AWL words Flashcards
(n) a place, person, or thing from which something originates or can be obtained.
1. a thing, place, activity etc that you get something from
2. the cause of something, especially a problem, or the place where it starts
(v,passive) to get something from a particular place
1- منبع(سرچشمه یا منشا)=> مکان، شخص یا چیزی که چیزی از آن سرچشمه می گیرد یا می توان به دست آورد
2- تهیه شدن از جایی (پسیو) ، تهیه کردن از جایی
source
They get their money from various sources.
source of
Beans are a very good source of protein
………………………………………………………………………………….
source of
* We’ve found the source of the trouble.
* The recent name change has been the source of some confusion.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
source from
* Fish for the restaurant is sourced daily from British ports.
* each type of coffee is sourced from one country
* locally sourced milk
…………………………………………………………………
collocation
* source material = original, authoritative, or basic materials utilized in research, as diaries or manuscripts
* energy source / sources of energy
* alternative source
* become (a) source (of)
* common source
* external source
* original source
* possible/potential source
* primary/principal/main/key/major source
* provide (a) source
* rich source
* secondary source
* single source
* use (a) source
* useful source
* multiple sources
………………………………………………………………..
details
* the source of something is the person, place, or thing from which it comes or from which you obtain it.
* the source of a difficulty is its cause.
* a source of information is a person or book that provides information for a book or for a piece of research.
* the source of a river or stream is the place where it begins.
(adj) very different from each other
گوناگون، متنوع
diverse
We hold very diverse views on the topic.
فعل ( verb ) : diversify
اسم ( noun ) : diversity / diversification
صفت ( adjective ) : diverse / diversified
قید ( adverb ) : diversely
………………………………………………………………….
collocation
(a) diverse range (of)
diverse background
diverse group
cultural diversity
ethnic diversity
great diversity
………………………………………………………………..
details
* if a group or range of things is diverse, it is made up of a wide variety of things.
* people, ideas, or objects that are diverse are different and distinct from each other.
(v) to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something
(n) a guess of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might be
تخمین (زدن)
estimate
be estimated to be/have/cost etc
The tree is estimated to be at least 700 years old.
estimate something at something
Organizers estimated the crowd at 50,000.
estimate that
Scientists estimate that smoking reduces life expectancy by around 12 years on average.
estimate how many/what etc
It is not easy to estimate how many people have the disease.
it is estimated that
It is estimated that the statue weighs 60 tons.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
We just need an estimate of the number of people who will come.
a rough (= not exact) estimate
We’ll accept the lowest of three estimates for the building work.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : estimate /overestimate/ underestimate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : estimate/estimation/estimator overestimate /underestimate
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : estimated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
…………………………………………………………………………………….
An estimate is an approximate calculation or evaluation, and an estimation is the process of approximately calculating or evaluating
(v,n)(an occasion when you)to meet someone or experience something without planning to
1. to experience something, especially problems or opposition
2. to meet someone without planning to
مواجه شدن،مواجهه
encounter
* They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition were injured.
* The government has encountered strong opposition to its plans to raise income tax.
* The doctor had encountered several similar cases in the past.
* a child’s first encounter with books
* a close encounter with a snake
…………………………………………………………………………………
* I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge.
* She didn’t remember our encounter last summer.
* encounter with => His first encounter with Wilson was back in 1989.
* encounter between => hostile encounters between supporters of rival football teams
……………………………………………………………….
collocation
encounter difficulties/problems/opposition/resistance
first encounter
(be) commonly encountered
………………………………………………………………..
details
* if you encounter someone, you meet them:a formal word.
* if you encounter something, you experience it, often for the first time:a formal word.
* if you encounter problems or difficulties, you experience them:a formal word.
* an encounter with someone is a meeting with them, particularly one that is unexpected or significant.
(adj) consisting of many different parts and often difficult to understand = complicated
(n) a group of buildings, or a large building with many parts, used for a particular purpose
پیچیده ، مجتمع
complex
a complex system of highways
Photosynthesis is a highly complex process.
………………………………………………………………………………….
The town has one of the best leisure complexes in the country.
a three-story apartment complex
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : complexity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : complex
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
……………………………………………………………….
collocation
complex area
complex interaction
complex issue/problem
complex pattern
complex process
complex question
complex relationship
complex set
complex situation
complex structure
complex system
extremely/highly complex
increasingly complex
increasing complexity
………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
complicated consisting of a lot of different parts or details and therefore difficult to understand
complex a complex process, relationship etc is difficult to understand because it has a lot of parts that are all connected in different ways
elaborate having a lot of parts or details and very carefully planned, but often more complicated than is necessary
involvedvery long and complicated – use this especially about something that you think should be made simpler
intricate having a lot of small parts or details – used especially about something that is cleverly designed or made
(adj)not supporting one purpose or cause above another
1. IN AN ARGUMENT ETC => not supporting any of the people or groups involved in an argument or disagreement
2. IN A WAR => a country that is neutral does not support any of the countries involved in a war
3. language, words etc that are neutral are deliberately chosen to avoid expressing any strong opinion or feeling
4. VOICE/EXPRESSION=> do not show how they are feeling
(n) a country, person, or group that is not involved in an argument or disagreement
بی طرف،خنثی
neutral
I always tried to remain neutral when they started arguing.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
During World War II, Sweden was neutral.
………………………………………………………………………….
the neutral language of an official news report
……………………………………………………………………………..
Bragg said in a neutral voice, ‘The investigation has been closed down.’
………………………………………………………………………………
Sweden and its fellow neutrals
✅ فعل ( verb ) : neutralize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : neutrality / neutralization / neutral / neutralist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : neutral / neutralist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : neutrally
(n) a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group, collection, or set of things
وسیله،مورد،
item
He opened the cardboard box and took out each item.
The store is having a sale on furniture and household items.
item on the agenda/list/menu => We went on to the next item on the agenda.
item of clothing/furniture/jewellery etc (=a single piece of clothing, furniture, jewellery etc)
luxury items such as exotic spices and perfumes
………………………………………………………………….
collocation
a single/individual item
…………………………………………………………………
THESAURUS
thing used when you do not need to say the name, or when you do not know the name
something a thing – used when you are not sure what the thing is
object especially written a solid thing
item formal a particular kind of thing, or one of a group of things
………………………………………………………………..
details
* an item is one of a collection or list of objects.
* an item is also one of a number of matters you are dealing with.
* an item in a newspaper or magazine is a report or article.
(v) to communicate or work together with others
تعامل داشتن
interact
interact with => Lucy interacts well with other children in the class.
interact with => The immune system interacts with both the nervous system and the hormones.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : interact
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : interaction / interactivity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : interactive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : interactively
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
complex interaction
human interaction
significant interaction
social interaction
(n) one part or feature of a whole system, plan, piece of work etc, especially one that is basic or important
(n) a simple chemical substance such as carbon or oxygen that consists of atoms of only one kind
عنصر
element
element of => Honesty is a vital element of her success.
element in => the primary element in the country’s economy
important/key/essential/vital/primary etc element
Besides ability, the other essential element in political success is luck.
Business and management elements are built into the course.
……………………………………………………………….
collocation
basic element
contain (an) element
core element
essential/key/main element
individual/single element
structural element
constituent elements
(adj) belonging to the present time = modern
معاصر-امروزی
contemporary
life in contemporary Britain
……………………………………………………………..
collocation
contemporary debate
contemporary issue
contemporary life
contemporary society
contemporary world
(n) all people of about the same age( the average period of time between the birth of a person and the birth of that person’s children)
(n) the process of producing something or making something happen = production
نسل ، تولید
generation
the need to preserve the planet for future generations
Some families have lived here for generations.
……………………………………………………………………………………
the generation of electricity
✅ فعل ( verb ) : generate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : generator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : generative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : generatively
…………………………………………………………………
collocation
first generation
next generation
previous generation
younger generation
(n) something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions
پیامد
consequence
consequence of => Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.
consequence for => Our findings have far-reaching consequences for researchers.
with … consequences => He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences.
as a consequence (of something)/in consequence (of something)=as a result of something
……………………………………………………………………….
consequence ::::: نتیجه ، نتیجه ی
consequent :::: حاصل = resulting
the rise in inflation and consequent fall in demand
consequent on :::: ناشی از ، حاصل از =following as a result of
Death was due to haemorrhage from shock consequent on the injuries
concequently ::: درنتیجه
…………………………………………………………………
COLLOCATIONS
be a consequence of something
have consequences
face/suffer the consequences
cause consequences
direct consequences
economic/environmental/political/social consequences
negative/adverse consequences
possible/likely consequences
serious consequences
unintended consequences
disastrous/dire consequences (=very bad and damaging)
long-term consequences
damaging consequences
……………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
result something that happens because of something else
consequence something important that happens as the result of a decision or action
repercussions the bad effects that happen later as a result of an event, often a long time afterwards
outcome the final result of a meeting, election, war etc
(v) to skillfully handle, control, or use something(a tool, mechanism, information, etc.)
(v) to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving or influencing them
دستکاری کردن
manipulate
The controls on the machine are quite hard to manipulate.
the pupils can manipulate the data or screen image
manipulate their natural environment.
………………………………………………………………………..
He was one of those men who manipulated people.
You have the constant feeling you are being manipulated.
manipulate somebody into (doing) something
The thought that any parent would manipulate their child into seeking fame just appalled me.
………………………………………………………………..
details
* if you manipulate people, you cause them to behave in the way that you want them to; used showing disapproval.
* if you manipulate an event, you control it to produce a particular result; used showing disapproval.
* if you manipulate a piece of equipment, you control it in a skilful way; a formal use.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : manipulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : manipulation / manipulator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : manipulative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc that are being compared
(v) difference between them is very easy to see and is sometimes surprising
(v) to compare two things, ideas, people etc to show how different they are from each other
تضاد (داشتن) ، مقابل هم قرار دادن و مقایسه کردن برای نشان دادن تضاد بین
contrast
While there are similarities in the two cultures, there are also great contrasts.
contrast between
the economic and social contrasts between the poor and the rich
contrast with
The marble is smooth and polished, making a strong contrast with the worn stonework around it.
by/in contrast (to/with)
* The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.
* The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.
……………………………………………………………………………………
contrast with
The snow was icy and white, contrasting with the brilliant blue sky.
contrast sharply/strikingly with something (=be extremely different from something)
These results contrast sharply with other medical tests carried out in Australia.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
contrast something with something
In another passage, Melville again contrasts the land with the sea.
an essay comparing and contrasting (=showing how two things are similar and different) Verdi and Wagner and their operas
In her novel she contrasts the lives of two families in very different circumstances
………………………………………………………………….
collocation
marked/striking contrast (=very noticeable)
sharp/stark contrast
(v) to develop and change gradually over a long period of time
تکامل پیدا کردن
evolve
evolve from => Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.
The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
Businesses need to evolve rapidly.
evolve out of => The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists.
evolve into=> The group gradually evolved into a political party.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : evolve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : evolution / evolutionism / evolutionist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : evolutionary / evolutionist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : evolutionarily
…………………………………………………………………
collocation
biological evolution
evolutionary process
evolutionary theory
………………………………………………………………..
details
* when animals and plants evolve, they gradually change and develop into different forms or species.
* when something evolves or someone evolves it, it gradually develops from something simple into something more complex or advanced.
syn= develop, change, grow
(adj) affecting or including the whole world
(adj) considering all the parts of a problem or situation together
جهانی
global
global climate change
the global economy
…………………………………………………………………….
We are taking a global view of our business
✅ فعل ( verb ) : globalize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : globe / globalization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : global
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : globally
syn=international, overall, worldwide
(n) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives,works, or operates.
(n) the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity.
محیط (زیست)
(the) environment
The company had failed to provide a safe environment for its workers.
……………………………………………………………………….
Some of these chemicals are very damaging to the environment.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : environment / environmentalism / environmentalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : environmental
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : environmentally
…………………………………………………………..
collocation
create (an) environment
external environment
conserve/protect the environment formal (=protect it and prevent it from changing or being damaged)
the immediate environment (=the building in which you live or work, and the area very close to it)
learning environment
harm/damage/destroy/polute the environment
physical environment
political/social environment
urban environment
environmental changes
environmental concern
environmental consequences
environmental damage
environmental degradation تخریب
environmental effects
environmental factors
environmental impact
environmental issues
environmental policy
environmental pollution
environmental protection
the marine environment
the natural environment
syn= setting, surroundings, situation
در معنی محیط زیست باید با the باشد
(n) [uncountable] facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true
شواهد و مدارک
evidence
evidence of => At present we have no evidence of life on other planets.
evidence for => There is no evidence for these claims.
evidence that => Do you have evidence that this treatment works?
✅ فعل ( verb ) : evidence
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : evidence
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : evident آشکار و مشهود
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : evidently
……………………………………………………………….
collocation
ample/sufficient evidence
mounting evidence
anecdotal evidence(=based on what people believe, rather than on facts)
available evidence
clear evidence
compelling/convincing evidence
considerable evidence
direct evidence
documentary evidence
empirical evidence
experimental evidence
find evidence
further evidence
give evidence
historical evidence
little evidence
present evidence
provide evidence
recent evidence
research evidence
scientific evidence
show evidence
strong evidence
substantial evidence
supporting evidence
(be) particularly evident
become evident
clearly evident
syn= facts, information, proof
(v) to represent a quality, feeling etc
نماد چیزی بودن
symbolize
Crime often symbolizes a wider social problem.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : symbolize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : symbol / symbolism / symbolist / symbolization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : symbolic / symbolist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : symbolically
syn= stand for, represent, be an emblem of
(v) to completely change the appearance, form, or character of something or someone, especially in a way that improves it
دگرگون و متحول کردن
transform
Increased population has transformed the landscape.
transform somebody/something (from something) into something
The movie transformed her almost overnight from an unknown schoolgirl into a megastar.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : transform
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : transformation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : transformational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
radical transformation
social transformation
undergo transformation
syn= make over, change, alter
(adv) after a long time, or after a lot of things have happened
در نهایت و بالاخره
eventually
He eventually escaped and made his way back to England.
Eventually, she got a job and moved to London.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : eventuality = something that might happen, especially something bad اتفاق احتمالی بد
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : eventual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : eventually
………………………………………………………………..
details
* if something happens eventually, it happens after a lot of delays or problems.
* eventually also means happening as the final result of a process or series of events.
syn= finally, sooner or later, in the end
(v) a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of something
کاهش (یافتن)
decline
(n) the amount that sth can hold or produce
(n) someone’s ability to do a particular thing
ظرفیت
capacity
The fuel tank has a capacity of 40 litres.
The room had seating capacity for about 80.
limited capacity
……………………………………………………………….
capacity for
a child’s capacity for learning
an infinite capacity for love
She has a great capacity for hard work.
capacity to do something
a capacity to think in an original way
Earning capacity
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Ability = Actual skill, either mental or physical; native or acquired.
Capacity = Potential to develop a skill, usually mental; native, as opposed to acquired.
Capability = Unique fitness for a defined end; sometimes may be used in place of ability, but its use in place of capacity is incorrect.
(n) the importance of an event, action etc, especially because of the effects or influence it will have in the future
(n) the meaning of a word, sign, action etc, especially when this is not immediately clear
اهمیت
(in)significance
Stella didn’t attach any significance to Doug’s query.
significance of
the significance of climate change
The book assesses the significance of Stalin’s policies between 1927 and 1939.
significance for
The results of the study have a wider significance for all the profession.
great/little significance (in/to/for something)
The crime problem has great significance to the general public.
grasp/appreciate the significance (of something) (=fully understand something)
The press were slow to grasp the significance of what happened.
………………………………………………………………………………..
significance of
the significance of the words that refer to the bread Christ shares with his disciples
full/real/true significance
Only later did we realize the true significance of his remark.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : signify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (in)significance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (in)significant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (in)significantly
…………………………………………………………………………………
signify نشان دادن یا دلالت کردن
1. to represent, mean, or be a sign of something
* Some tribes use special facial markings to signify status.
