t like his blunt manner.
“the inspector broke the news to me with tact and consideration”
The editors of this book have shown tact and good sense in their selections.
(adj) tactful
You were very tactful about the awful meal my mother fixed.
(adv) tactfully
I tried to say as tactfully as I could that she was totally wrong.
(n) the ability to say or do the right thing without making anyone unhappy or angry
توانایی با سیاست ( صحیح و درست ) حرف زدن
(n) polite behaviour, or a polite action or remark:
ادب. نزاکت
(dis)courtesy
You might get along better with your parents if you showed them some courtesy.
[ + to infinitive ] He could at least have had the courtesy to say sorry.
The president welcomed her visitors with the usual courtesies.
(adj) (dis)courteous=polite and showing respect با ادب وبا نزاکت
Although she often disagreed with me, she was always courteous.
(adv) (dis)courteously=in a way that is polite and shows respect مودبانه
(n) (dis)courteousness=polite behaviour ادب. نزاکت
The standard of service and the courteousness of the staff were very impressive.
(dis)courtesy
You might get along better with your parents if you showed them some courtesy.
[ + to infinitive ] He could at least have had the courtesy to say sorry.
The president welcomed her visitors with the usual courtesies.
(adj) (dis)courteous=polite and showing respect با ادب وبا نزاکت
Although she often disagreed with me, she was always courteous.
(adv) (dis)courteously=in a way that is polite and shows respect مودبانه
(n) (dis)courteousness=polite behaviour ادب. نزاکت
The standard of service and the courteousness of the staff were very impressive.
(n) polite behaviour, or a polite action or remark:
ادب. نزاکت
(n) the set of rules or customs that control accepted behaviour in particular social groups or social situations
آداب معاشرت
etiquette
Social etiquette dictates that men cannot sit while women are standing.
Diplomatic etiquette forbids calling for the death of a national leader.
etiquette
Social etiquette dictates that men cannot sit while women are standing.
Diplomatic etiquette forbids calling for the death of a national leader.
(n) the set of rules or customs that control accepted behaviour in particular social groups or social situations
آداب معاشرت
(n) a good understanding of someone and an ability to communicate well with them
رابطه (دوستنانه یا با تفاهم)
rapport
We’d worked together for years and developed a close/good rapport.
She has an excellent rapport with her staff.
“she was able to establish a good rapport with the children”
rapport
We’d worked together for years and developed a close/good rapport.
She has an excellent rapport with her staff.
“she was able to establish a good rapport with the children”
(n) a good understanding of someone and an ability to communicate well with them
رابطه (دوستنانه یا با تفاهم)
(n) a signal for someone to do something
(v) to give someone a signal to do something
نشانه و علامت - علامت دادن
cue
They started washing up, so that was our cue to leave the party.
“she had not yet been given her cue to come out on to the dais”
Any conversational lull was my cue for asking a question
……………………………………………………………….
Ros and Guil, cued by Hamlet, also bow deeply
cue someone in
With a nod of his head, the drummer cued the lead singer in.
cue
They started washing up, so that was our cue to leave the party.
“she had not yet been given her cue to come out on to the dais”
Any conversational lull was my cue for asking a question
……………………………………………………………….
Ros and Guil, cued by Hamlet, also bow deeply
cue someone in
With a nod of his head, the drummer cued the lead singer in.
(n) a signal for someone to do something
(v) to give someone a signal to do something
نشانه و علامت - علامت دادن
(adj) (of a substance) easily bent without breaking or cracking = flexible
(adj) (of a person) easily influenced or controlled by others
1 - منعطف و خم شدنی
2 - ادم منعطف و حرف شنو
pliable
Some kinds of plastic become pliable if they’re heated.
soft, pliable materials
“quality leather is pliable and will not crack”
…………………………………………………………………………
He wanted a sweet, pliable, obedient wife.
A more pliant leader would compromise.
“pliable teenage minds”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pliancy = pliability / pliers انبردست
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : pliable = pliant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : pliantly
pliable
Some kinds of plastic become pliable if they’re heated.
soft, pliable materials
“quality leather is pliable and will not crack”
…………………………………………………………………………
He wanted a sweet, pliable, obedient wife.
A more pliant leader would compromise.
“pliable teenage minds”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pliancy = pliability / pliers انبردست
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : pliable = pliant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : pliantly
(adj) (of a substance) easily bent without breaking or cracking = flexible
(adj) (of a person) easily influenced or controlled by others
1 - منعطف و خم شدنی
2 - ادم منعطف و حرف شنو
(adj) perfectly clean or in perfect condition
1 - کاملا پاک و تمیز
2 - بی نقص و بی عیب
immaculate
dressed in an immaculate white suit
an immaculate garden
“an immaculate white suit”
My aunt’s kitchen was always immaculate.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : immaculacy
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : immaculate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : immaculately
immaculate
dressed in an immaculate white suit
an immaculate garden
“an immaculate white suit”
My aunt’s kitchen was always immaculate.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : immaculacy
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : immaculate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : immaculately
(adj) perfectly clean or in perfect condition
1 - کاملا پاک و تمیز
2 - بی نقص و بی عیب
(adj) in its original condition; not spoiled or worn from use
دست نخورده، عین روز اولش
pristine
pristine new offices
Washing machine for sale - only two months old and in pristine condition.
The car seemed to be in pristine condition.
“pristine copies of an early magazine”
“a pristine white shirt”
pristine
pristine new offices
Washing machine for sale - only two months old and in pristine condition.
The car seemed to be in pristine condition.
“pristine copies of an early magazine”
“a pristine white shirt”
(adj) in its original condition; not spoiled or worn from use
دست نخورده، عین روز اولش
(adj) friendly, but formal and polite
صمیمانه
cordial
a cordial smile/greeting/welcome/reception
Relations between the two leaders are said to be cordial.
a cordial greeting/smile
cordial relations
(n) cordiality
(adv) cordially
cordial
a cordial smile/greeting/welcome/reception
Relations between the two leaders are said to be cordial.
a cordial greeting/smile
cordial relations
(n) cordiality
(adv) cordially
(adj) friendly, but formal and polite
صمیمانه
(adj) skillful in planning and ready to deceive people in order to get what you want
(n) the quality or skill of being clever at planning something so you get what you want, especially by tricking other people
1- (برای انسان)حیله گر و حقه باز- (برای چیزها مثل نقشه یا برنامه و …) حیله گرانه و حقه بازانه
2- حیله گری و حقه بازی
cunning
I have a cunning ploy that’s guaranteed to succeed.
cunning plan One important detail was missing from her cunning plan.
He’s a very cunning man.
a cunning scheme
“a cunning look came into his eyes”
………………………………………………………………………………….
We need to show some cunning if we want to defeat the enemy.
They made their way safely back through enemy territory by stealth and cunning.
“a statesman to whom cunning had come as second nature”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cunning
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cunning
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cunningly
cunning
I have a cunning ploy that’s guaranteed to succeed.
cunning plan One important detail was missing from her cunning plan.
He’s a very cunning man.
a cunning scheme
“a cunning look came into his eyes”
………………………………………………………………………………….
We need to show some cunning if we want to defeat the enemy.
They made their way safely back through enemy territory by stealth and cunning.
“a statesman to whom cunning had come as second nature”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cunning
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cunning
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cunningly
(adj) skillful in planning and ready to deceive people in order to get what you want
(n) the quality or skill of being clever at planning something so you get what you want, especially by tricking other people
1- (برای انسان)حیله گر و حقه باز- (برای چیزها مثل نقشه یا برنامه و …) حیله گرانه و حقه بازانه
2- حیله گری و حقه بازی
(adj) extremely determined; never weakening or ending
بی امان ، خستگی ناپذیر،سر سخت (از نظر قدرت، شدت یا اراده تسلیم نمی شوند.)
unrelenting
unrelenting toughness/opposition
unrelenting neglect/pollution
She will be remembered as an unrelenting opponent of racial discrimination.
“the heat was unrelenting”
“unrelenting opponents”
unrelenting
unrelenting toughness/opposition
unrelenting neglect/pollution
She will be remembered as an unrelenting opponent of racial discrimination.
“the heat was unrelenting”
“unrelenting opponents”
(adj) extremely determined; never weakening or ending
بی امان ، خستگی ناپذیر،سر سخت (از نظر قدرت، شدت یا اراده تسلیم نمی شوند.)
(n) an act of asking for information.
(n) an official process to discover the facts about something bad that has happened (an official investigation)
پرس و جو -تحقیق رسمی
inquiry (us) / enquiry (uk)
inquiry about We’ve seen a rise in inquiries about insurance against flooding.
inquiry into
I’ve been making inquiries into the cost of a round-the-world ticket.
Inquiry into the matter is pointless - no one will tell you anything.
make an inquiry
Having made further inquiries, we can confirm that the meeting did take place.
“the police were making inquiries in all the neighbouring pubs”
…………………………………………………………..
a judicial inquiry
inquiry into
Citizens have demanded a full inquiry into the government’s handling of the epidemic.
“he was one of the State’s star witnesses in the murder inquiry”
………………………………………………………………………
(v) inquire = to ask for information
استعلام کردن، پرس و جو کردن، جویا شدن، مطلع شدن
* Shall I inquire about the price of tickets?
* [ + question word ] She called to inquire when her car would be ready.
* [ + speech ] “Where are we going?” he inquired politely.
inquire into something = to try to discover the facts about something تحقیق و بررسی کردن راجب چیزی
* When the authorities inquired into his background, they found he had a criminal record.
* The committee had no right to inquire into his politics.
………………………………………………
(adj) inquiring=interested in learning new things. پرسشگر
(adv) inquiringly پرسشگرانه
……………………………………………………………….
query
1-(n) a question, often expressing doubt about something or looking for an answer from an authority
* If you have any queries about your treatment, the doctor will answer them.
2- to ask questions, especially in order to check if something is true or correct
* A few students have queried their grades.
* [ + question word ] She queried whether three months was long enough.
* [ + speech ] “Any chance of a cup of tea?” he queried hopefully.
inquiry (us) / enquiry (uk)
inquiry about We’ve seen a rise in inquiries about insurance against flooding.
inquiry into
I’ve been making inquiries into the cost of a round-the-world ticket.
Inquiry into the matter is pointless - no one will tell you anything.
make an inquiry
Having made further inquiries, we can confirm that the meeting did take place.