* The image of the lion signified power and strength.
* signify (that)
* The symbol used signifies that the frequency is measured in kHz.
2. if you signify a feeling, opinion etc, you do something that acts as a sign so that other people know your feeling or opinion = indicate
* signify that
* Hamilton waved his hand to signify that he didn’t mind what they decided.
* signify something (to somebody)
* He turned away from her slightly to signify his indifference.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
cultural/political/social significance
great/little significance
practical significance
statistical significance
(a) significant amount (of)
(a) significant degree (of)
(a) significant proportion (of)
significant change
significant contribution
significant correlation
significant development
significant difference
significant effect
significant factor
significant feature
significant growth/figures/increase/number/portion
significant impact
significant improvement
significant influence
significant interaction
significant part
significant reduction
significant relationship
significant role
significant shift
significant variation
highly significant
particularly significant
statistically significant
(be) significantly correlated (with)
(be) significantly reduced
significantly affect
significantly higher
significantly increase
contribute significantly
differ significantly
vary significantly
………………………………………………………………..
details
* the significance of something is its importance or special meaning.
(n) a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a particular result
1. a system or a treatment of materials that is used to produce goods
2. a series of human actions or operations that are performed intentionally to reach a particular result
(n) a series of things that happen naturally and result in gradual change
(v) to make food, materials, or goods ready to be used or sold, for example by preserving or improving them in some way
(v) to deal with an official document, request etc in the usual way, or deal with information using a computer
پروسه و روند ، فراوری کردن، پردازش کردن
process
the Israeli–Egyptian peace process
Repetition can help the learning process.
process of
the process of economic change
slow/lengthy/laborious etc process
Getting fit again has been a long slow process.
the mental processes involved in decision-making
……………………………………………………………………………………
process of
the natural process of evolution
Coal forms by a slow process of chemical change.
the digestive process
……………………………………………………………………………….
Goats’ cheese may be processed in many ways.
Two million workers are employed processing goods for electronic firms.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
All university applications are processed through this system.
The new network will enable data to be processed more speedily.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : proceed
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : procedure / proceeding
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : procedural
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : procedurally
…………………………………………………………………………….
procedure
detailed instructions on completing specific tasks as part of an overarching process.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
process data/ information
assessment process
begin/start (a) process
complex process
continuous/continuing process
creative process
democratic process
describe (a) process
developmental process
due process روند قانونی
dynamic process
evolutionary process
learning process
natural process
ongoing process
slow process
thinking process
thought process
underlying process
information processing
decision-making process
production process
………………………………………………………………..
details
* a process is a series of actions or events which have a particular result.
* when raw materials or foods are processed, they are changed in a chemical or industrial process in order to make them suitable for a particular purpose.
* to process information means to deal with it.
* if you are in the process of doing something, you are doing it.
* if you are doing something and you do something else in the process, you do the second thing as a result of doing the first thing.
(n) the opinions and feelings that you usually have about something, especially when this is shown in your behaviour
نگرش یا طرز رفتار (طرز فکر، احساس یا رفتار)
attitude
As soon as they found out I was a doctor, their whole attitude changed.
attitude to/towards
The people have a very positive attitude to life.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
change (an) attitude
negative/positive attitude
changing attitudes
cultural/public/social attitudes
unfavorable attitudes
………………………………………………………………..
details
* your attitude to/towards something is the way you think and feel about it.
* your attitude to/towards someone is the way you behave when you are dealing with them.
(n) a particular way of doing, designing, or producing something, especially one that is typical of a particular place, period of time, or group of people
(n) the particular way that someone behaves, works, or deals with other people
(n) a typical way of writing, painting etc that is used by a particular person or during a particular period of time(ART/LITERATURE/MUSIC)
(n) a particular design or fashion for something such as clothes, hair, furniture etc = fashion
سبک
style
an attempt to use Japanese management style in a European business
style of
different styles of handwriting
Baroque-/Swedish-/country- etc style
…………………………………………………………………………………
Children have different styles of learning: some learn by seeing, some by hearing, some by doing.
I don’t think the parachuting weekend is for me – the art class is more my style.
I like your style
……………………………………………………………………………………
The paintings are in an expressionistic style.
Hemingway’s direct style
………………………………………………………………………….
Car styles have changed radically in the past 20 years.
traditional/modern style
The rooms are furnished in a modern style.
young women interested in style rather than comfort
in/out of style
Long skirts are back in style.
(n) communication or meeting with a person, organization, country, etc., or the occasion on which the communication takes place
(n) when two people or things touch each other = touch
(v) to write to or telephone someone
تماس(برقرار کردن)
contact
contact with/between
There is very little contact between the two tribes.
Many of us have no direct contact with elderly people.
in contact
We stay in contact by email.
Everyone who came into contact with Di felt better for knowing her.
………………………………………………………………………………..
contact with/between
Children need physical contact with a caring adult.
The disease spreads by sexual contact between infected animals.
in contact with something
For a second, his hand was in contact with mine.
When water comes into contact with air, carbon dioxide is released.
on contact (with something)
The bomb exploded on contact (=at the moment it touched something).
……………………………………………………………………………………
Give the name of someone who we can contact in an emergency.
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
close contact (=communicating with someone often)
come into contact (with) (=meet or spend time with someone)
direct contact (=spending time with someone)
first contact
maintain contact
make contact
personal contact (=seeing and speaking to someone personally)
physical contact
sexual contact
social contact (=spending time with other people)
(n) one part of (character or nature) of a situation, idea, plan etc that has many parts
(n) the direction in which a window, room, front of a building etc faces
جنبه
aspect
Dealing with people is the most important aspect of my work.
Alcoholism affects all aspects of family life.
………………………………………………………………………………
a south-facing aspect
a greenhouse with a southern aspect
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
an important/significant aspect
certain aspect
consider (an) aspect
cultural aspect
focus on (an) aspect
fundamental aspect
general aspect
key aspect (=a very important aspect)
negative/positive aspect
particular aspect
related aspect
social aspect
specific aspect
technical aspect
various aspects
(n) a number of different things of the same general type
(n) the distance within which something can be seen or heard
طیف - محدوده
range
range of
a range of services
The drug is effective against a range of bacteria.
wide/broad/whole/full range of something
students from a wide range of backgrounds
…………………………………………………………………………………
within range (of something)
a handsome man who drew admiring glances from any female within range
any spot within range of your radio signal
out of/beyond range (of something)
Joan hoped that the others were out of range of her mother’s voice.
One way to see birds at close range is to attract them into your own garden.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
(a) broad range (of)
(a) diverse range (of)
(a) great/large/vast range (of)
(a) limited/narrow/restricted range (of)
(a) whole range (of)
(a) wide/extensive range (of)
(a, the) full range (of)
(the) entire range (of)
cover (a) range (of)
(adj) very strict and difficult to change (methods, systems etc)
(adj) stiff and not moving or bending (having a structure that is made of a material that is difficult or impossible to bend)
سخت ( و سختگیرانه، یا سخت و انعطاف پذیر)
rigid
rigid and authoritarian methods of education
………………………………………………………………………………
rigid plastic
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rigidity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rigid
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : rigidly
…………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
hard difficult to press down, break, or cut, and not at all soft
firm not completely hard, but not easy to press or bend – used especially when this seems a good thing
firm bed/muscles/fruit/vegetables/ground
stiff difficult to bend and not changing shape
stiff card/cardboard/collar/material/fingers/body
solid made of a thick hard material and not hollow
solid wood/steel/concrete/floor/wall
rigid having a structure that is made of a material that is difficult or impossible to bend
rigid frame/structure
tough meat that is tough is too hard and is difficult to cut or eat
tough meat
(n) a clear difference or contrast between two similar things
(n) the quality of being unusually good
تمایز و تفاوت آشکار بین دو چیز مشابه ، وجه تمایز
distinction
distinction between
the distinction between formal and informal language
clear/sharp distinction
There is often no clear distinction between an allergy and food intolerance.
make/draw a distinction (=say that two things are different) (formal and In written English)
The Act makes no distinction between children and adults (=it treats them as if they were the same).
……………………………………………………………………….
At that time, it had the distinction of being the largest bridge in the UK.
The US enjoys the dubious distinction of being the lawsuit capital of the world.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distinguish
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distinction / distinctness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distinct / distinctive / distinguishable / distinguished
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : distinctly / distinctively
……………………………………………………………………………………
distinguish
to recognize and understand the difference between two or more things or people = differentiate
………………………………………………………………………………..
distinct
clearly different or belonging to a different type
……………………………………………………………………………..
distinctive
having a special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
distinct group
distinct type
clear distinction
draw/make (a) distinction فرق قائل شدن
sharp distinction
distinctive feature
(n) a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries, etc.
(n) a situation in which there is a choice between two or more opposing things
(n) fighting or a war
(v) cannot exist together or both be true(ideas, beliefs, opinions, interests, or accounts etc)
(تعارض/مغایرت (پیدا کردن
conflict
conflict over
conflicts over wage settlements
conflict between
the conflict between tradition and innovation
in conflict (with somebody)
normal kids who are in conflict with their parents
political/social/industrial conflict
………………………………………………………………………………
As women increasingly went out to work, the possibility of a conflict of loyalties became stronger.
conflict between
a conflict between the demands of one’s work and one’s family
in conflict (with something)
The principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality.
……………………………………………………………………………..
armed/military/violent conflict
efforts to resolve the conflict
………………………………………………………………………
conflict with => new evidence which conflicts with previous findings
فعل ( verb ) : conflict
اسم ( noun ) : conflict
صفت ( adjective ) : conflicted / conflicting
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
conflict resolution
armed conflict
come into conflict (with)
internal conflict
political/social conflict
potential conflict
resolve (a) conflict
conflicting interests
personality conflicts/clashes(occurs when two or more colleagues have incompatible personalities, backgrounds, or outlooks.)
(adj) easy to notice = obvious
(adj) seeming to have a particular feeling or attitude, although this may not be true
- واضح / آشکار/ معلوم / مشخص / مشهود
- به ظاهر / ظاهری/ صوری
apparent
it is apparent (that)
It soon became apparent that we had a major problem.
it is apparent from something that
It is apparent from scientific studies that the drug has some fairly nasty side effects.
it is apparent to somebody that
It was apparent to everyone that he was seriously ill.
The difference in quality was immediately apparent.
He left suddenly, for no apparent reason.
……………………………………………………………………………..
He did well in his exams, despite his apparent lack of interest in his work.
فعل ( verb ) : appear
اسم ( noun ) : appearance
صفت ( adjective ) : apparent
قید ( adverb ) : apparently
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
become apparent
immediately apparent
particularly apparent
………………………………………………………………..
details
* an apparent situation, quality, or feeling seems to exist, although you cannot be certain that it exists.
* if something is apparent to you, it is clear and obvious to you.
(v) to keep something or continue to have something
(v) to store or keep something inside something else
(v) to keep facts in your memory(to remember information)
حفظ و نگه داشتن، ذخیره یا نگهداری کردن، حفظ کردن
retain
You have the right to retain possession of the goods.
The state wants to retain control of food imports.
retained control of/over
retain close ties with
retain their independence
………………………………………………………………………………….
A lot of information can be retained in your computer.
Limestone is known to retain moisture.
………………………………………………………………………………….
I find it very difficult to retain facts.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : retain
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : retention / retentiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : retentive با حافظه خوب
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : retentively
جای keep استفاده شود
(n) the quality or fact of belonging to a population group or subgroup made up of people who share a common cultural background or descent.
قومیت یا نژاد
ethnicity
Ethnicity is not considered when reviewing applications.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ethnicity / ethnic
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ethnic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ethnically
………………………………………………………………..
details
ethnic community
ethnic differences
ethnic diversity
ethnic group
ethnic identity
ethnic minority
ethnic origin
syn= race, nationality
(n) the fact of being more powerful, more important, or more noticeable than other people or things
مسلط غالب چیره بودن
dominance
dominance of
the continuing dominance of the army in Uganda
political/economic/cultural etc dominance
the economic and political dominance of Western countries
dominance over
television’s dominance over other media
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dominate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : domination / dominance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dominant / dominating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dominantly
…………………………………………….
dominate to control someone or something or to have more importance than other people or things
* The industry is dominated by five multinational companies.
* New Orleans dominated throughout the game.
* Her loud voice totally dominated the conversation.
* Education issues dominated the election campaign.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
male dominance
dominant culture
dominant discourse
dominant form
dominant group
dominant ideology
dominant paradigm
dominant position
dominant role
syn= power, control
(v) to do something that produces an effect or change in something or in someone’s situation
اثر گذاشتن بر ، تحت تاثیر قرار دادن
affect
* the areas affected by the hurricane
* a disease that affects the central nervous system
* decisions which affect our lives
* Trading has been adversely affected by the downturn in consumer spending.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : affect
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : affection / affectation / effect
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : affectionate / affected / affecting / affective
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : affectionately / affectedly / affectingly / affectively
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
affect (the) development (of)
affect (the) outcome
adversely affect
directly affect
severely affect
significantly affect
(be) directly affected
…
adverse/negative/positive effect
beneficial effect
combined effect
dramatic effect
overall effect
profound effect
significant effect
similar effect
effective communication
effective implementation
effective intervention
effective management
effective method
effective participation
effective policy
effective treatment
highly effective
particularly effective
communicate effectively
use effectively
work effectively
environmental effects
………………………………………………………………..
details
* when one thing affects another, it influences it or causes it to change.
* if a disease affects you, it causes you to become ill.
* if you affect a particular characteristic, you pretend that it is natural for you when it is not.
syn= influence, change
(v) be different from each other = differ
تفاوت داشتن
vary
Test scores vary from school to school.
The heights of the plants vary from 8 cm to 20 cm.
vary in
flowers that vary in color and size
Cooking times may vary slightly, depending on your oven.
Charges vary according to size.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : vary
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : variety / variability / variable / variance / variant / variation / variableness / variousness / varietal / variate
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : variable / variant / various / varied / varying / varietal / variational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : variably / variously / variedly / varyingly
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
dependent variable
highly variable
independent variable
individual variable
random variable
single variable
considerable variation
genetic variation
individual variation
regional variation
show variation
significant variation
wide variation
vary considerably
vary greatly
vary significantly
vary widely
varying degree
syn= differ, contrast
(v) to write about something, film it, or take photographs of it, in order to record information about it
(n) a paper or set of papers with written or printed information, especially of an official type, or a piece of written work that is stored on a computer
مستند کردن، مدرک و مستندات
document
His research documents how the crisis occurred.
(be) well documented
carefully/fully/amply documented
syn= record, set down
(n) a judgment about how good, useful, or successful something is ( a decision about how significant or valuable something is, based on a careful study of its good and bad features) = assessment
ارزیابی، سنجش
evaluation
We need to carry out a proper evaluation of the new system.
They took some samples of products for evaluation.
فعل ( verb ) : evaluate
اسم ( noun ) : evaluation
صفت ( adjective ) : evaluative
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………
evaluate => judge the quality
assess => to increase quality
* Evaluation is a process of judging someone based on their importance, knowledge, and merit using rules and methods. Assessment is the recording and interpreting various data to obtain an appropriate measure of skills, knowledge, and attitude to improve the individual’s overall performance.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
critically evaluate
critical evaluation
syn= assessment, judgment
(v) to continue to do something, although this is difficult, or other people oppose it
(v) something bad continues to exist or happen
اصرار کردن و پافشاری کردن یا ادامه دادن به انجام کاری، اگرچه این کار دشوار است یا افراد دیگر با آن مخالفت می کنند ، چیزی بد به وجود یا اتفاق افتادن ادامه می دهد
persist
persist in (doing) something
He persisted in his refusal to admit responsibility.
persist with
She persisted with her studies in spite of financial problems.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
If the pain persists, you must see a doctor.