“the police were making inquiries in all the neighbouring pubs”
…………………………………………………………..
a judicial inquiry
inquiry into
Citizens have demanded a full inquiry into the government’s handling of the epidemic.
“he was one of the State’s star witnesses in the murder inquiry”
………………………………………………………………………
(v) inquire = to ask for information
استعلام کردن، پرس و جو کردن، جویا شدن، مطلع شدن
* Shall I inquire about the price of tickets?
* [ + question word ] She called to inquire when her car would be ready.
* [ + speech ] “Where are we going?” he inquired politely.
inquire into something = to try to discover the facts about something تحقیق و بررسی کردن راجب چیزی
* When the authorities inquired into his background, they found he had a criminal record.
* The committee had no right to inquire into his politics.
………………………………………………
(adj) inquiring=interested in learning new things. پرسشگر
(adv) inquiring پرسشگرانه
…………………………………………………………………….
query
1-(n) a question, often expressing doubt about something or looking for an answer from an authority
* If you have any queries about your treatment, the doctor will answer them.
2- to ask questions, especially in order to check if something is true or correct
* A few students have queried their grades.
* [ + question word ] She queried whether three months was long enough.
* [ + speech ] “Any chance of a cup of tea?” he queried hopefully.
(n) an act of asking for information.
(n) an official process to discover the facts about something bad that has happened (an official investigation)
پرس و جو -تحقیق رسمی
(n) a brief or temporary failure of concentration, memory, or judgement, or a slight error typically due to forgetfulness or inattention
1- لغزش و نقص و خطا ( خطای موقت )
2- یک اشتباه کوچک ناشی از بی دقتی و فراموشی
lapse
“a lapse of concentration in the second set cost her the match”
The management’s decision to ignore the safety warnings demonstrated a remarkable lapse of judgment.
Her memory lapses have become more frequent in the last year.
…………………………………………..
a lapse in table manners
a lapse in security
On Friday he showed neither decency nor dignity. It was an uncommon lapse.
lapse
“a lapse of concentration in the second set cost her the match”
The management’s decision to ignore the safety warnings demonstrated a remarkable lapse of judgment.
Her memory lapses have become more frequent in the last year.
…………………………………………..
a lapse in table manners
a lapse in security
On Friday he showed neither decency nor dignity. It was an uncommon lapse.
(n) a brief or temporary failure of concentration, memory, or judgement, or a slight error typically due to forgetfulness or inattention
1- لغزش و نقص و خطا ( خطای موقت )
2- یک اشتباه کوچک ناشی از بی دقتی و فراموشی
(adj) (of people) liking to be with other people; sociable.
(adj) (especially of animals) living in groups
(adj) (of plants) growing in open clusters or in pure associations.
اجتماعی - گله زی - خوشه زی
gregarious
Emma’s a gregarious, outgoing sort of person.
“he was a popular and gregarious man”
………………………………………………..
“gregarious species forage in flocks from colonies or roosts”
………………………………………………………….
“in the wild, trees are usually gregarious plants”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : gregariousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : gregarious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : gregariously
gregarious
Emma’s a gregarious, outgoing sort of person.
“he was a popular and gregarious man”
………………………………………………..
“gregarious species forage in flocks from colonies or roosts”
………………………………………………………….
“in the wild, trees are usually gregarious plants”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : gregariousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : gregarious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : gregariously
(adj) (of people) liking to be with other people; sociable.
(adj) (especially of animals) living in groups
(adj) (of plants) growing in open clusters or in pure associations.
اجتماعی - گله زی - خوشه زی
(v) to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad
ریشه کن کردن
eradicate
The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been eradicated.
A new vaccine eradicated polio.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : eradicate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : eradication
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : eradicable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
eradicate
The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been eradicated.
A new vaccine eradicated polio.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : eradicate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : eradication
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : eradicable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad
ریشه کن کردن
(phrase) to have or experience a particular thing, especially something unpleasant
در معرض . . . . . . بودن
مشمول . . . . . . قرار گرفتن
be subject to
Cars are subject to a high domestic tax.
In recent years, she has been subject to attacks of depression.
Many celebrities are subject to intrusive scrutiny from the press.
All of this income is subject to tax.
The men were released from prison but were still subject to constant surveillance.
be subject to
Cars are subject to a high domestic tax.
In recent years, she has been subject to attacks of depression.
Many celebrities are subject to intrusive scrutiny from the press.
All of this income is subject to tax.
The men were released from prison but were still subject to constant surveillance.
(phrase) to have or experience a particular thing, especially something unpleasant
در معرض . . . . . . بودن
مشمول . . . . . . قرار گرفتن
(adj) (of a person or animal) not aware of the presence of danger
از همه جا بی خبر
unsuspecting
The killer lured his unsuspecting victims back to his apartment.
The fish sometimes leap into the air and smack into unsuspecting boaters.
…………………………………………………………………
unsusceptible
not easily influenced or affected by something:
* Voters had become split into two camps, with those on both sides generally unsusceptible to persuasion.
* unsusceptible of Hardened criminals like these must be unsusceptible of the influence of human feelings.
………………………………………………………………………..
unsuspicious
trusting someone or something, or not realizing the truth about a situation
“she has a caring, unsuspicious nature”
Because of his unsuspicious nature and high self-confidence, he reacted calmly to criticism.
When they arrived, they found a population that was unarmed and unsuspicious of danger.
……………………………………………………………………………
unsuspected
not known or thought to exist or be present; not imagined possible.
* an unsuspected talent/complication/problem/illness
unsuspecting
The killer lured his unsuspecting victims back to his apartment.
The fish sometimes leap into the air and smack into unsuspecting boaters.
…………………………………………………………………
unsusceptible
not easily influenced or affected by something:
* Voters had become split into two camps, with those on both sides generally unsusceptible to persuasion.
* unsusceptible of Hardened criminals like these must be unsusceptible of the influence of human feelings.
………………………………………………………………………..
unsuspicious
trusting someone or something, or not realizing the truth about a situation
“she has a caring, unsuspicious nature”
Because of his unsuspicious nature and high self-confidence, he reacted calmly to criticism.
When they arrived, they found a population that was unarmed and unsuspicious of danger.
……………………………………………………………………………
unsuspected
not known or thought to exist or be present; not imagined possible.
* an unsuspected talent/complication/problem/illness
(adj) (of a person or animal) not aware of the presence of danger
از همه جا بی خبر
(adj) making someone feel uncertain and uncomfortable or worried
نگران و مشوش کننده
disconcerting
There was a disconcerting silence.
His message is deeply disconcerting for anyone who values democracy.
…………………………………………………………………….
(v) disconcert
to make someone feel suddenly uncertain and worried or embarrassed.:
He was disconcerted by all the attention he was getting.
disconcerting
There was a disconcerting silence.
His message is deeply disconcerting for anyone who values democracy.
…………………………………………………………………….
(v) disconcert
to make someone feel suddenly uncertain and worried or embarrassed.:
He was disconcerted by all the attention he was getting.
(adj) making someone feel uncertain and uncomfortable or worried
نگران و مشوش کننده
(adj) (of a person) at the point of death.
(adj) (especially of an organization or business, market, etc. ) not active or successful
رو به موت
رو به زوال و افول
moribund
“on examination she was moribund and dehydrated”
………………………………..
How can the department be revived from its present moribund state?
The figures show a moribund remortgage market.
“the moribund commercial property market”
moribund
“on examination she was moribund and dehydrated”
………………………………..
How can the department be revived from its present moribund state?
The figures show a moribund remortgage market.
“the moribund commercial property market”
(adj) (of a person) at the point of death.
(adj) (especially of an organization or business, market, etc. ) not active or successful
رو به موت
رو به زوال و افول
(v) (usually of the stomach or another part of the body) to swell and become large, especially because of pressure from inside
متورم شدن ، ورم کردن
distend
During digestion, sugar may produce wind that distends the stomach.
The medication I take causes my lower belly to distend.
“the abdomen distended rapidly”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distend
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distension ( distention ) / distensibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distended / distensible / distent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
= swell
distend
During digestion, sugar may produce wind that distends the stomach.
The medication I take causes my lower belly to distend.
“the abdomen distended rapidly”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distend
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distension ( distention ) / distensibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distended / distensible / distent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) (usually of the stomach or another part of the body) to swell and become large, especially because of pressure from inside
متورم شدن ، ورم کردن
(v) to compete in order to win something
(v) to say that something is true or is a fact
(v) to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation = cope with
۱. رقابت کردن
2. گفتن. اظهار داشتن. معتقد بودن
3. دست و پنجه نرم کردن
contend
contend for
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title.
contend against
He’s contending against someone with twice his experience.
……………………………………………………………………..
The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime.
I contend that a novel should tell a story and tell it well.
……………………………………………………………………..
contend with something
At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with.
We don’t need a computer failure to contend with as well as all our other problems.
“she had to contend with his uncertain temper”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : contend
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : contention عقیده قوی یک شخص - اختلاف نظر بین دو نفر - رقابت
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : contentious = causing or likely to cause disagreement or argument بحث برانگیزو جنجالی ، مناقشه برانگیز
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : contentiously
contend
contend for
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title.
contend against
He’s contending against someone with twice his experience.
……………………………………………………………………..
The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime.
I contend that a novel should tell a story and tell it well.
……………………………………………………………………..
contend with something
At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with.
We don’t need a computer failure to contend with as well as all our other problems.
“she had to contend with his uncertain temper”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : contend
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : contention عقیده قوی یک شخص - اختلاف نظر بین دو نفر - رقابت
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : contentious = causing or likely to cause disagreement or argument بحث برانگیزو جنجالی ، مناقشه برانگیز
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : contentiously
(v) to compete in order to win something
(v) to say that something is true or is a fact
(v) to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation = cope with
۱. رقابت کردن
2. گفتن. اظهار داشتن. معتقد بودن
3. دست و پنجه نرم کردن
(v) to mention someone or something without talking about him, her, or it directly:
غیرمستقیم اشاره کردن به کسی یا چیزی
alludes
allude to someone/something
She mentioned some trouble that she’d had at home and I guessed she was alluding to her son
He alluded to problems with the new computers.
“she had a way of alluding to Jean but never saying her name”
alludes
allude to someone/something
She mentioned some trouble that she’d had at home and I guessed she was alluding to her son
He alluded to problems with the new computers.