فعل ( verb ) : persist
اسم ( noun ) : persistence
صفت ( adjective ) : persistent
قید ( adverb ) : persistently
syn= continue, carry on
(v) to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave
(v) to obey a law, rule etc
پیروی کردن از قانون، منطبق شدن خوگرفتن با جامعه و رفتار مظابق با آن
conform
the pressure on schoolchildren to conform
conform to/with
people who do not conform to traditional standards of behaviour
……………………………………………………………………………
conform to/with
Students can be expelled for refusing to conform to school rules.
All new buildings must conform with the regional development plan.
products which conform to international safety standards
✅ فعل ( verb ) : conform
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conformity / conformist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :conformist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
syn= adapt, adjust
(n) an idea of how something is, or how something should be done
مفهوم
concept
concept of
the concept of total patient care
the concept of infinite space
concept that
the concept that we are citizens of one world
a new concept in business travel
our basic concepts of decent human behaviour
It’s very simple, once you grasp the concept.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : conceptualize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : concept / conceptualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conceptual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conceptually
…………………………………………………………………………
conceptualize to form an idea
مفهوم سازی
* How do older people conceptualize their health
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
abstract concept
basic concept
central concept
defining concept
key concept
theoretical concept
use (the) concept
examine the concept of
develop the concept of
introduce the concept of
conceptual framework
……………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
idea something that you think of, especially something that you could do or suggest
thought something that comes into your mind
impression the idea that you have in your mind about what someone or something is like
concept an idea of how something is, or how something should be done
notion an idea about life or society, especially one that is a little silly or old-fashioned
syn= idea, view
(v) to discuss something with other people, so that everyone can express their opinions and decide on something (have discussions; exchange opinions)
(v) to officially give someone a title etc, especially as a reward for something they have achieved = bestow
- مشورت کردن
- اعطا کردن، دادن
confer
confer with => Franklin leant over and conferred with his attorneys.
…………………………………………………………………….
confer a title/degree/honour etc on/upon
confers a high status upon an individual.
An honorary degree was conferred on him by the University.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : confer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conferment / conference
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
……………………………………………………….
bestow
1. to give someone something of great value or importance
* bestow something on/upon somebody
* honours bestowed on him by the Queen
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
annual conference
attend (a) conference
hold (a) conference
international conference
national conference
syn=give, bestow, lavish, award
(n) when one group, person, or thing is separate from others
انزوا
isolation
Because of its geographical isolation, the area developed its own unique culture.
isolation of
the isolation of rural areas
international/diplomatic/political/social isolation
the country’s continuing political isolation
in isolation
The political prisoner had been held in complete isolation.
The mansion sits in splendid isolation on top of the hill (=it is far from everything and looks impressive).
✅ فعل ( verb ) : isolate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : isolation / isolationism / isolationist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : isolated / isolationist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) work, especially physical work = work
(n) all the people who work for a company or in a country=workers
(n) the process of giving birth to a baby
(v) to work hard
کار( بدنی)(کردن) ، نیروی کار، زایمان
labor
The garage charges £30 an hour for labour.
Many women do hard manual labour (=work with their hands).
Workers withdrew their labour (=protested by stopping work) for twenty-four hours.
………………………………………………………………………………….
a shortage of skilled labor
We need to reduce our labour costs.
the labour force (=all the people who work in a country or for a company)
a labour shortage
labour-saving
labour market
unskilled labour
……………………………………………………………………………..
Meg was in labour for ten hours.
Diane went into labour at 2 o’clock.
……………………………………………………………
They laboured all day in the mills.
labour over
I’ve been labouring over this report all morning.
labour to do something
Ray had little talent but labored to acquire the skills of a writer.
فعل ( verb ) : labor
اسم ( noun ) : labor / laborer = someone whose work needs physical strength, for example building work = worker
صفت ( adjective ) :
قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………………………………..
workforce
all the people who work in a particular industry or company, or are available to work in a particular country or area
* Women now represent almost 50% of the workforce.
* The company is cutting its workforce.
workforce=labor force - unemployed labor force
(v) to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before
(v) to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same
(v) to strongly express your belief that something is true = claim
(v) to keep a machine, building etc in good condition by checking and repairing it regularly = LOOK AFTER SOMETHING
حفظ کردن ، معتقد بودن ، نگهداری کردن
maintain
maintain contact
Careers Officers maintain contact with young people when they have left school.
Britain wants to maintain its position as a world power.
A lot depends on building and maintaining a good relationship with your customers.
The hotel prides itself on maintaining high standards.
How can we maintain control of spending?
…………………………………………………………………………….
It is important to maintain a constant temperature inside the greenhouse.
This is the most efficient way to build up and maintain a reasonable level of physical fitness
……………………………………………………………………………
maintain (that)
Critics maintain that these reforms will lead to a decline in educational standards.
maintain your innocence (=say that you did not commit a crime)
He maintained his innocence and said the allegations were ‘ridiculous’.
………………………………………………………………….
The report found that safety equipment had been very poorly maintained.
The company is responsible for maintaining public telephone boxes.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : maintain
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : maintenance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………….
maintain cause or enable (a condition or situation) to continue.
preserve maintain (something) in its original or existing state
retain continue to have (something); keep possession of.
keep have or retain possession of.
sustain to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time
perpetuate to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time
syn= keep up
(n) a small group of people or things within a much larger group, especially a number or part representing less than half of the whole.
(n) the state or period of being under the age of full legal responsibility.
اقلیت
minority
Gaelic is still spoken in Ireland by a minority.
minority of
Only a minority of people supported these new laws.
small/tiny/substantial/significant minority
Gay men are a small but significant minority.
minority report (=a report by a minority of a group who do not agree with the others)
……………………………………………………………………….
intrigues between factions striving to make the king their puppet continued throughout his minority”
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : minority
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : minor
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
…………………………………………………………………………………….
minor
(adj) small and not very important or serious, especially when compared with other things جزئی
* We have made some minor changes to the program.
* a relatively minor error
* a minor road
* They played only a minor role in local government.
(n) someone who is below the age at which they become legally responsible for their actions افراد زیر سن قانونی
* This film contains material unsuitable for minors.
…………………………………………………………………
THESAURUS
unimportant not important
of no/little importance not important, or not very important. These phrases sound a little more formal than unimportant
minor small and not very likely to have an important effect – used especially about changes, problems, injuries, damage, or differences
trivial very unimportant and not worth worrying about or spending time on
insignificant very small and unimportant, especially when compared to other things
negligible extremely small and not important – used especially about effects, amounts, differences, or risks
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
minor change
minor role
minor problem
minor error
minor offenses
relatively minor
minority group
ethnic minority
small minority
sizeable minority
minoritycommunities
(adj) (of a person, attitude, or situation) BAD, harmful, unpleasant, or not wanted
(n) an image on a photographic film that shows dark areas as light and light areas as dark, from which the final picture is printed
(n) something bad or harmful
منفی
negative
My drinking was starting to have a negative effect on my work.
the negative aspects of ageing
On the negative side, it will cost a lot.
…………………………………………………………………………….
black and white photographic negatives
………………………………………………………………
The negatives outweigh the positives on this issue.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
negative aspect
negative attitude
negative connotation
negative consequences
negative correlation
negative effect
negative feedback
negative impact
negative outcome
negative side
negative stereotype
negative value
negative view
(be) negatively correlated (with)
(v) to help something to develop,grow, or increase = ENCOURAGE
(v) support or actively encourage (a cause, venture, etc.); further the progress of
(v) raise (someone) to a higher position or rank
باعث ارتقا یا ترویج چیزی شدن، ترفیع دادن
promote
a meeting to promote trade between Taiwan and the UK
Fertilizer promotes leaf growth.
………………………………………………………………………………
some regulation is still required to promote competition”
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Helen was promoted to senior manager.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
promote (the) development (of)
promote equality
(n) a stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively.
(v) to provide money or other resources for something
منابع (تامین کردن)
resource
local authorities complained that they lacked resources
……………………………………………………………………………
The program wasn’t adequately resourced.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
additional resources
allocate resources
available resources
economic resources
electronic resources
exhaust resources
waste resources
financial resources
learning resources
limited resources
natural resources
provide resources
require resources
scarce resources
sufficient resources
use resources
valuable resources
(n) the way that something is built, arranged, or organized.
(v) to arrange or organize in a particular way.
سازه و ساختار، ساختار دادن و ساختار بخشیدن و چارچوب دادن
structure
* using google calendar helps me structure my week.
* solid structure
* how we structure our team.
✅️فعل ( verb ) : structure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : structure / structuralism / structuralist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : structural / structuralist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : structurally
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
structural adjustment
structural change
structural element
structural feature
structural properties
basic structure
clear structure
complex structure
economic structure
existing structure
formal structure
global structure
hierarchical structure
institutional structure
internal structure
organizational structure
overall structure
political structure
social structure
underlying structure
(be) highly structured
(n) when something changes from one form or state to another
عمل یا فرآیند تغییر به چیز دیگر
transition
transition from something to something
the smooth transition from full-time work to full retirement
Making the transition from youth to adulthood can be very painful.
a society that is in transition (=changing)
the period of transition to full democracy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : transition
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : transition
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : transitional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : transitionally
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
make (a) transition
(v, passive) to be in a particular position or place = be situated
(v) to find the exact position of something
(v) to put or build something in a particular place
(v) to start a business or company in a particular place
واقع بودن در ، پیدا کردن یا یافتن ، قرار دادن
locate
The business is located right in the center of town
……………………………………………………………………………….
We couldn’t locate the source of the radio signal.
………………………………………………………………………………..
Large retail chains are usually only prepared to locate stores in areas of high population density.
…………………………………………………………………………………
locate in/at etc => We are offering incentives for companies to locate in our city.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : locate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : location
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(adv) (in an opposite way) used when one situation is the opposite of another
متقابلا (در نقطه مقابل)
Conversely
American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs.
Janet is Steve’s wife. Conversely, Steve is Janet’s husband.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : converse
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : converse
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conversely
= vice versa
(v) to help someone to do something
(v) to make it easier for someone to do something
همکاری کردن، کمک کردن
assist
assist (somebody) with/in something
You will be employed to assist in the development of new equipment.
assist somebody to do something
We want to assist people to stay in their own homes.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
They had no maps to assist them.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : assist
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : assistance / assistant
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : assistant / assistive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
…………………………………………………………….
THESAURUS
help to make it easier for someone to do something, by doing something for them or giving them something they need
assist formal to help someone to do something
aid formal to help someone to do something – used especially when saying that something helps your body to do something
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
financial assistance
medical assistance
provide assistance
technical assistance
جای help
(adj) able to be used or can easily be bought or found
در دسترس
available
Tickets are available from the box office.
available to
Not enough data is available to scientists.
available to do something
Funds are available to assist teachers who want to attend the conference.
available for
No figures are available for the number of goods sold.
available in
There are plenty of jobs available in the area.
readily/widely available (=very easy to obtain)
Parking is readily available near the station entrance.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
available data
available evidence
available information
available resources
become available
currently available
freely available
make available
publicly available
readily available
widely available
(v) to be formed from two or more things or people (be composed or made up of.)
(v) to be based on or depend on something
شامل و متشکل از چیزی بودن، بستگی داشتن
consist
consist of
The buffet consisted of several different Indian dishes.
consist mainly/largely/primarily/exclusively/ essentially of somebody/ something
The audience consisted mainly of teenagers.
consist entirely/solely of somebody/something
The area does not consist entirely of rich people, despite popular belief.
………………………………………………………………………………..
consist in something
Happiness does not consist in how many possessions you own.
…………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
consist of/be made up of to be formed from two or more things or people متشکل از / تشکیل شده از
* Lunch consisted of sandwiches and fruit.
* The apartment consisted of three rooms.
* The audience was largely made up of families.
be composed of to consist of something – used especially when saying which natural substances something contains, or what kind of people are in a group تشکیل شده از
* Every chemical element is composed of atoms.
* Venus’ atmosphere is mainly composed of carbon dioxide.
* The team was composed of leading scientists from around the world.
comprise formal to consist of the things mentioned. Comprise can also be used to talk about the people or things which form something
* The event comprises a champagne reception, two-course lunch, and a fashion show. شامل شدن
* Men still comprise the majority of people who have the disease.
make up (also constitute formal) to be the things or people that form something تشکیل دادن
* Women constitute a significant part of the workforce.
* Toys make up about 10% of the company’s sales.
(v) to eat or drink something, to use time, energy, goods etc
مصرف کردن
consume
consumer rights
consumer confidence
consumer goods
consumer protection
✅ فعل ( verb ) : consume
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : consumption / consumable / consumer / consumerism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : consumable / consuming
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to work with someone else to achieve something that you both want
(v) to do what someone wants you to do
همکاری کردن
cooperate
cooperate in/on
The two universities are to cooperate in the development of a new industrial process.
They agreed to co-operate with Brazil on a programme to protect the rain forests.
cooperate with
Lions cooperate with each other when hunting game.
As chairman I was anxious to co-operate with Mr Baker as far as possible.
The church seeks to cooperate closely with local schools.
cooperate to do something
Both sides agreed to co-operate to prevent illegal fishing in the area.
……………………………………………………………………………
cooperate with
I advised my client to cooperate fully with the police.
If you refuse to co-operate, I’ll kill you.
فعل ( verb ) : cooperate
اسم ( noun ) : cooperation / (un)cooperative
صفت ( adjective ) : (un)cooperative
قید ( adverb ) : (un)cooperatively
(v) to give money, help, ideas etc to something that a lot of other people are also involved in
(v) to help to make something happen (help to cause or bring about)
دخیل بودن یا موثر بودن ، تخصیص دادن یا اهدا کردن
contribute
contribute to/towards
City employees cannot contribute to political campaigns.
contribute something to/towards something
The volunteers contribute their own time to the project.
…………………………………………………………………………..
Stress is a contributing factor in many illnesses.
contribute to
Alcohol contributes to 100,000 deaths a year in the US.
contribute substantially/significantly/greatly etc to something
His work contributed substantially to our knowledge of the disease and how to treat it.
Smoking is a contributory factor in lung cancer.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : contribute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : contribution / contributor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : contributory
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
contribute significantly
contribute to (the) development (of)
major contribution
make (a) contribution
significant contribution
(adj) relating to or happening in one particular country and not involving any other countries
(adj) relating to family relationships and life at home
داخلی،خانگی،بومی، اهلی
domestic
domestic market
domestic sphere
domestic violence
(n) something’s or somebody’s special purpose
(v) to work or operate
عملکرد و کارکرد
function
* * the function of the brakes
* * I’m so tired today, I can barely function.
* * I can’t function properly without a coffee
فعل ( verb ) : function
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : function / functionality / functionalism / functionalist / functionary
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : functional / functionalist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : functionally
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
basic function
essential function
main/primary function
perform (a) function
serve (a) function
social function
specific function
functional requirement
(n) a group or system of interconnected people or things
شبکه
network
Hungary’s telephone network
a high-speed European rail network
global network
extensive network
computer network
nationwide network
network of
an elaborate network of canals
(v) to buy something
خریداری کردن
purchase
You can purchase insurance online.
the growing demand to purchase goods on credit
Where did you purchase the car?
purchase from
Tickets may be purchased in advance from the box office.
purchasing power
فعل ( verb ) : purchase
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : purchase / purchaser
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : purchasable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
……………………………………………………………….
THESAURUS
buy to pay money for something so that you can own it
purchase formal to buy something, especially something large or expensive, in a business deal or by a legal contract
acquire formal to become the owner of something large or expensive such as property, a company, or a valuable object
به جای buy
(v) to trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect them to do
(v) to depend on something in order to continue to live or exist
تکیه کردن
rely on/upon somebody/something
I knew I could rely on David.
rely on somebody/something to do something
Many working women rely on relatives to help take care of their children.
for
Many people now rely on the Internet for news.
……………………………………………………………………………
The company relies heavily on only a few contracts.
for
They have to rely on the river for their water.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : rely
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reliance / reliability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reliant متکی / reliableقابل اعتماد
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : reliably
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
reliable data
reliable information
rely heavily (on)
(n) the scientific study of the mind and behavior
روان شناسی
psychology
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : psychology / psychologist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : psychological
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : psychologically
(v) to start using computers and machines to do a job, rather than people (to change to a system in which machines can do jobs by
themselves)
اتوماتیک (خودکار) کردن
automate
Cash machines automate two basic functions of a bank – deposits and withdrawals.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : automate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : automation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : automatic / automated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : automatically
(adj) having a good effect
سودمند، مفید
beneficial
a drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system
beneficial to/for
Cycling is highly beneficial to health and the environment.
an arrangement that is mutually beneficial (=it has advantages for everyone who is involved)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : benefit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) :beneficiary / benefit
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : beneficial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : beneficially
……………………………………………………………………………….
benefit منفعت (بردن)
(v) gives you an advantage, improves your life, or helps you in some way
* They are working together to benefit the whole community.
benefit from/by
* Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment.
* They would benefit by reducing their labour costs.
benefit greatly/enormously/considerabl etc
* I’m sure you’ll benefit greatly from the visit.
(n) an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from something
benefit of
the benefits of contact lenses
I never had the benefit of a university education.
The new credit cards will be of great benefit to our customers.
I hope that the decision taken today will be to the benefit of the whole nation.
for somebody’s benefit
Could you just explain again for Mark’s benefit?
without the benefit of something
Most motorists manage without the benefit of four-wheel drive.
………………………………………………………..
beneficiary
(n) someone who gets advantages from an action or change
* he rich were the main beneficiaries of the tax cuts.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
beneficial effect
provide (a) benefit
economic benefits
potential benefits
(v) to disagree with something, especially by saying that the opposite is true
(v) the facts in it are different so that both statements cannot be true
مخالفت کردن و نقض کردن، تناقض داشتن
contradict
Deborah opened her mouth to contradict, but closed it again.
Dad just can’t bear to be contradicted.
The article flatly contradicts their claims
……………………………………………………………………………………
The witness statements contradict each other and the facts remain unclear.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : contradict
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : contradiction
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : contradictory
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) consider (one thing) to be the same as or equivalent to another(similar or connected)
در نظر گرفتن اینکه دو چیز مشابه یا مرتبط هستند
equate
equate something with something
Most people equate wealth with success.
(n) a set of fixed limits that control the way that something should be done
مولفه یا پارامتر(هر عنصر یا جزء مهمی که سامانه ای را تعریف می کند و کار آن را تعیین یا محدود می کند)
parameters
The inquiry has to stay within the parameters laid down by Congress.
set (the) parameters
(n) a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences
دیدگاه
perspective
perspective on
His father’s death gave him a whole new perspective on life.
from somebody’s perspective
The novel is written from a child’s perspective.
from a feminist/Christian/global etc perspective
We have to look at everything from an international perspective.
a much-needed historical perspective
wider/broader perspective
Our work in Uganda and Romania adds a wider persp
……………………………………………………..
The main difference between perspective and outlook is that perspective is more about how one sees or understands something, while outlook is more about how one feels or anticipates something. Perspective is also more common and natural in speech, while outlook is more formal and less common.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
critical perspective دیدگاه انتقادی
cultural perspective
global perspective
historical perspective
new perspective
theoretical perspective
syn=viewpoint, point of view
(v) to change something into a different form, or to change something so that it can be used for a different purpose or in a different way (change the form, character, or function of something.)
تبدیل کردن به
convert
convert something to/into something
* They converted the spare bedroom into an office.
* The stocks can be easily converted to cash.
* a 19th-century converted barn (=barn changed into a house)
* a sofa that converts into a bed
* In the process, the light energy converts to heat energy.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : convert
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conversion / convertibility / convert / convertible / converter
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : convertible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) go somewhere with (someone) as a companion or escort.
(v) to happen or exist at the same time as something else
همراهی کردن ، همراه بودن با
accompany
Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult.
Wherever her husband went, she would accompany him.
………………………………………………………………………………..
be accompanied by something
The disease is accompanied by sneezing and fever.
the illness is often accompanied by nausea
✅ فعل ( verb ) : accompany
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : accompaniment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accompanying= provided or occurring at the same time as something else همراه
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
In everyday English, people usually say go with or come with someone rather than accompany someone:
(adj) causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed
جنجالی
controversial
the controversial issue of welfare reform
a highly controversial (=very controversial) plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam
He is a controversial figure (=person who does controversial things) in the art world.
فعل ( verb ) : -
اسم ( noun ) : controversy
صفت ( adjective ) : controversial
قید ( adverb ) : controversially
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
controversial issue
highly controversial
…………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
controversial causing a lot of disagreement and angry argument, especially in the newspapers, on television etc
* Abortion is a controversial subject.
* The film was highly controversial at the time.
contentious formal likely to cause a lot of disagreement and argument
* the contentious issue of immigration
* These claims are highly contentious.
debatable/arguable used when you think that something is not certain and that people have different opinions about it, especially in the phrase it is debatable/arguable whether
* It is debatable whether this book is as good as her previous novel.
* It is arguable whether these measures will reduce the overall cost.
* Does the treatment work? I think that’s debatable.
something is a moot point used when you think that something is not certain and that people have different opinions about it – a rather formal phrase
* Whether this proposal will really reduce crime is a moot point.
(n) a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made. = PROCESS OF PLANNING
(n) the way that something has been planned and made, including its appearance, how it works etc = ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS
(n) a pattern for decorating something = PATTERN
(n) a drawing that shows how something will be made or what it will look like = DRAWING
(n) a plan that someone has in their mind = INTENTION
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(v) to make a drawing or plan of something that will be made or built
(v) to plan or develop something for a specific purpose
طراحی (کردن) ، طرح
design
The new plane is in its final design stage.
the design process
……………………………………………………………………………
The car’s design has been greatly improved.
design of => the design of the new building
………………………………………………………………………………….
a floral design
Vinyl flooring is available in a wide range of designs.
………………………………………………………………………………….
design for => the design for the new sports centre
…………………………………………………………………………………..
by design (=intentionally) => We shall never know whether this happened by accident or by design.
He has some grand designs for the company.
……………………………………………………………………………………
The tower was designed by Gilbert Scott.
design something for something
She designed a new logo for the company.
well/badly etc designed
a badly designed office
specially designed software
…………………………………………………………………………………..
be designed to do something
These exercises are designed to strengthen muscles.
be designed for somebody/something
The course is designed for beginners.
be designed as something
The book is designed as a reference manual.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : design
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : design / designer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : designed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
experimental design
urban design
(be) specifically designed (to, for)
well designed
(adv) by means of which or according to which = by which
………………………………………………………………………………………….
یک کلمه دیگست
(adv) by that means; as a result of that.
1-که از طریق آن
و از این طریق-2
whereby + noun
* a proposal whereby EU citizens would be allowed to reside anywhere in the EU
* a system whereby people could vote by telephone
* We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other
…………………………………………………………………………….
thereby + verbing
He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote.
students perform in hospitals, thereby gaining a deeper awareness of the therapeutic power of music.
(adj) a distinctive attribute or aspect of something (a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical)
(v) to include or show something as a special or important part of something, or to be included as an important part
ویژگی ها ، داشتن یا به نمایش گذاشتن ویژگی یا امکانات
feature
Air bags are a standard feature in most new cars.
feature of
An important feature of Van Gogh’s paintings is their bright colours.
Striped tails are a common feature of many animals.
main/important/significant etc feature
The most distinctive feature of the dinosaurs was their size.
One of the distinguishing features (=features that are different from other things of the same sort) of modern banking is its dependence on computers.
………………………………………………………………………………..
The exhibition features paintings by Picasso.
a cruise ship featuring extensive spa facilities
feature in
A study of language should feature in an English literature course.
be featured in something
Pupils visited some of the websites featured in the article.
feature prominently/strongly/heavily etc
Violence seems to feature heavily in all of his books.
feature somebody as something
The film featured Brando as the Godfather.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
central feature
characteristic feature
common feature
defining feature
distinctive feature
distinguishing feature
essential feature
general feature
key feature
main feature
major feature
particular feature
positive feature
prominent feature
salient feature ویژگی برجسته the defining elements that distinguish one target from another.
significant feature
specific feature
striking feature ویژگی قابل توجه
structural feature
identify features
physical features
(n) a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot of people
(v) to officially make a statement, give an order, warning etc
(v) give something such as documents or equipment to people who need them by an organization or someone in an official position
موضوع یا مشکل ، صادر کردن
issue
* Abortion is a highly controversial issue.
* We should raise the issue of discrimination with the council.
* The key issue is whether workers should be classified as ‘employees’.
……………………………………………………………………………….
Silva issued a statement denying all knowledge of the affair.
a warning issued by the Surgeon General
……………………………………………………………….
issue a passport/permit/visa etc
The US State Department issues millions of passports each year.
issue somebody with something
All the workers were issued with protective clothing.
issue something to somebody
The policy document will be issued to all employees.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
deal with/tackle an issue (also address an issue formal)
central issue
complex issue
consider (an) issue
contemporary/current issue
controversial issue
core issue
critical issue
cultural/ global issue
discuss (an) issue
ethical issue
explore (an) issue
identify (an) issue
key/main/major issue
legal issue
methodological issue
practical issue
raise (an) issue
real issue
related issue
relevant issue
similar issue
single issue
special issue
specific issue
technical issue
theoretical issue
wider issue
environmental issues
a thorny issue (also a vexed issue formal) (=a difficult one that causes disagreement)
an issue comes up (also an issue arises formal) (=people started to discuss it)
(adj) full of energy and new ideas, and determined to succeed = energetic
(n) the way in which things or people behave, react, and affect each other
پویا،تعاملات(روشی که اشیا یا افراد بر یکدیگر رفتار می کنند، واکنش نشان می دهند و بر یکدیگر تأثیر می گذارند)
dynamic
dynamic and ambitious people
…………………………………………………………………….
dynamics of
the dynamics of the family
He did research on group dynamics and leadership styles.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
dynamic equilibrium (when the forward and reverse processes occur at the same rate, resulting in no observable change in the system)
dynamic nature
dynamic process
dynamic system
(n) the opinion people have of a person, organization, product etc, or the way a person, organization etc seems to be to the public = PUBLIC OPINION
(n) a picture that you have in your mind, especially about what someone or something is like or the way they look = IDEA IN MIND
(n) a representation of the external form of a person or thing in art = PICTURE/WHAT YOU SEE
1. a picture of an object in a mirror or in the lens of a camera
2. a picture on the screen of a television, cinema, or computer
3. a picture or shape of a person or thing that is copied onto paper or is cut in wood or stone
تصویر
image
image of=> attempts to improve the image of the police
…………………………………………………………………………………
image of => He had no visual image of her, only her name.
He had the clearest image in his mind of his mother and father.
……………………………………………………………………………
She peered closely at her image in the mirror.
Jill Sharpe was little more than a name, a glossy image on a television screen.
carved images
………………………………………………………………………….
be the (very/living/spitting) image of somebody
to look exactly like someone or something else
✅ فعل ( verb ) : imagine
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : imagination / image
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : imaginative / imaginable / imaginary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : imaginatively
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
positive image
public image
visual image
(adj) the most important, although it is not easily noticed
زمینه ساز
underlying
underlying cause/principle/problem etc
✅ فعل ( verb ) : underlie
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : -
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : underlying
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
…………………………………………………….
underlie زمینه ساز چیزی شدن
* to be the cause of something, or be the basic thing from which something develops
* the one basic principle that underlies all of the party’s policies
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
underlying assumption
underlying cause/reason
underlying principle
underlying process
underlying reason
underlying structure
(n) a planned series of actions for achieving something
استراتژی
strategy
the government’s long-term economic strategy
a company’s business strategy
strategy for doing something
a strategy for dealing with crime
strategy to do something
a strategy to attract younger audiences to jazz
✅ فعل ( verb ) : strategize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : strategy / strategist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : strategic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : strategically
…………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
way something you can do in order to achieve what you want or deal with a problem
* Visiting a country is a great way to learn a language.
method a way of doing something, especially one that a lot of people know about and use
* They still use traditional methods of farming.
* modern teaching methods
* Different research methods are used to gather data.
approach a general way of dealing with a particular problem or situation, especially a way that has been carefully thought about
* We need a whole new approach to environmental issues.
* There will be considerable advantages to adopting this approach.
technique a way of doing something for which you need a skill that must be learned and practised
* I went to a class to learn relaxation techniques.
* new surgical techniques
* techniques for improving staff performance
strategy a carefully planned way to achieve something difficult or complicated that may take a long time
* They met to discuss the company’s business strategy.
* the government’s long-term strategy for reducing crime
means something that you use to do something or achieve something
* Their main means of transport is their car.
* means of communication.
* He looked around for a means of escape.
* Education and training are the most efficient means of improving the nation’s economy.
mode formal a particular way of doing something
* For him, painting is just another mode of expression.
* You can choose between several different modes of operation.
* the most efficient mode of transportation
* Withdrawing a child from class is still the preferred mode of providing extra help to that child.
plan a set of actions for achieving something in the future, especially a set of actions that has been considered carefully and in detail
* Leaders outlined a plan to end the fighting.
scheme British English an official plan that is intended to help people
* The government has introduced a new scheme to help young people find work.
initiative a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular aim
a peace initiative
* a major new initiative to tackle street crime
policy a plan that members of a government, political party, company etc agree on, that states how they intend to deal with a particular subject or problem
the government’s immigration policy
It’s company policy to allow people to work from home.
programme British English, program American English a series of activities that a government or organization organizes, which aims to achieve something important and will continue for a long time
* a five-year programme which will create 2,000 new jobs
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
strategic decision
strategic importance
strategic management
strategic objective
strategic planning
alternative strategy
coping strategy
develop (a) strategy
have (a) strategy
learning strategy
teaching strategy
use (a) strategy
use a strategy (also employ a strategy formal)
devise/work out a strategy (also formulate a strategy formal)
implement a strategy formal (=do a series of actions that you or someone else has planned)
(n) a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong, that influences how you behave = MORAL RULE
(n) the basic idea that a plan or system is based on = IDEA BEHIND SOMETHING
(n) a rule which explains the way something such as a machine works, or which explains a natural force in the universe = RULES OF A PROCESS
اصل و اصول (باور یا ایده ای که مجموعه ای از ایده ها، قوانین یا یک سیستم بر آن استوار است)
principle
Schools try to teach children a set of principles.
He’s got no principles at all!
It’s against my principles to accept gifts from clients.
………………………………………………………………………………..
The general principle is that education should be available to all children up to the age of 16.
basic/fundamental/guiding principle
the basic principles of business management
principle of
the principles of French law
principle that
Reflexology is based on the principle that specific areas on the feet correspond to different parts of the body.
on a principle
The project worked on the principle that each person’s experience was equally valuable.
principle behind
the principles behind government policies
……………………………………………………………………………
Archimedes’ principle
principle of
the basic principles of physics
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
basic principle
established principle
ethical principle
fundamental principle
general principle
guiding principle
key principle
main principle
moral principle
organising principle
underlying principle
………………………………………………………………………………..
اشتباه گرفته نشود
principal
(adj) most important = main
(n) someone who is in charge of a school
(n) money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services
(n) money that the government receives from tax
درآمد یک سازمان یا دولت
revenue
generate revenue
advertising revenue
Strikes have cost £20 million in lost revenues.
…………………………………………………………………………….
an increase in tax revenues of 8.4%
a government plan to help boost revenue
by way of or by use of
(preposition) travelling through a place on the way to another place
(preposition) using a particular person, machine etc to send something
از طریق یا با استفاده از
via
We flew to Athens via Paris.
…………………………………………
I sent a message to Kitty via her sister.