“she had a way of alluding to Jean but never saying her name”
(v) to mention someone or something without talking about him, her, or it directly:
غیرمستقیم اشاره کردن به کسی یا چیزی
(n) a person or thing that receives or is awarded something.
دریافت کننده
recipient
Former Nobel Peace Prize recipients include Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama.
He was a recipient of the Civilian Service Award.
Lund was the first female recipient of an artificial heart.
= beneficiary
recipient
Former Nobel Peace Prize recipients include Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama.
He was a recipient of the Civilian Service Award.
Lund was the first female recipient of an artificial heart.
(n) a person or thing that receives or is awarded something.
دریافت کننده
(v) produce or provide (a natural, agricultural, or industrial product).
(v) produce or generate (a result, gain, or financial return).
(v) to give up the control of or responsibility for something (esp arguments, demands, or pressure.), often because you have been forced to
(v) (of a mass or structure) to bend or break under force or pressure.
(n) an amount produced of an agricultural or industrial product or a financial return.
۱- ثمر دادن و به بارآوردن (یک محصول طبیعی، کشاورزی یا صنعتی)
۲- منجر شدن به یا به همراه داشتن (یک نتیجه، سود یا بازده مالی)
۳- تسلیم شدن ( تن دادن ) یا تسلیم کردن ( واگذار کردن )
۴- تسلیم شدن (خم شدن یا شکستن تحت فشار)
۵- ثمره (مقدار تولید شده از یک محصول کشاورزی یا صنعتی یا بازده مالی.)
yield
“the land yields grapes and tobacco”
Favorable weather yielded a good crop.
…………………………………………………………………………..
“this method yields the same results”
an attempt to yield increased profits
The investigation yielded some unexpected results.
……………………………………………………………………………..
They were forced to yield (up) their land to the occupying forces.
Despite renewed pressure to give up the occupied territory, they will not yield.
“the Western powers now yielded when they should have resisted”
“they might yield up their secrets”
………………………………………………………………………………….
His legs began to yield under the sheer weight of his body.
“he reeled into the house as the door yielded”
……………………………………………………………………….
Crop yields have risen steadily.
Yields on gas and electricity shares are consistently high.
“the milk yield was poor”
“an annual dividend yield of 20 per cent”
yield
“the land yields grapes and tobacco”
Favorable weather yielded a good crop.
…………………………………………………………………………..
“this method yields the same results”
an attempt to yield increased profits
The investigation yielded some unexpected results.
……………………………………………………………………………..
They were forced to yield (up) their land to the occupying forces.
Despite renewed pressure to give up the occupied territory, they will not yield.
“the Western powers now yielded when they should have resisted”
“they might yield up their secrets”
………………………………………………………………………………….
His legs began to yield under the sheer weight of his body.
“he reeled into the house as the door yielded”
……………………………………………………………………….
Crop yields have risen steadily.
Yields on gas and electricity shares are consistently high.
“the milk yield was poor”
“an annual dividend yield of 20 per cent”
(v) produce or provide (a natural, agricultural, or industrial product).
(v) produce or generate (a result, gain, or financial return).
(v) to give up the control of or responsibility for something (esp arguments, demands, or pressure.), often because you have been forced to
(v) (of a mass or structure) to bend or break under force or pressure.
(n) an amount produced of an agricultural or industrial product or a financial return.
۱- ثمر دادن و به بارآوردن (یک محصول طبیعی، کشاورزی یا صنعتی)
۲- منجر شدن به یا به همراه داشتن (یک نتیجه، سود یا بازده مالی)
۳- تسلیم شدن ( تن دادن ) یا تسلیم کردن ( واگذار کردن )
۴- تسلیم شدن (خم شدن یا شکستن تحت فشار)
۵- ثمره (مقدار تولید شده از یک محصول کشاورزی یا صنعتی یا بازده مالی.)
(v) If two or more facts, numbers, etc. …. or are ….d, there is a relationship between them
همبستگی داشتن
correlate
Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated (= connected).
correlate to sth
At this point, the advertising hasn’t correlated to an increase in sales.
correlate (sth) with sth
Oil sales are closely correlated with economic growth.
“the study found that success in the educational system correlates highly with class”
فعل ( verb ) : correlate
اسم ( noun ) : correlation / correlative
صفت ( adjective ) : correlative
قید ( adverb ) : _
correlate
Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated (= connected).
correlate to sth
At this point, the advertising hasn’t correlated to an increase in sales.
correlate (sth) with sth
Oil sales are closely correlated with economic growth.
“the study found that success in the educational system correlates highly with class”
فعل ( verb ) : correlate
اسم ( noun ) : correlation / correlative
صفت ( adjective ) : correlative
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) If two or more facts, numbers, etc. …. or are ….d, there is a relationship between them
همبستگی داشتن
(adv) in small amounts, or without wasting any
به مقدارکم
sparingly
There wasn’t enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
She created a natural look, using makeup sparingly.
“the sharply flavoured leaves should be used sparingly”
(adj) sparing = using very little of something = moderate; economical. بسیار کم (در استفاده) ، صرفه جو
“physicians advised sparing use of the ointment”
Be sparing with the butter as there isn’t much left.