You can access our homepage via the Internet.
syn=by way of or by use of
(n) something that unites two or more people or groups, such as love, or a shared interest or idea
(n) an official document promising that a government or company will pay back money that it has borrowed, often with interest
پیوند ، اوراق قرضه
bond
emotional bond
bond between
the emotional bond between mother and child
bond with
the United States’ special bond with Britain
bond of
lifelong bonds of friendship
…………………………………………………………………………
My father put all his money into stock market bonds.
furious trading on the bond market
stock market bonds اوراق بورس
bond market بازار اوراق قرضه
syn= tie, connection, relationship
(adj) more important than anything else; main
(adj) happening first
اصلی، اولیه
primary
* The primary goal of the space flight was to recover a satellite.
* primary purpose/aim/objective (collocation)
* sth be of primary importance.در درجه اول اهمیت قرار داشتن (collocation)
* primary concern/ reason/ source of income/ duty/ role /responsibility /consideration /focus /problem (collocation)
……………………………………………………..
* the primary stages of development.
* a primary tumour
* Counselling was given as a primary therapy for depression.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prime
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prime / primer / primitive / primitiveness / primitivism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prime / primal / primitive / primary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : primally / primitively / primarily
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
(be) primarily concerned (with)
(be) primarily responsible (for)
primary aim/objective/purpose
primary care
primary concern
primary data
primary education
primary focus
primary function
primary reason
primary research
primary responsibility
primary source
primary task
syn=chief, major, main, key, principal
(v) to understand how serious or important a situation or problem is or what someone’s feelings are
(v) to gradually become more valuable over a period of time
قدردان بودن یا درک کردن ، افزایش یافتن ارزش یا قیمت
appreciate
fully appreciate sth
appreciate the significance/importance/value of something
He did not fully appreciate the significance of signing the contract.
appreciate that
We appreciate that caring for children is an important job.
appreciate what/how/why
It is difficult to appreciate how bad the situation had become.
………………………………………………………………………………….
Most investments are expected to appreciate at a steady rate.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : appreciate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : appreciation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : appreciate / appreciative قدردان/ appreciable = large enough to be noticed or considered important = significant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : appreciatively قدردان/ appreciably
syn= be aware, realize, understand
(adj) relating to the most basic and important parts of something
(adj) very necessary and important
اساسی و بنیادی ، ضروری
fundamental
We have to tackle the fundamental cause of the problem.
fundamental change/difference/distinction/ shift etc
a fundamental difference in opinion
fundamental mistake/error
Novice programmers sometimes make fundamental errors.
the fundamental principles of liberty and equality
……………………………………………………………………………
fundamental human rights
fundamental to
Water is fundamental to survival.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
fundamental aspect
fundamental assumption
fundamental change
fundamental component
fundamental difference
fundamental importance
fundamental principle
fundamental problem
fundamental question
fundamentally different
syn= basic, original, elementary
(n) the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has on someone or something
(n) the force of one object hitting another
اثر،برخورد
impact
impact on/upon
We need to assess the impact on climate change.
major/significant/profound etc impact
Higher mortgage rates have already had a major impact on spending.
impact of
an international meeting to consider the environmental impacts of global warming
…………………………………………………………………………………
The force of the impact knocked the breath out of her.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
an adverse impact formal (=a bad effect)
have/make an impact
assess (the) impact (of)
consider (the) impact (of)
direct impact
emotional impact
enormous impact
environmental impact
great impact
likely impact
little impact
major impact
negative/positive impact
potential impact
profound impact
significant impact
syn=influence, impression, effect
(v) to admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists
(v) recognize the importance or quality of.
1-اعتراف یا پذیرش اینکه چیزی درست است یا موقعیتی وجود دارد
2- اذعان کردن به اهمیت یا کیفیت چیزی
acknowledge
The family acknowledge the need for change.
acknowledge that
He acknowledges that when he’s tired he gets bad-tempered.
It is acknowledged that these letters are genuine.
……………………………………………………………………
The Brazilian coach acknowledged the talent of his players.
be acknowledged as something
The film festival is acknowledged as an event of international importance.
be widely/generally acknowledged to be something
The mill produces what is widely acknowledged to be the finest wool in the world.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : acknowledge
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : acknowledgement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : acknowledged / acknowledging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ …………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
admit to agree unwillingly that something is true
He admitted that the company was having financial difficulties.
concede formal to admit something in a discussion or argument
‘You may be right, ’ Bridget conceded.
It was a decision which he now concedes was incorrect.
acknowledge formal to say that something is true or that a situation exists
The report acknowledges that research on animals is not always a reliable guide when it comes to humans.
confess to admit something that you feel embarrassed or ashamed about
Bradley confessed that he struggled to finish the race.
I must confess I don’t like his wife at all.
syn= accept, allow, recognize
(n) special attention or importance
تاکید
emphasis
emphasis on
In Japan there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.
put/place emphasis on something
The course places emphasis on practical work.
a change of emphasis in government policy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : emphasize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : emphasis
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : emphatic = expressing an opinion, idea etc in a clear, strong way to show its importance / emphasized
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : emphatically
…………………………………………………………………….
emphasize
to say something in a strong way = stress
* The report emphasizes the importance of improving safety standards.
* Logan made a speech emphasizing the need for more volunteers.
* emphasize that/how
* The prime minister emphasized that there are no plans to raise taxes.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
give emphasis
greater emphasis
increasing emphasis
particular emphasis
place/lay emphasis on something formal
place particular emphasis
shift emphasis
special emphasis
strong emphasis
syn= importance, stress, weight, highlight
(n) a way of doing something that has been officially agreed and chosen by a political party, a business, or another organization
سیاست
policy
foreign/economic/public etc policy
a foreign policy adviser
The company has adopted a strict no-smoking policy.
policy on/towards
government policy on higher education
US policy towards China
it is (somebody’s) policy to do something
It is hospital policy to screen all mothers with certain risk factors.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
current policy
economic/educational/environmental/social policy
effective policy
foreign policy
government policy
key policy
make policy
national policy
public policy
security policy
formulate/develop a policy
adopt a policy (=use one)
implement a policy (=take action in the way that has been decided)
syn= plan, rule, guideline
(v) to share things among a group of people, especially in a planned way = give out
(v) o supply goods to shops and companies so that they can sell them
(v) to spread something over a large area
توزیع کردن
distribute
distribute something among/to somebody
Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the refugees.
a man distributing leaflets to passers-by
……………………………………………………………………………….
Milk is distributed to the local shops by Herald’s Dairies.
……………………………………………………………………………….
Make sure the weight of the load is evenly distributed.
فعل ( verb ) : distribute
اسم ( noun ) : distribution / distributor
صفت ( adjective ) : distributive / distributional
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
(be) widely distributed, geographic(al) distribution, normal distribution
= dispense
(n) a feeling that you like or love someone or something and that you would be unhappy without them
(n) a part that you can put onto a machine to make it do a particular job
(n) belief in and loyalty towards a particular idea, organization etc
(n) a document or file that is sent with an email message
وابستگی و دلبستگی، (ابزار و ماشین آلات) وسایل اضافی وصل شدنی، پیوست
attachment
attachment to/for => a child’s attachment to its mother
…………………………………………………………………………………..
The vacuum cleaner has various attachments.
……………………………………………………………………………..
attachment to/for =>old people’s attachment to traditional customs
……………………………………………………………………………………
I’ll send the spreadsheet as an attachment
…………………………………………………………………….
attach پیوست کردن
to fasten or connect one object to another = fix
* attach something to something
* Attach a recent photograph to your application form.
* a small battery attached to a little loudspeaker
* the attached form/cheque/leaflet etc
* Please fill in and return the attached reply slip.
…………………………………………………………………………….
attach و append هر دو به معنای “ پیوست کردن “ هستند اما با یک تفاوت جزئی :
مثلا یک سند را درنظر بگیرید . ممکن است شما بخواهید یک متنی رو به هر دلیلی به آن سند اضافه کنیداین کار شما همان appendix یا پیوست است حتما تا حالا دیدید که اخرای هرکتابی معمولا یک بخش به عنوان پیوست هستش که این همان appendix است
اما اگر شما بخواهید یک مهر یا امضا به ان سند اضافه کنید این کار شما attachment هستش . همچنین در تلگرام ، واتس اپ و یا ایمیل قسمتی وجود دارد به شکل گیره کاغذ ( سنجاق ) که شما با استفاده از آن یک فایل رو به فضای چت پیوست میکنید .
درواقع append برای پیوست یک متن به متن دیگر ( و فقط در نوشته ها و اسناد کاربرد دارد . )
اما attach پیوست دو چیز ناهمگون است و کاربرد آن محدود به نوشته های متنی نیست .
امیدوارم اگه نادرست گفته باشم حتما شما اصلاح کنید
✅ فعل ( verb ) : attach ≠ detach
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : attachment ≠ detachment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : attached ≠ unattached ≠ detached /detachable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
syn= connection, friendship, link, appendix
ant= detachment
(n) the distance it is possible to see, especially when this is affected by weather conditions
(n) the situation of being noticed by people in general
دید، دیده شدن
visibility
Visibility on the roads is down to 20 metres due to heavy fog.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
The exhibition helped increase the visibility of women artists.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : visibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : visible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : visibly
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
become visible
clearly/plainly visible
make visible
(n) the solid layer of cement, bricks, stones etc that is put under a building to support it
(n) a basic idea, principle, situation etc that something develops from =(an underlying basis or principle) = BASIC IDEA
(n) an organization that gives or collects money to be used for special purposes, especially for charity or for medical research
(n) the establishment of an organization, business, school etc = founding =
1- زیرساخت ساختمان
2- پایه و اساس چیزی
3- بنیاد (سازمانی که پول می دهد یا جمع آوری می کند تا برای اهداف خاص، به ویژه برای امور خیریه یا تحقیقات پزشکی استفاده شود)
4- تاسیس
foundation
It took the builders three weeks to lay the foundations.
The earthquake shook the foundations of the house.
………………………………………………………………………………………
foundation of
All theories should be built on a foundation of factual knowledge.
solid/firm foundation
The course gives students a solid foundation in the basics of computing.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
the British Heart Foundation
………………………………………………………………………………….
The school has served the community since its foundation in 1835.
……………………………………………………………………………………
found
to start something such as an organization, company, school, or city, often by providing the necessary money
* Founded in 1935 in Ohio, Alcoholics Anonymous is now a world-wide organization.
* Eton College was founded by Henry VI in 1440.
…………………………………………………………………
THESAURUS
establish to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time
set up to start a new company or organization. Set up is less formal than establish, and is the usual phrase to use in everyday English
open to start a business that provides services to the public, such as a shop, restaurant, or hotel
found to start a company or an organization such as a school or a hospital, especially by providing the money for it – used about something that was started a long time ago
inaugurate formal to start an organization with an official ceremony
* Twenty years after the airport was inaugurated, it introduced its first transatlantic flights.
institute introduce or establish (a scheme, undertaking, policy, a system, rule, legal process etc).
initiate to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan(cause (a process or action) to begin.)
………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
basis the facts, ideas, things etc from which something can be developed
* His work will be used as a basis for future research.
foundation the thing on which something is based, especially something important that continues for a long time
* Their ideas were the foundation for the political system that exists in the UK today.
* How can we provide a solid foundation for world peace?
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
provide (a) foundation (for)
(v) strengthen or give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling
(v) to make part of a building, structure, piece of clothing etc stronger(strengthen or support (an object or substance), especially with additional material.)
تقویت کردن
reinforce
The film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb.
………………………………………………………………………………..
the helmet has been reinforced with a double layer of cork
✅ فعل ( verb ) : reinforce
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reinforcement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reinforced
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective = adapt
ایجاد تغییرات کوچک در چیزی به منظور بهبود آن
modify
The feedback will be used to modify the course for next year.
The regulations can only be modified by a special committee.
modify something to do something
The seats can be modified to fit other types of vehicle.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : modify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : modification / modifier
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : modified ≠ unmodified
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
modified form
modified version
(n) a particular way or style of behaving, living, or doing something
شیوه
mode
mode of
the most efficient mode of transport
They have a relaxed mode of life that suits them well.
Western modes of thought
Two new modes of communication were introduced to the general public in the 1990s-e-mail and text messaging.
Ocean liners declined in popularity as a mode of travel with the arrival of transatlantic passenger flights.
Distances between factories and local differences in modes of operation make managing multinational companies very complex.
…………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
way something you can do in order to achieve what you want or deal with a problem
* Visiting a country is a great way to learn a language.
method a way of doing something, especially one that a lot of people know about and use
* They still use traditional methods of farming.
* modern teaching methods
* Different research methods are used to gather data.
approach a general way of dealing with a particular problem or situation, especially a way that has been carefully thought about
* We need a whole new approach to environmental issues.
* There will be considerable advantages to adopting this approach.
technique a way of doing something for which you need a skill that must be learned and practised
* I went to a class to learn relaxation techniques.
* new surgical techniques
* techniques for improving staff performance
strategy a carefully planned way to achieve something difficult or complicated that may take a long time
* They met to discuss the company’s business strategy.
* the government’s long-term strategy for reducing crime
means something that you use to do something or achieve something
* Their main means of transport is their car.
* means of communication.
* He looked around for a means of escape.
* Education and training are the most efficient means of improving the nation’s economy.
mode formal a particular way of doing something
* For him, painting is just another mode of expression.
* You can choose between several different modes of operation.
* the most efficient mode of transportation
* Withdrawing a child from class is still the preferred mode of providing extra help to that child.
plan a set of actions for achieving something in the future, especially a set of actions that has been considered carefully and in detail
* Leaders outlined a plan to end the fighting.
scheme British English an official plan that is intended to help people
* The government has introduced a new scheme to help young people find work.
initiative a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular aim
a peace initiative
* a major new initiative to tackle street crime
policy a plan that members of a government, political party, company etc agree on, that states how they intend to deal with a particular subject or problem
the government’s immigration policy
It’s company policy to allow people to work from home.
programme British English, program American English a series of activities that a government or organization organizes, which aims to achieve something important and will continue for a long time
* a five-year programme which will create 2,000 new jobs
(n) a collection of things of a particular type, especially of things that are for sale = range
(n) the careful choice of a particular person or thing from among a group of similar people or things
مجموعه ، انتخاب
selection
There’s a big selection to choose from.
selection of
a wide selection of shellfish
They only have a limited selection of his books.
…………………………………………………………………………..
The judges have made their final selection.
selection of
the selection of a new leader
selection for
He had narrowly missed selection for the team.
selection as
Perlman’s selection as the party’s candidate
✅ فعل ( verb ) : select
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : selection / selector / selectivity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : selective = careful about what you choose to do, buy, allow etc / select = a select group of people or things is a small special group that has been chosen carefully
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : selectively
…………………………………………………………………………..
select
to choose something or someone by thinking carefully about which is the best, most suitable etc = choose, pick
* a group of students selected at random
* select somebody for something
* He had hopes of being selected for the national team.
* select somebody/something as something
* York was selected as the site for the research centre.
* select somebody/something from something
* They selected the winner from six finalists.
* select somebody to do something
* Simon’s been selected to go to the conference.
……………………………………………………………….
THESAURUS
choose to decide which one of several things you want
* I chose a black dress.
* Which dessert should I choose?
pick to choose something, especially without thinking carefully. Pick is more informal than choose
* Pick any number from one to ten.
select formal to choose something, especially after thinking carefully
* The committee will meet to select a new chairman.
* All our instructors are carefully selected.
opt for/go for to choose one thing instead of another
* Many car buyers opt for used vehicles.
* I think I’ll go for the chocolate cake.
decide on to choose something from many possible things, especially when the decision has been difficult or taken a long time
* Thomas had decided on a career as a writer.
single out to choose one person or thing from a group because they are better, worse, more important etc than the others
* Why should he be singled out for special treatment?
* One student was singled out for special attention.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
* (be) carefully selected
* (be) randomly selected
* highly selective
* Often consumers follow their emotions instead of using objective selection criteria when choosing between two products.
* Members of the project team will be chosen by a selection committee made up of departmental managers.
* The presidential selection process in the United States takes longer than it does in many other democratic countries.