He is sparing with/in his praise (= praises people very little).
sparingly
There wasn’t enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
She created a natural look, using makeup sparingly.
“the sharply flavoured leaves should be used sparingly”
(adj) sparing = using very little of something = moderate; economical. بسیار کم (در استفاده) ، صرفه جو
“physicians advised sparing use of the ointment”
Be sparing with the butter as there isn’t much left.
He is sparing with/in his praise (= praises people very little).
(adv) in small amounts, or without wasting any
به مقدارکم
(adj) using money and other resources carefully and not wastefully.
صرفه جو، اقتصادی
thrifty
“he had been brought up to be thrifty and careful”
(n) thrift = the careful use of money, especially by avoiding waste صرفه جویی
thrifty
“he had been brought up to be thrifty and careful”
(n) thrift = the careful use of money, especially by avoiding waste صرفه جویی
(adj) using money and other resources carefully and not wastefully.
صرفه جو، اقتصادی
(v) to lift something to a higher position:
(v) to cause something to increase or become bigger, better, higher, etc
(v) to cause to exist
(v) to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown:
۱- بالا بردن
۲– باعث افزایش یا بزرگتر شدن، بهتر شدن، بالاتر شدن و غیره شدن چیزی شدن.(زیاد کردن، یالا بردن)
۳-دباعث ایجاد چیزی شدن یا چیزی را مطرح کردن
۴- بزرگ کردن (بچه)
raise
Would all those in favor please raise their hands?
He raised the window and leaned out.
Mary Quant was the first fashion designer to raise hemlines.
………………………..
The government plan to raise taxes.
I had to raise my voice (= speak more loudly) to make myself heard over the noise.
The inspector said that standards at the school had to be raised.
Our little chat has raised my spirits (= made me feel happier).
……………………………………………..
Her answers raised doubts/fears/suspicions in my mind.
This discussion has raised many important issues/problems.
The announcement raised a cheer/laugh.
I want to raise (= talk about) two problems/questions with you.
I want to start my own business if I can raise (= obtain) the money/cash/capital/funds.
formal The chapel was raised (= built) as a memorial to her son
………………………………………….
Her parents died when she was a baby and she was raised by her grandparents.
The lambs had to be raised by hand (= fed milk by people) when their mother died.
The farmer raises (= breeds) chickens and pigs.
The soil around here isn’t good enough for raising (= growing) crops.
Would all those in favor please raise their hands?
He raised the window and leaned out.
Mary Quant was the first fashion designer to raise hemlines.
………………………..
The government plan to raise taxes.
I had to raise my voice (= speak more loudly) to make myself heard over the noise.
The inspector said that standards at the school had to be raised.
Our little chat has raised my spirits (= made me feel happier).
……………………………………………..
Her answers raised doubts/fears/suspicions in my mind.
This discussion has raised many important issues/problems.
The announcement raised a cheer/laugh.
I want to raise (= talk about) two problems/questions with you.
I want to start my own business if I can raise (= obtain) the money/cash/capital/funds.
formal The chapel was raised (= built) as a memorial to her son
………………………………………….
Her parents died when she was a baby and she was raised by her grandparents.
The lambs had to be raised by hand (= fed milk by people) when their mother died.
The farmer raises (= breeds) chickens and pigs.
The soil around here isn’t good enough for raising (= growing) crops.
(v) to lift something to a higher position:
(v) to cause something to increase or become bigger, better, higher, etc
(v) to cause to exist
(v) to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown:
۱- بالا بردن
۲– باعث افزایش یا بزرگتر شدن، بهتر شدن، بالاتر شدن و غیره شدن چیزی شدن.(زیاد کردن، یالا بردن)
۳-دباعث ایجاد چیزی شدن یا چیزی را مطرح کردن
۴- بزرگ کردن (بچه)
(v) to provide people or living things with food in order to make them grow and keep them healthy = feed
غذا دادن
nourish
Children need plenty of good fresh food to nourish them.
She looks happy and well nourished.
This cream is supposed to help nourish your skin.
“I was doing everything I could to nourish and protect the baby”
فعل ( verb ) : nourish
اسم ( noun ) : nourishment
صفت ( adjective ) : nourishing
قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) nourishing مغذی = nutritious
Candy isn’t very nourishing.
(n) nourishment تغذیه = nutriment, nutrition , sustenance
A young baby gets its nourishment from its mother’s milk.
= feed
nourish
Children need plenty of good fresh food to nourish them.
She looks happy and well nourished.
This cream is supposed to help nourish your skin.
“I was doing everything I could to nourish and protect the baby”
فعل ( verb ) : nourish
اسم ( noun ) : nourishment
صفت ( adjective ) : nourishing
قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) nourishing مغذی = nutritious
Candy isn’t very nourishing.
(n) nourishment تغذیه = nutriment, nutrition , sustenance
A young baby gets its nourishment from its mother’s milk.
(v) to provide people or living things with food in order to make them grow and keep them healthy = feed
غذا دادن
(n) any substance that a living thing need in order to live and grow:
مواد مغذی
nutrients
It’s good soil - full of nutrients.
A healthy diet should provide all your essential nutrients.
“fish is a source of many important nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals”
……………………………………………………………………..