(v) to get something by buying, taking, or being given it = get hold of
(v) to gain knowledge or skill by learning
به دست آوردن چیزی با خریدن یا دادن شدن به تو1
2- چیزی را گرفتن یا به دست آوردن
acquire
Manning hoped to acquire valuable works of art as cheaply as possible.
The council acquired the land using a compulsory purchase order.
The college acquired a reputation for very high standards
…………………………………………………………………………….
He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon.
Elsie acquired a good knowledge of Chinese.
فعل ( verb ) : acquire
اسم ( noun ) : acquisition = the process by which you gain knowledge or learn a skill یا the act of getting land, power, money etc یا something that you have obtained by buying it or being given it
صفت ( adjective ) : acquisitive = wanting to have and keep a lot of possessions
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
buy to pay money for something so that you can own it
* I’ve just bought a new car.
* The painting was bought by a museum in New York.
purchase formal to buy something, especially something large or expensive, in a business deal or by a legal contract
* They purchased 5,000 acres of land.
acquire formal to become the owner of something large or expensive such as property, a company, or a valuable object
* In 2007 the business was acquired by a Dutch company.
* Television companies were then allowed to acquire more stations.
………………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
get [not in passive] to get something by finding it, asking for it, or paying for it
* I’ve been trying to get some information.
* She went to the bank to get some money.
obtain formal to get something
Maps and guides can be obtained from the tourist office.
* The newspaper has obtained a copy of the letter.
acquire formal to get something – used about knowledge, skills, or something big or expensive
* The course helps older people to acquire computing skills.
* He acquired the property in 1985.
inherit to get someone’s money or property after they die
* Jo inherited a lot of money from her mother.
gain to get something useful or necessary, such as knowledge or experience
* I’ve gained a lot of useful experience.
* The research helped us gain an insight into how a child’s mind works.
earn to get something because you deserve it
* He had earned a reputation as a peacemaker.
* She earned a lot of respect from her colleagues.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
acquire knowledge
newly acquired
In everyday English, people usually say get rather than acquire
(n) a way of achieving a particular purpose; in some cases, a trick
(n) a machine or small object that has been made for a particular purpose= gadget
ماشین یا ابزاری که کار خاصی انجام می دهد-1
یک برنامه یا روش یا ترفند با یک هدف خاص-2.
device
device for doing something
Testing yourself with information on cards is a useful device for studying.
a memory device
device to do something
Their proposal was only a device to confuse the opposition.
Some countries use lotteries as a clever device to raise money without increasing taxes.
Some linguists believe that hesitations in speech are a stylistic device used by speakers to let their listeners know that they are uncertain about what to
say.
Disclaimers are a simple device used by sellers to avoid legal action should future problems arise with a product.
…………………………………………………………………………
modern labour-saving devices
device for doing something
a device for separating metal from garbage
device to do something
The company makes devices to detect carbon monoxide.
(n) the process by which someone or something moves or is moved from one place, situation, job, organization, team, etc., to another
(v) to move from one place, school, job etc to another, or to make someone do this, especially within the same organization = MOVE TO DIFFERENT PLACE ETC
(v) to move from one place to another, or to move something from one place to another = PUT SOMETHING IN DIFFERENT PLACE
(v) to move money from one account or institution to another
انتقال،منتقل دادن
transfer
transfer of
the transfer of assets within a group of companies
transfer to
Penny’s applied for a transfer to head office.
electronic data transfer
…………………………………………………………………….
transfer (from something) to something
Swod transferred from MI6 to the Security Service.
transfer somebody (from something) to something
They’re transferring him to a special unit at Great Ormond Street Hospital.
You’ll be transferred to the Birmingham office.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
transfer (from something) to something
The exhibition transfers to York City Art Gallery on 23rd January.
transfer something (from something) to something
Transfer the meat to warm plates.
……………………………………………………………………
transfer something (from something) to something
I’d like to transfer $500 to my checking account.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : transfer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : transfer / transference
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : transferable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
transferable skill
(v) to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof = presume
(v) to start to have control, responsibility etc or to start in a particular position or job, especially an important one
فرض کردن و فک کردن، برعهده گرفتن مسئولیت یا شغلی یا به دست گرفتن قدرت
assume
assume (that)
I didn’t see your car, so I assumed you’d gone out.
it seems/is reasonable to assume (that)
It seems reasonable to assume that the book was written around 70 AD.
somebody can safely assume that (=it is almost certain)
I think we can safely assume that interest rates will go up again soon.
let us/let’s assume (that) (=used when thinking about a possible event or situation and its possible results)
Let us assume for a moment that we could indeed fire her. Should we?
somebody/something is assumed to be (doing) something
The rest of the system is assumed to be functioning well.
assume the worst (=think that the worst possible thing has happened)
When it got to midnight and Paul was still not back, I began to assume the worst.
………………………………………………………………………..
Whoever they appoint will assume responsibility for all financial matters.
He assumed power in a bloody coup in 1990.
Jim Paton will assume the role of managing director.
men have assumed many more household tasks in recent years
✅ فعل ( verb ) : assume
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : assumption
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
assume (the) role (of)
assume responsibility
(be) generally assumed
basic assumption
common assumption
fundamental assumption
make (an) assumption
underlying assumption
certain assumptions
(v) get rid of by throwing away or giving or selling to someone else.
(v) to deal with something such as a problem or question successfully
(v) to defeat an opponent
خلاص شدن از دست چیزی، برطرف کردن مشکل یا سوال، شکست دادن حریف
dispose of something
an incinerator built to dispose of toxic waste
I am still not sure how best to dispose of the shares.
………………………………………………………………………………
Your idea at least disposes of the immediate problem.
…………………………………………………………………….
Two goals by Raúl disposed of Barcelona
فعل ( verb ) : dispose
اسم ( noun ) : disposable / disposal
صفت ( adjective ) : disposable یک بار مصرف یا قابل استفاده
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
disposable income = the amount of money that an individual or household has to spend or save after income taxes have been deducted
(v) cause something important (a process or action or a new plan) to begin. = start up
(v) to admit someone into membership within a group, usually with a special ceremony
آغاز کردن، وارد کردن فردی به عضویت گروه یا جنبش
initiate
They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.
Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
he proposes to initiate discussions on planning procedures
…………………………………………………..
initiate somebody into something
At the age of thirteen, the boys in the tribe are initiated into manhood.
she had been formally initiated into the movemen
✅ فعل ( verb ) : initiate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : initiate = someone who has been allowed to join a particular organization, club, or group and has been taught its secrets/ initiation / initiative the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do یا an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem ابتکار(عمل)
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : initial = happening at the beginning=first اولیه
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : initially
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
new initiative
take initiative
(n) one of several things that influence or cause a situation
عامل- عوامل
factor
The rise in crime is mainly due to social and economic factors.
factor in
The vaccination program has been a major factor in the improvement of health standards.
important/major/key/crucial factor
The weather could be a crucial factor in tomorrow’s game.
deciding/decisive/determining factor (=the most important factor)
We liked both houses, but price was the deciding factor.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
critical/crucial/key/main/major factor
demographic factor
related factor
significant factor
specific factor
associated factors
contextual factors
cultural/economic/environmental/historical/political/ social factors
external factors
identify factors
relevant factors
(n) a small change made to a machine, system, or calculation
(n) the process of adapting or becoming used to a new situation
تنظیم ، سازگاری و عادت کردن
adjustment
adjustment for
Once we make the adjustments for inflation, the fall in interest rates is quite small.
adjustment to
a slight adjustment to the mechanism
minor/slight adjustment
It just needs a few minor adjustments.
………………………………………………………..
for many couples there may need to be a period of adjustment
adjustment to
her adjustment to her new role
✅ فعل ( verb ) : adjust
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : adjustment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : adjustable / adjusted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
……………………………………………………………………
adjust سازگار شدن و وفق پیدا کردن
1. to gradually become familiar with a new situation = adapt = get used to
* They’ll soon settle in – kids are very good at adjusting.
* adjust to
* It took a few seconds for her eyes to adjust to the darkness.
* adjust to doing something
* My parents had trouble adjusting to living in an apartment.
* adjust yourself to something
* It took time to adjust myself to motherhood.
- to change or move something slightly to improve it or make it more suitable for a particular purpose تنظیم کردن
* Check and adjust the brakes regularly.
* Taste the soup and adjust the seasoning.
* If your employment status changes, your tax code will be adjusted accordingly.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
structural adjustment
make adjustments
syn= changes, alterations
(n) the usual or normal situation, way of doing something etc
(n) generally accepted standards of social behaviour
(n) the normal or average standard
● قاعده یا عادی
● هنجار
● حد میانی یا استاندارد
norm
be/become the norm
Short term contracts are now the norm with some big companies.
Joyce’s style of writing was a striking departure from the literary norm.
………………………………………………………..
norms
terrorists who violate the norms of civilized society
A society’s norms gradually change from generation to generation.
social/cultural etc norms
…………………………………………………………..
the norm
above/below the norm
28% of children tested below the norm.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : normalize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : norm / normality / normalization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : normal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : normally
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
cultural/social norm
normal conditions
normal development
normal distribution
normal practice
syn= customs, rules
(n) a job or profession
(n) when a large group of people enter a place and take control of it, especially by military force
(n) a way of spending your time = pastime
پیشه
occupation
Please state your name, address and occupation.
professional and managerial occupations
manual occupations
demanding/rewarding occupation
………………………………………………………………………………
occupation of => the German occupation of France
under occupation => The area is under occupation (=controlled by a foreign army).
…………………………………………………………………………………….
One of my childhood occupations was collecting stamps.
………………………………………………………………….
THESAURUS
job the regular paid work that you do for an employer
* a full-time job
* John got a job in a car factory.
work activities that you are paid for doing – used either when you work for an employer or when you work in your own business
* I started work when I was 18.
* He graduated from college last year and is still looking for work.
profession a job for which you need special education and training
* There are now a lot more women in the legal profession.
* Many teachers are leaving the profession.
occupation formal a job, or a type of job – often used on official documents
* Please give your name, age, and occupation.
* a traditionally male occupation
career the work you do or plan to do for most of your life
* I’m interested in a career in journalism.
position formal a particular job within an organization
* I am writing to apply for the position of technical assistant.
* We regret that the position has already been filled.
* Please state the position which you are applying for.
post formal a job, especially an important one in a large organization
* She has held the post of managing director for two years.
* He applied for the post of Senior Manager.
………………………………………………………………………………………
occupy به هر نوع اشغال کردن یا تصرف یا پرکردن فیزیکی، ذهنی یا زمانی گفته میشود(بعضی اوقات منظور از تصرف فیزیکی ، اقامت داشتن یا داشتن محل کسب و کار خود را در ( ساختمان ) است)
* He occupies the house without paying any rent.
* The building was purchased and occupied by its new owners last year.
* Football occupies most of my leisure time.
* occupy somebody with (doing) something
* Only six percent of police time is occupied with criminal incidents.
* Family photos occupied almost the entire wall.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : occupy
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : occupation / occupancy / occupant = someone who lives in a house, room etc ساکن
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : occupied / occupational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : occupationally
(adj) one and only=(the only one)
sole
the sole American in the room
Griffiths is the sole survivor of the crash.
The story was published with the sole purpose of selling newspapers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : -
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : sole
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : solely
syn= only, single
(v) have or include (something) as a necessary or integral part or result.
(v) to include or affect someone or something (be or become occupied or engrossed in something)
(v) cause to participate in an activity or situation
شامل شدن یا مستلزم چیزی بودن، شامل کردن یا درگیر کردن کسی، شرکت یا مشارکت دادن
involve
What will the job involve?
I didn’t realize putting on a play involved so much work.
involve doing something
Running your own business usually involves working long hours.
……………………………………………………………………………………
These changes will involve everyone on the staff.
There have been four accidents involving Forest Service planes.
her husband had been very involved in his work
……………………………………………………………………………..
involve somebody in (doing) something
Try to involve as many children as possible in the game.
We want to involve the workforce at all stages of the decision-making process.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : involve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : involvement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : involved
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
(be) actively involved
(be) directly involved (in)
become involved (with/in)
get involved (with/in)
active involvement
direct involvement
syn= requires, necessitates
(adj) continuing, or continuing to develop
در حال انجام
ongoing
their ongoing search for a new director
ongoing negotiations
The discussions are still ongoing.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
ongoing debate
ongoing process
ongoing maintenance
ongoing negotiations
ongoing investigation
syn= continuing, long-lasting
(n) a picture in a book, article etc, especially one that helps you to understand it
(n) a story, event, action etc that shows the truth or existence of something very clearly=example
تصویر ، مثال
illustration
The book contains 62 pages of illustrations.
…………………………………………………………………………………
The wide-ranging success of rap and hip-hop music is a good illustration of how music can help bridge cultural divides.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : illustrate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : illustration / illustrator تصویرگر
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : illustrative = helping to explain the meaning of something
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : illustratively
…………………………………………………………………
THESAURUS
example something that you mention because it is typical of the kind of thing that you are talking about
* The hall is a perfect example of medieval architecture.
* There are many ways in which technology has changed our lives. The car is an obvious example.
* This painting is a typical example of Picasso’s work in his Blue Period.
case an example of something that happens, especially something bad
* There have been some cases of women employees being fired because they are pregnant.
* In one case a man was charged $2,000 for a simple medical check-up.
* Recent government spending on schools is a classic case of too little, too late.
instance an example of a particular kind of situation or event, especially something bad. Instance is more formal than case
* Some users of Ecstasy have actually died, but such instances are very rare.
* The report describes instances of discrimination.
* In a few rare instances, the disease can cause death.
illustration something, especially a story or situation, that you use as an example
* As an illustration of this, consider the following example.
* He mentioned the recent events in the Middle East by way of illustration (=as an example).
syn= example, demonstration
(n) (the ability to have) a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation
بینش
insight
insight into
The article gives us a real insight into the causes of the present economic crisis.
The research provides new insights into the way we process language.
a woman of great insight
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
gain insight (into)
give insight (into)
new insight
offer insight (into)
provide insight (into)
syn= understanding, comprehension
(n) a group of people or things that are all of the same type
دسته (بندی)=> کتگوری
category
category of
There are five categories of workers.
people in the over-45 age category
Seats are available in eight of the ten price categories.
fall into/belong in/fit into a category
Voters fall into three main categories.
Williams’ style does not fit easily into the category of jazz.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
* broad category
* fall into (the) category (of)
* general category
* main category
* Omega-3 fatty acids are a special category of fats that protect the heart.
* When discussing the women’s movement, you must be aware that the term feminist covers a broad category of people.
* Children who get into trouble with the law do not fall into a single family category; they come from a variety of backgrounds.
syn= groups, types
(n)correct or suitable for a particular time, situation, or purpose
(n) devote (money or assets) to a special purpose
مناسب
appropriate
appropriate for
clothes appropriate for a job interview
appropriate to
an education system which is more appropriate to the needs of the students
it is appropriate (for somebody) to do something
It would not be appropriate for me to discuss that now.
it is appropriate (that)
It seemed somehow appropriate that we should begin our journey here.
appropriate time/place etc
I didn’t feel that this was an appropriate time to mention the subject of money.
highly/entirely/wholly appropriate
I thought his remark was highly appropriate, given the circumstances.
………………………………………………………………………….
appropriate something for something
Congress appropriated $5 million for International Women’s Year.
فعل ( verb ) : appropriate
اسم ( noun ) : appropriateness
صفت ( adjective ) : appropriate
قید ( adverb ) : appropriately
…………………………………………………………………
suitable having the right qualities for a particular purpose or person
* a suitable place for a picnic
* They don’t consider him a suitable husband for their daughter.
right completely suitable in every way
* It’s a nice house, but it isn’t right for us.
* We’ll tell her when the time is right.
appropriate suitable for a particular purpose. Appropriate is more formal than suitable
* She filled out all the appropriate forms.
* It may not be an appropriate time to ask him about it.
* It’s not appropriate to wear a short skirt for an interview.
* the appropriate way to end a business letter
proper the proper tool, piece of equipment, or way of doing something is the one that most people think is most suitable
* You can’t change a wheel without the proper tools.