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : nutrition تغذیه / nutrient / nutritionist متخصص تغذیه/ nutritiousness مغذی بودن / nutriment تغذیه
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : nutritional غذایی/ nutritious=nutritive مغذی
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : nutritionally / nutritiously
nutrients
It’s good soil - full of nutrients.
A healthy diet should provide all your essential nutrients.
“fish is a source of many important nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals”
……………………………………………………………………..
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : nutrition تغذیه / nutrient / nutritionist متخصص تغذیه/ nutritiousness مغذی بودن / nutriment تغذیه
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : nutritional غذایی/ nutritious=nutritive مغذی
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : nutritionally / nutritiously
(n) any substance that a living thing need in order to live and grow:
مواد مغذی
(v) to stop doing something, especially something that someone else does not want you to do
دست کشیدن از انجام کاری
desist
The high winds are expected to desist tomorrow.
desist from
The soldiers have been ordered to desist from firing their guns.
She was ordered to desist from playing music after 11 p.m.
“each pledged to desist from acts of sabotage”
desist
The high winds are expected to desist tomorrow.
desist from
The soldiers have been ordered to desist from firing their guns.
She was ordered to desist from playing music after 11 p.m.
“each pledged to desist from acts of sabotage”
(v) to stop doing something, especially something that someone else does not want you to do
دست کشیدن از انجام کاری
خرافات
superstition
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : superstition
صفت ( adjective ) : superstitious
قید ( adverb ) : superstitiously
superstition
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : superstition
صفت ( adjective ) : superstitious
قید ( adverb ) : superstitiously
خرافات
(v) to cause something or someone to change direction
(v) to use something for a different purpose:
(v) to take someone’s attention away from something:
(v) to entertain someone:
۱- مسیر چیزی را تغییر دادن، منحرف کردن
۲- هدایت کردن، استفاده کردن چیزی برای یک هدف دیگر
۳- حواس کسی را از چیزی پرت کردن ، منحرف کردن توجه از
۴- سرگرم کردن
divert
Traffic will be diverted through the side streets while the main road is resurfaced.
be diverted to Our flight had to be diverted to Newark because of the storm.
Our flight was diverted from San Francisco to Oakland because of the fog.
………………………………………………………
Should more funds/money/resources be diverted from roads into railroads?
The administration had to divert funds from the defense budget to pay for the emergency relief effort.
………………………………………………………..
divert attention from
The war has diverted attention from the country’s economic problems.
Military action now could divert attention from imminent votes in Congress on health-care legislation.
………………………………………………………
It’s a great game for diverting restless kids on long car rides .
The dog kept the children diverted for a while.
فعل ( verb ) : divert
اسم ( noun ) : diversion
صفت ( adjective ) : diverting / diversionary
قید ( adverb ) : _
divert
Traffic will be diverted through the side streets while the main road is resurfaced.
be diverted to Our flight had to be diverted to Newark because of the storm.
Our flight was diverted from San Francisco to Oakland because of the fog.
………………………………………………………
Should more funds/money/resources be diverted from roads into railroads?
The administration had to divert funds from the defense budget to pay for the emergency relief effort.
………………………………………………………..
divert attention from
The war has diverted attention from the country’s economic problems.
Military action now could divert attention from imminent votes in Congress on health-care legislation.
………………………………………………………
It’s a great game for diverting restless kids on long car rides .
The dog kept the children diverted for a while.
فعل ( verb ) : divert
اسم ( noun ) : diversion
صفت ( adjective ) : diverting / diversionary
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to cause something or someone to change direction
(v) to use something for a different purpose:
(v) to take someone’s attention away from something:
(v) to entertain someone:
۱- مسیر چیزی را تغییر دادن، منحرف کردن
۲- هدایت کردن، استفاده کردن چیزی برای یک هدف دیگر
۳- حواس کسی را از چیزی پرت کردن ، منحرف کردن توجه از
۴- سرگرم کردن
(v) to move very fast, especially in a way that seems dangerous
(با سرعت و نیروی زیاد و به شکل خطرناکی) حرکت کردن
hurtle
The truck came hurtling toward us.
The explosion sent pieces of metal and glass hurtling through the air.
She slipped and went hurtling downstairs
hurtle
The truck came hurtling toward us.
The explosion sent pieces of metal and glass hurtling through the air.
She slipped and went hurtling downstairs
(v) to move very fast, especially in a way that seems dangerous
(با سرعت و نیروی زیاد و به شکل خطرناکی) حرکت کردن
(v) to cause something to become caught in something such as a net or rop
(v) involved with something or someone in a way that makes it difficult to escape
1- گیر انداختن چیزی داخل تور یا طناب یا هر چیزی
2- گرفتار شدن، گیر افتادن در یک مخمصه
entangle
be/become entangled in/with
The dolphin had become entangled in/with the fishing nets.
A seal became entangled in the fishing net.
“fish attempt to swim through the mesh and become entangled”
………………………………………………………………………………….
be/become/get entangled in/with something/someone
He went to the store to buy bread, and got entangled with a carnival parade.
The mayor and the city council are anxious to avoid getting entangled in the controversy.
She seems to be romantically entangled with some artist in Rome.
Several people have become entangled in legal disputes about this issue.
The company ran into trouble when it became entangled in a bribery scandal.