* the proper procedure for hiring staff
fitting right for a particular situation or occasion
* I thought the memorial was a fitting tribute to the president.
* a fitting end to what was a memorable trip
* it is only fitting (that) => It is only fitting that Simon should propose the first toast tonight.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
appropriate action
appropriate behaviour
appropriate conditions
appropriate data
appropriate form
appropriate language
appropriate level
appropriate point
appropriate response
appropriate skills
appropriate treatment
appropriate way
consider appropriate
deem appropriate
particularly appropriate
seem appropriate
respond appropriately
(v) to get something that you want, especially through your own effort, skill, or work = get
گرفتن
obtain
obtain something from somebody/something
Further information can be obtained from head office.
You will need to obtain permission from the principal.
obtain something through something
the results obtained through these surveys
Financial advice that would have been very expensive in the past can now be freely obtained on the Internet.
The local newspaper reported that the funds for the new sports center had been fraudulently obtained through tax evasion.
Some medicines that have not been approved in the United States can be legally obtained in Europe.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : obtain
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obtention
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (un)obtainable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
…………………………………………………………………
THESAURUS
get [not in passive] to get something by finding it, asking for it, or paying for it
* I’ve been trying to get some information.
* She went to the bank to get some money.
obtain formal to get something
Maps and guides can be obtained from the tourist office.
* The newspaper has obtained a copy of the letter.
acquire formal to get something – used about knowledge, skills, or something big or expensive
* The course helps older people to acquire computing skills.
* He acquired the property in 1985.
receive to be given something = get
* All the children will receive a small gift.
inherit to get someone’s money or property after they die
* Jo inherited a lot of money from her mother.
gain to get something useful or necessary, such as knowledge or experience
* I’ve gained a lot of useful experience.
* The research helped us gain an insight into how a child’s mind works.
earn to get something because you deserve it
* He had earned a reputation as a peacemaker.
* She earned a lot of respect from her colleagues.
In everyday English, people say that they get a result, a ticket, some information etc rather than obtain it
(adv) all the time, or very often = continually
دائما
constantly
He talked constantly about his work.
The English language is constantly changing.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : constancy =the quality of staying the same even though other things change ثبات / constant = something that stays the same even though other things change
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : constant = happening regularly or all the time یا staying the same=> دائمی یا ثابت
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : constantly
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
constant rate
relatively constant
remain constant
change constantly
syn= regularly, continually
(v) to successfully complete something or get a good result, especially by working hard
رسیدن و دست یافتن به
achieve
She eventually achieved her goal of becoming a professor.
Wilson has achieved considerable success as an artist.
Frances achieved very good exam results.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : achieve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : achievement / achiever / avhievability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : achievable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………
THESAURUS
succeed to do something you tried or wanted to do
* Will they succeed in winning the election?
* He wanted to make her jealous, and he succeeded.
manage to succeed in doing something difficult, after trying hard. Manage to do something is very commonly used instead of succeed in doing something in everyday English
* He finally managed to find an apartment near his office.
* Don’t worry – I’m sure we’ll manage somehow.
achieve verb [transitive] to succeed in doing something good or important
* She’s achieved a lot in the short time she’s been with the company.
* If we are to achieve our goals, we have to plan properly.
accomplish formal to achieve something
* The government accomplished its objective of reducing violent crime.
* What do you hope to accomplish this year?
make it to be successful in your career, or to succeed in reaching a place or part of a competition
* Only a few people make it to the top and become professional singers.
attain to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time
* More women are attaining positions of power.
* clarify your objectives and ways of attaining them
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
achieve (a) goal
achieve (an) objective
achieve (an) outcome
academic achievement
(adj) a quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful
………………………………………………………………………..
(v) to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something
(v) believe that person said it, painted it etc (a particular statement, painting, piece of music etc)
(v) to believe or say that someone or something has a particular quality
ویژگی ، نسبت دادن
attribute
What attributes should a good manager possess?
…………………………………………………………………………
The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.
………………………………………………………………………………………
a saying usually attributed to Confucius
………………………………………………………………………………..
One should not attribute human motives to animals.
فعل ( verb ) : attribute
اسم ( noun ) : attribution / attribute
صفت ( adjective ) : attributable= likely to have been caused by something
قید ( adverb ) :
Death was attributable to gunshot wounds.
مرگ ناشی از شلیک گلوله بود.
1 be attributable to 2
یک ناشی از دو بود
syn= qualities or features
(n) something that tests strength, skill, or ability, especially in a way that is interesting
(n) when someone refuses to accept that someone or something is right and legal
(v) to refuse to accept that something is right, fair, or legal = QUESTION SOMETHING
(v) to invite someone to compete or fight against you, or to try to win something
چالش، به چالش کشیدن
challenge
challenge of
The company is ready to meet the challenges of the next few years.
the challenge of doing something
I relish the challenge of rebuilding the club.
face/take on/accept etc a challenge (=be ready to deal with one)
Martins now faces the biggest challenge of his career.
meet a challenge/rise to a challenge (=successfully deal with one)
a new and vibrant initiative to meet the challenge of the 21st century
intellectual/physical challenge
the intellectual challenge of postgraduate research
………………………………………………………………………………..
challenge to
a direct challenge to the Governor’s authority
challenge from
The president faces a strong challenge from nationalists.
pose/represent/present a challenge (to somebody)
The strike represented a serious challenge to the government.
mount/launch a challenge
They decided to mount a legal challenge to the decision.
………………………………………………………………..
a boy with a reputation for challenging the authority of his teachers
challenge a view/an idea/an assumption etc
Viewpoints such as these are strongly challenged by environmentalists.
They went to the High Court to challenge the decision.
challenge somebody to do something
I challenge Dr. Carver to deny his involvement!
……………………………………………………………………………………
challenge somebody to something
After lunch, Carey challenged me to a game of tennis.
challenge for
Liverpool are challenging for the title (=in a position where they could win).
✅ فعل ( verb ) : challenge
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : challenge / challenger
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : challenging / challenged
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : challengingly
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
face (a) challenge
major challenge
pose (a) challenge
present (a) challenge
serious challenge
accept a challenge
overcome a challenge
(v) to say that something is not true, or that you do not believe something
(v) to refuse to allow someone to have or do something
(v) to refuse to admit that you are feeling something
1- رد کردن چیزی چون صحیح نیست یا چون بهش باور نداریم
2- اجازه ندادن یا محروم کردن
3- انکار کردن
deny
deny (that)
I’ve never denied that there is a housing problem.
I can’t deny her remarks hurt me.
deny doing something
Two men have denied murdering a woman at a remote picnic spot.
strongly/vehemently/strenuously etc deny something
Jackson vehemently denied the allegations.
The government denied the existence of poverty among 16- and 17-year-olds.
deny a charge/allegation/claim
The men have denied charges of theft.
………………………………………………………………………….
Some landowners deny access to the countryside.
the inquiry was denied access to intelligence sources
deny somebody something
She could deny her son nothing.
deny something to somebody
This is the only country in Europe to deny cancer screening to its citizens.
…………………………………………………………………………
Emotions can become destructive if they are suppressed and denied.
فعل ( verb ) : deny
اسم ( noun ) : denial
صفت ( adjective ) : deniable
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
deny access (to)
(n) a part of a situation or a quality involved in it = aspect
بُعد
dimension
dimension of
the moral dimension of world politics
add a new/an extra/another etc dimension (to something)
His coaching has added another dimension to my game.
political/social/economic/cultural etc dimension
It is important to keep in mind the historical dimension to these issues.
You can have a spiritual dimension to your life without being religious.
(n) the quality of being felt very strongly or having a strong effect
(n) the quality of being serious and having very strong feelings or opinions
شدت
intensity
The intensity of the hurricane was frightening.
the pain grew in intensity
……………………………………………………………………………..
He spoke with great intensity.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intensify = to increase in degree or strength, or to make something do this
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intensity / intensification
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intense = having a very strong effect or felt very strongly / intensive فشرده
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intensely / intensively
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
high intensity
low intensity
intensive study
(v) to be the reason why someone does something = drive
(v) to make someone want to achieve something and make them willing to work hard in order to do this = encourage
انگیزه دادن
motivate
Was he motivated solely by a desire for power?
motivate somebody to do something
We may never know what motivated him to kill his wife.
…………………………………………………………………..
A good teacher has to be able to motivate her students.
motivate somebody to do something
The profit-sharing plan is designed to motivate the staff to work hard.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : motivate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : motivation = eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced to do it یا the reason why you want to do something / motive = the reason that makes someone do something, especially when this reason is kept hidden
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : motivated / motivational / motiveless
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………………….
motive is the reason or cause behind an action, while motivation is the willingness or energy to carry out that action.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
(be) politically motivated
(v) to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
(v) to notice, see, or recognize something by using sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell
1- فهمیدن یا فکر کردن به چیزی یا کسی به روشی خاص
2- متوجه شدن، دیدن یا تشخیص چیزی با استفاده از حواس 5گانه
perceive
perceive something/somebody as something
Even as a young woman she had been perceived as a future chief executive.
perceive something/somebody to be something
Often what is perceived to be aggression is simply fear.
Children who do badly in school tests often perceive themselves to be failures
…………………………………………………………………………………..
That morning, he perceived a change in Franca’s mood.
Cats are not able to perceive colour.
perceive that
He perceived that there was no other way out of the crisis.
………………………………………………………….
THESAURUS
notice to realize that something is there or that something is happening, because you can see, hear, or feel it
* I noticed that he was rather quiet during dinner.
* Children don’t seem to notice the cold.
* ‘Julie’s home.’ ‘Yes, I noticed her bicycle outside.’
detect to notice something that is difficult to see, hear etc because it is very small, faint, or unclear. Detect is used about people and machines, and is more formal than notice
* X-ray telescopes can now detect virtually every type of astronomical object.
* He thought he detected a flicker of interest in her eyes.
spot to notice something, especially something that is difficult to see or that you see for a short time only. Spot is more informal than notice
* Can you spot the difference between these two pictures?
* I’m glad you spotted the mistake before it was too late.
become aware/conscious to gradually begin to notice that something is happening or is true
* I became aware that Mum was getting a lot older.
* Tessa became conscious of a feeling of guilt.
can tell to be able to notice something because you can see, smell, hear it etc
* I could tell that she had been drinking.
* Can you tell I’ve lost weight?
something/somebody catches your eye used to say that you suddenly notice something or someone because they are interesting, attractive, or good at something
* I saw this shirt in the shop window and it just caught my eye.
* Clarke caught the eye of boss Bryan Robson when he scored for Newry last week.
observe formal to notice something as a result of watching or studying it closely
* Psychologists observed that the mice became more aggressive in smaller cages.
perceive formal to notice something, especially that something is happening, or is true, or needs to be done
* The company quickly perceived the need for change.
* Doctors perceive that they do not have adequate time to spend with their patients.
witness to see something happen because you are there at the time
* People have witnessed some great economic changes during the last ten years.
(adj) existing or arranged before something else or before the present situation = previous = preceding
(conjunction) before or earlier
قبلی، قبل از
Prior
You do not need any prior knowledge of the subject.
Changes may not be made without the prior approval of the council.
Vegetarian meals are provided by prior agreement.
Some prior experience with the software is needed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
prior to something
All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.
Prior to beginning college or a career, many young people take a year off to travel around the world.
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
prior experience
prior knowledge
(n) the act of not accepting, believing in, or agreeing with something = refusal to accept OPP acceptance
رد کردن(امتناع کردن از پذیرش)
rejection
Many parents find their children’s rejection of family values or beliefs very upsetting.
What are the reasons for his rejection of the theory?
cope with rejection
fear of rejection
overwhelming rejection
feeling of rejection
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
reject
Sarah rejected her brother’s offer of help.
reject something as something
Gibson rejected the idea as ‘absurd’.
Dexter flatly rejected (=completely rejected) calls for his resignation.
His proposal was rejected outright (=completely rejected).
✅ فعل ( verb ) : reject
✅️ اسم ( noun ) :rejection / reject طردشدگان
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
refuse to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do
* I asked the bank for a loan, but they refused.
* When they refused to leave, we had to call the police.
turn somebody/something down to refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or a formal request
* They offered me the job but I turned it down.
* The board turned down a request for $25,000 to sponsor an art exhibition.
* I’ve already been turned down by three colleges.
reject to refuse to accept an idea, offer, suggestion, or plan
* They rejected the idea because it would cost too much money.
* The Senate rejected a proposal to limit the program to two years.
decline formal to politely refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or refuse to do something
* She has declined all offers of help.
* A palace spokesman declined to comment on the rumours.
deny to refuse to allow someone to do something or enter somewhere
* They were denied permission to publish the book.
* He was denied access to the US.
disallow to officially refuse to accept something because someone has broken the rules, or not done it in the correct way
* The goal was disallowed by the referee.
* The court decided to disallow his evidence.
(n) the ability to see = sight
(n) the area that you can see
(n) an idea or mental image of what you think something should be like
1- دید و بینایی
2- دید(محدوده بینایی)
3- چشم انداز
vision
She suffered temporary loss of vision after being struck on the head.
Tears blurred her vision
………………………………………………………………………
a figure at the edge of her vision
somebody’s field/line of vision
………………………………………………………………………..
vision of
He had a clear vision of how he hoped the company would develop.
vision for
The president outlined his vision for the future.
grand/powerful/original etc vision
a grand vision for the country
realistic vision
optimistic vision
realize a vision
shared vision
(n) the quality of being correct or true
(صحت (و دقت
accuracy
worries about the accuracy of government statistics Because of the presence of some small mistakes, the committee questioned the accuracy of the whole report.
Despite the accuracy of computer calculations, they still need to be double-checked by human beings.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : accuracy ≠ inaccuracy
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accurate ≠ inaccurate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : accurately ≠ inaccurately
……………………………………………………………………………….
accurate دقیق و صحیح
1. correct and true in every detail
2. measured or calculated correctly
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
great accuracy
accurate assessment
accurate description
accurate information
accurate measurement
accurate picture
accurate record
Precision معنی دقت می دهد
(v) to change, or to make someone or something change, typically in a comparatively small but significant way.
تغییر کردن یا دادن
alter
Her face hadn’t altered much over the years.
The city centre has altered beyond recognition (=changed very much).
Nothing can alter the fact that the refugees are our responsibility.
The organizers altered the program of events because of the band’s late cancellation.
The U.S. Surgeon General’s office has been successful in altering public opinion about the dangers of cigarette smoking.
radically alter
significantly alter
a permanently alter
fundamentally alter
(noun) alteration (verb) alter
(adj) always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc – usually used to show approval
(adj) continuing to happen or develop in the same way
(adj) a consistent argument or idea does not have any parts that do not match other parts
1- با ثبات و ثابت قدم
2- مستمر
3- سازگار
consistent
She’s the team’s most consistent player.
consistent in
We need to be consistent in our approach.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
a consistent improvement in the country’s economy
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
The evidence is not consistent.
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : consistency
صفت ( adjective ) : consistent
قید ( adverb ) : consistently
(v) clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence
(v) give a practical exhibition and explanation of (how a machine, skill, or craft works or is performed).
(v) to protest or support something in public with a lot of other people
نشان دادن ، تظاهرات کردن
demonstrate
their shameful silence demonstrates their ineptitude
………………………………………………………………………………………….
computerized design methods will be demonstrated
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Supporters demonstrated outside the courtroom during the trial.
demonstrate against
What are they demonstrating against?
فعل ( verb ) : demonstrate
اسم ( noun ) : demonstration / demonstrative
صفت ( adjective ) : demonstrative / demonstrable
قید ( adverb ) : demonstratively / demonstrably
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
demonstrate competence
(be) clearly demonstrated
vividly demonstrate
convincingly demonstrate
sconclusively demonstrate
to obtain something from (a specified source); to come from
1. to get something, especially an advantage or a pleasant feeling, from something
2. to develop or come from something else
از چیزی چیزی گرفته شود یا کسب شود ، چیزی از چیزگرفته یا ناشی شدن
derive
derive something from something
Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.
derive pleasure/enjoyment/benefit/advantage etc from sth
Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
This word is derived from Latin.
patterns of behaviour that derive from basic beliefs
The English word bankrupt is derived from the Italian phrase banca rotta, which means “broken bench.”