He was a hard-working officer who inadvertently became entangled with a criminal gang.
(n) entanglement
entangle
be/become entangled in/with
The dolphin had become entangled in/with the fishing nets.
A seal became entangled in the fishing net.
“fish attempt to swim through the mesh and become entangled”
………………………………………………………………………………….
be/become/get entangled in/with something/someone
He went to the store to buy bread, and got entangled with a carnival parade.
The mayor and the city council are anxious to avoid getting entangled in the controversy.
She seems to be romantically entangled with some artist in Rome.
Several people have become entangled in legal disputes about this issue.
The company ran into trouble when it became entangled in a bribery scandal.
He was a hard-working officer who inadvertently became entangled with a criminal gang.
(n) entanglement
(v) to cause something to become caught in something such as a net or rop
(v) involved with something or someone in a way that makes it difficult to escape
1- گیر انداختن چیزی داخل تور یا طناب یا هر چیزی
2- گرفتار شدن، گیر افتادن در یک مخمصه
(v) to use something or someone, especially in an effective way:
(v) to move soldiers or equipment to a place where they can be used when they are needed
۱. به کار گرفتن (به شیوه موثر)
۲. اعزام کردن ( نیروی نظامی یا تسلیحات و تجهیزات)
deploy
The company is reconsidering the way in which it deploys its resources.
What is important is how a school deploys its teaching staff.
My job doesn’t really allow me fully to deploy my skills.
When airbags deploy, they save lives.
Automobiles deploy air bags in crashes of 8 to 12 miles per hour.
………………………………………………………………………..
deploy troops
The decision has been made to deploy extra troops.
deploy weapons
We cannot risk a crisis over deploying nuclear weapons.
فعل ( verb ) : deploy
اسم ( noun ) : deployment
صفت ( adjective ) : deployable
قید ( adverb ) : _
deploy
The company is reconsidering the way in which it deploys its resources.
What is important is how a school deploys its teaching staff.
My job doesn’t really allow me fully to deploy my skills.
When airbags deploy, they save lives.
Automobiles deploy air bags in crashes of 8 to 12 miles per hour.
………………………………………………………………………..
deploy troops
The decision has been made to deploy extra troops.
deploy weapons
We cannot risk a crisis over deploying nuclear weapons.
فعل ( verb ) : deploy
اسم ( noun ) : deployment
صفت ( adjective ) : deployable
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to use something or someone, especially in an effective way:
(v) to move soldiers or equipment to a place where they can be used when they are needed
۱. به کار گرفتن (به شیوه موثر)
۲. اعزام کردن ( نیروی نظامی یا تسلیحات و تجهیزات)
(v) (of lines, roads, etc.) to cross one another. to meet and go through or across
تقاطع داشتن ، تلاقی داشتن
intersect
The roads intersect near the bridge.
This is the point where the line intersects the curve.
“the area is intersected only by minor roads”
Weaver Street intersects Palmer Avenue at the next corner.
(n) intersection
intersect
The roads intersect near the bridge.
This is the point where the line intersects the curve.
“the area is intersected only by minor roads”
Weaver Street intersects Palmer Avenue at the next corner.
(n) intersection
(v) (of lines, roads, etc.) to cross one another. to meet and go through or across
تقاطع داشتن ، تلاقی داشتن
(adj) unhappy and without hope
(adj) dark in a way that is unpleasant and makes it difficult to see:
حزن انگیز (غمناک یا تاریک) ، گرفته و دلگیر
مثل هوای بارونی یا غروب جمعه
gloomy
a gloomy person/expression
The cemetery is a gloomy place.
a gloomy economic forecast
Despite gloomy predictions, the stock market remains strong.
………………………………………………
What gloomy weather we’re having!
We waited in a gloomy waiting room.
“a gloomy corridor badly lit by oil lamps”
It was another gray, gloomy day.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : gloom / gloominess
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : gloomy
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : gloomily
gloomy
a gloomy person/expression
The cemetery is a gloomy place.
a gloomy economic forecast
Despite gloomy predictions, the stock market remains strong.
………………………………………………
What gloomy weather we’re having!
We waited in a gloomy waiting room.
“a gloomy corridor badly lit by oil lamps”
It was another gray, gloomy day.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : gloom / gloominess
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : gloomy
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : gloomily
(adj) unhappy and without hope
(adj) dark in a way that is unpleasant and makes it difficult to see:
حزن انگیز (غمناک یا تاریک) ، گرفته و دلگیر
مثل هوای بارونی یا غروب جمعه
(v) to come together in a large group of people or animals:
اجتماع کردن ، گرد هم آمدن، دور هم جمع شدن به صورت گروهی
congregate
A crowd congregated around the entrance to the theatre, hoping to catch a glimpse of the stars of the show.
A crowd congregated around City Hall.
“some 4,000 demonstrators had congregated at a border point”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : congregate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : congregation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : congregational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
= assemble, gather, come together
congregate
A crowd congregated around the entrance to the theatre, hoping to catch a glimpse of the stars of the show.
A crowd congregated around City Hall.
“some 4,000 demonstrators had congregated at a border point”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : congregate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : congregation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : congregational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to come together in a large group of people or animals:
اجتماع کردن ، گرد هم آمدن، دور هم جمع شدن به صورت گروهی