Medicines are often derived from plants.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : derive
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : derivation = the action of obtaining something from a source or origin / derivative = something that has developed or been produced from something else مشتقات
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
In everyday English, people usually say that something comes from something rather than is derived from something:
(v) to appear or come out from somewhere
(v) become known after being hidden or secret
بیرون آمدن یا ظاهر شدن ، پس از پنهان یا مخفی بودن شناخته شدن
emerge
The flowers emerge in the spring.
emerge from
The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
………………………………………………………………………………….
Eventually the truth emerged.
it emerges that
Later it emerged that the judge had employed an illegal immigrant.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : emerge
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : emergence
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : emergent / emerging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
newly emerging
(v) to show something that is usually covered or hidden
(v) to put someone in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant
(v) to show the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad
نمایان و آشکار کردن چیز پنهان، در معرض چیزی قرار دادن، افشا کزدن
expose
He lifted his T-shirt to expose a jagged scar across his chest.
……………………………………………………………………………..
expose somebody to something
The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
The film exposes the utter horror of war.
The report exposes the weaknesses of modern medical practice.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : expose
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exposure
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exposed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
inadvertently expose ناخواسته
needlessly expose
publicly expose
cruelly expose
=disclose-reveal
(adj) relating to the mind, or relating to the health or state of someone’s mind
ذهنی
mental
The centre provides help for people suffering from mental illness.
Stress has an effect on both your physical and mental health
a child’s mental development
You need to develop a positive mental attitude.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mentality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mental
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : mentally
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
mental health
mental illness
mental state
(n) someone who is taking part in an activity or event
شرکت کنندگان
participant
Each of the participants in the TV debate represented a different political party.
Participants in the study were not allowed to eat meat during the experiment.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : participate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : participation / participant
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : participatory مشارکتی / participative مشارکتی
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
active participant
active participation
effective participation
full participation
political participation
(n) the condition of being steady and not changing (a state where something is firmly fixed and not easily moved, changed, or upset)
ثبات
(in)stability
a period of relative stability
stability of => It could threaten the peace and stability of the region.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : stabilize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : stability / stabilization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : stable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : stably
………………………………………………………………..
collocation
political (in)stability
economic stability
relatively stable
remain stable
emotional stability
threaten stability
achieve stability
(v) to cause something to start
باعث شدن
trigger
Hearing a familiar song can trigger a string of memories about old times, friends, and places.
Stress, sunlight, loud noises, and certain foods can trigger migraine headaches.
……………………………………………………………………
THESAURUS
cause to make something happen, especially something bad
* Bad weather has caused a lot of problems on the roads.
* The fault caused the whole computer system to shut down.
be responsible for something if someone or something is responsible for something bad, they caused it to happen
* The excessive heat was responsible for their deaths.
* A small militant group was responsible for the bombing.
bring about something to make something happen – used especially about changes or improvements
* The Internet has brought about enormous changes in society.
* It’s important that we do everything we can to bring about peace.
result in something if an action or event results in something, it makes that thing happen
* The fire resulted in the deaths of two children.
* The decision is likely to result in a large number of job losses.
lead to something to cause something to happen eventually after a period of time
* The information led to several arrests.
* A poor diet in childhood can lead to health problems later in life.
trigger if one event triggers another, it suddenly makes the second event happen
* The incident triggered a wave of violence.
* An earthquake off Java’s southern coast triggered a tsunami.
precipitate formal to make a very serious event happen very suddenly, which will affect a lot of people
* The withdrawal of foreign investment would precipitate an economic crisis.
* The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitated World War I.
(v) to completely get rid of something that is unnecessary and unwanted or causing problems
(v,usually passive) to defeat a team or person in a competition, so that they no longer take part in it = knock out
حذف کردن(خلاص شدن از شر چیزی)
eliminate
eliminate a need/possibility/risk/problem etc
The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.
There is no solution that will totally eliminate the possibility of theft.
eliminate something/somebody from something
Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet.
……………………………………………………………………………….
Our team was eliminated in the first round.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : eliminate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : elimination
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………….
THESAURUS
remove to make something no longer exist, especially something that was causing problems
* Some stains are difficult to remove with ordinary washing powder.
* All the obstacles to an agreement have now been removed.
get rid of somebody/something to remove someone or something that you do not want. Get rid of is much more common than remove in everyday English, but is usually only used in active sentences
* They managed to get rid of all the weeds.
* It was almost impossible to get rid of him.
eliminate to completely get rid of something that you do not want, especially because it is unnecessary or causing problems
* If you book online, this eliminates the need for a ticket.
* The new system will help to eliminate costly delays.
eradicate to completely get rid of a disease or a problem
* The disease has been eradicated from most of Europe.
* Street crime has almost been eradicated.
delete to remove something that has been written on a computer, or stored in a computer
* Do you want to delete this file?
* Press 3 to delete the messages on your answerphone.
erase to remove recorded sounds or pictures from a tape, or writing from paper
* Shall I erase this video?
* It’s better to cross out a mistake than to try to erase it.
cut to remove a part from a film, book, speech etc
* The most violent scenes were cut.
* Parts of his original speech were cut.
In everyday English, people usually say get rid of rather than eliminate:
It is almost impossible to get rid of the problem.
(v) to use something for a particular purpose, give a particular amount of something to a particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been made
اختصاص و تخصیص دادن (پول و اشیائ و منابع، فضا و جا، زمان)
allocate
allocate resources
allocate something to somebody/something
Directors allocated $100 million to the search for oil.
You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.
allocate something for something
One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief.
The company has allocated funds for the design of four plants.
allocate somebody/something sth
Several patients were waiting to be allocated a bed.
(n) allocation
(n) a period of ten years
دهه
decade
next decade, previous decade, early decades, recent decades
(v) relating to the work of managing a company or organization = managerial
اداری و مدریتی
administrative
The job is mainly administrative.
administrative staff/duties/job etc
the administrative costs of health care systems
an administrative assistant
administrative employees
staff who provide technical and administrative support to the college
✅ فعل ( verb ) : administrate = administer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : administration / administrator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : administrative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : administratively
…………………………………………………………………………………
administrate = administer اداره کردن
to manage the operation or money of a company or organization
* The money will be administered by local charities.
* Our office administers the affairs of the Society.
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
public administration
administrative practices
(v) to find someone or something that has disappeared by searching for them carefully
(v) to find the origins of when something began or where it came from
(n) a small sign that shows that someone or something was present or existed
ردیابی و دنبال کردن، رد و اثر
trace
She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter.
Police are trying to trace a young woman who was seen near the accident.
…………………………………………………………………………….
trace something (back) to something
They’ve traced their ancestry to Scotland.
The style of these paintings can be traced back to early medieval influences.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
There was no trace of anyone having entered the room since then.
Petra’s lost all trace of her German accent.
Officers were unable to find any trace of drugs.
disappear/vanish/sink without (a) trace (=disappear completely, without leaving any sign of what happened)
The plane vanished without a trace.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : trace
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : trace
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : traceable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(n) a number of related events that happen again and again in the same order
چرخه
cycle
a woman’s menstrual cycle
cycle of
the cycle of the seasons
Sometimes the only way to break the cycle of violence in the home is for the wife to leave
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cycle
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cyclic / cyclical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cyclically
cyclic emphasizes the idea of something being in a cycle or following a circular motion, while cyclical focuses on events or processes recurring in cycles.
(n) when someone is not allowed to take part in something or enter a place ≠ inclusion
کنار گداشتنگی(فرآیند حذف و شامل نکردن یا حالت طرد شدگی وکنار گذاشته شدن)
exclusion
the country’s exclusion from the United Nations
exclusionary business practices
social exclusion
mutually exclusive
✅ فعل ( verb ) : exclude≠include
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exclusion≠ inclusion / exclusivity انحصاری بودن / exclusive = an important or exciting story that is printed in only one newspaper, because that newspaper was the first to find out about it
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exclusive انحصاری/ exclusionary = relating to or characterized by the exclusion of something, especially from a contract or group.
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : exclusively
✅ حرف اضافه ( preposition ) : excluding
(n) the ability to change or be changed easily to suit a different situation
(n) the ability to bend or be bent easily = suppleness =
pliable
انعطاف پذیری
(in)flexibility
Employees expect flexibility in the workplace.
………………………………………………………………………………..
Stretching exercises will help your flexibility.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (in)flexibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (in)flexible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (in)flexibly
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
greater flexibility
degree of flexibility
flexible approach
(adj) existing or happening in many places or situations, or among many people
متداول، رایج
widespread
the widespread use of chemicals in agriculture
widespread support/acceptance/criticism/condemnation etc
There was widespread support for the war.
The storm caused widespread damage.
………………………………………………………………………
THESAURUS
common if something is common, there are a lot of them
* Jones is a very common name in Great Britain.
* Foxes are common in the area.
* Personal computers are nearly as common in American homes as televisions.
widespread happening in a lot of places or done by a lot of people
* Racism is much more widespread than people imagine.
* The report claimed that the problem of police brutality was widespread.
* the widespread availability of antibiotics
commonplace [not before noun] especially written common in a particular place or time – used especially when saying that this seems surprising or unusual
* Crimes such as robbery are commonplace in big cities.
* Expensive foreign cars are commonplace in this Chicago suburb.
prevalent formal common in a place or among a group of people – used especially about illnesses, problems, or ideas
* Flu is most prevalent during the winter months.
* Depression remains one of the most prevalent health disorders in the US.
* This belief is more prevalent among men than women.
rife [not before noun] very common – used about illnesses or problems
* AIDS is rife in some parts of the world.
ubiquitous formal very common and seen in many different places – often used humorously in written descriptions
* He was carrying the ubiquitous MP3 player.
* In Britain, CCTV cameras are ubiquitous.
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
widespread acceptance
widespread belief
widespread support
widespread use
become widespread
(n) discussion of a particular subject that often continues for a long time and in which people express different opinions
(n) a formal discussion of a particular problem, subject etc in which people express different opinions, and sometimes vote on them
(v) to discuss a subject formally when you are trying to make a decision or find a solution
بحث و مناظره (کردن)
debate
The new drug has become the subject of heated debate within the medical profession.
debate over/about
There has been widespread public debate over the introduction of genetically modified food.
debate between
the ongoing debate between environmentalists and the road-building lobby over the future of our countryside
………………………………………………………………..
debate on/over/about
a debate on legalized gambling
a televised debate
have/hold/conduct a debate
It would have been better to hold the debate during the day.
be under debate
What topics are under debate in Congress this week?
………………………………………………………………………….
The issue will be debated on Tuesday.
debate whether/what/how etc
Meanwhile, philosophers debate whether it’s right to clone an individual.
debate (something) with somebody
an invitation to debate with William on the future of democracy
His conclusions are hotly debated (=argued about strongly).
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
academic debate
considerable debate
contemporary debate
heated debate
ongoing debate
political debate
public debate
theoretical debate
(n) the ability to think about something carefully or for a long time
تمرکز
concentration
high concentration
powers of concentration
She needed all her powers of concentration to stop herself from slipping on the icy road.
Lack of concentration was a real problem.
I lost my concentration and fell asleep.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : concentrate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : concentration / concentrate
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : concentrated
✅️ قید ( adverb )
(n) a set of rules, laws, or principles that tell people how to behave
(n) a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do
کد
code
The Torah is the basis for all the Jewish laws and their moral code.
Each state in the US has a different criminal and civil code.
The judge ruled that there had been no breach of the code.
There were plans to introduce a dress code (=rules about what to wear) for civil servants.
code of conduct/behaviour/ethics
the strict code of conduct that is so much a part of karate
code of practice (=a set of rules that people in a particular business or profession agree to obey)
(v) to limit or control the size, amount, scale, or range of something
(v) to limit someone’s actions or movements
(v) to allow yourself to have or do only a particular thing or amount of something
محدود کردن
restrict
impose restrictions
The new law restricts the sale of hand guns.
You may need to restrict access to certain files (=limit the number of people who can read them).
The agreement will restrict competition.
restrict something to something
In future we will restrict class sizes to 20 students.
…………………………………………………………………………
The cramped living conditions severely restricted the children’s freedom to play.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
restrict yourself/somebody to (doing) something
I’m restricting myself to two cigarettes a day.
فعل ( verb ) : restrict
اسم ( noun ) : restriction
صفت ( adjective ) : restrictive = something that is restrictive stops people doing what they want to do = limiting محدود کننده/ restricted
قید ( adverb ) : restrictively
(v) to give someone a particular job or make them responsible for a particular person or thing
(v) to give a particular time, value, place etc to something
(v) to give money, equipment etc to someone to use
تخصیص و اختصاص دادن (دادن شغل، وظیفه، زمان، پول، تجهیزات، مکان و غیره برای استفاده انها)
assign
assign somebody a task/role
I’ve been assigned the task of looking after the new students.
assign somebody to something
Jan’s been assigned to the Asian Affairs Bureau.
assign somebody to do something
Madison was assigned to investigate a balloon accident.
assign somebody something
Assign each student a partner.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
How much time have you assigned for the meeting?
assign something to something
A code was assigned to each batch of work.
……………………………………………………………………………………
assign something to somebody
A personal bodyguard had been assigned to her.
assign somebody something
They assigned me a small room.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : assign
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : assignment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the official legal position or condition of a person, group, country etc
(n) your social or professional rank or position, considered in relation to other people
وضعیت، موقعیت اجتماعی
status
These documents have no legal status in Britain.
What is your marital status (=are you married or not)?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
high/low status
low-status jobs
Doctors have traditionally enjoyed high social status.
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
current status
economic status
equal status
high status
legal status
low status
political status
professional status
relative status
social status
socioeconomic status
special status
status symbols
syn= rank, position, standing
(v) to try to achieve or get something
(v) to ask someone for advice or help
(v) to look for someone or something = look for
به دنبال چیزی بودن، به دنبال چیزی گشتن
seek, sought, sought
Do you think the president will seek re-election?
seek refuge/asylum/shelter etc
Thousands of people crossed the border, seeking refuge from the war.
seek revenge/damages/compensation etc
He sought revenge against Surkov for separating him from his wife and son.
seek to do something
Local schools are seeking to reduce the dropout rate.
attention-seeking/publicity-seeking
………………………………………………………………………
If the symptoms persist, seek medical advice.
……………………………………………………………………….
new graduates seeking employment
Attractive woman, 27, seeks male, 25-35, for fun and friendship.
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
seek help
seek information
syn= look for, search for, try to find
In everyday English, people usually say that they are looking for someone or something rather than seeking someone or something:
(adj) being part of the traditions of a country or group of people
(adj) following ideas and methods that have existed for a long time, rather than doing anything new or different = conventional
سنتی
traditional
traditional Italian cooking
a traditional Irish folk song
a traditional method of brewing beer
it is traditional (for somebody) to do something
It is traditional not to eat meat on Good Friday.
…………………………………………………………………………..
He has a traditional view of women.
I went to a very traditional school.
traditional family values
a traditional way of life
(noun) tradition
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
cultural tradition
literary tradition
western tradition
traditional approach
traditional culture
traditional form
traditional method
traditional practice
traditional research
traditional society
traditional value
traditional view
syn= usual, accepted, customary
(adj) fairly large, especially large enough to have an effect or be important
قابل توجه
considerable
considerable amount/number etc of something
We’ve saved a considerable amount of money.
Michael has already spent considerable time in Barcelona.
issues of considerable importance
The series has aroused considerable interest.
فعل ( verb ) : consider
اسم ( noun ) : consideration
صفت ( adjective ) : considerable / considerate
قید ( adverb ) : considerably / considerately
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
(a) considerable amount (of)
(a) considerable degree (of)
(be of) considerable importance
(in) considerable detail
(to a) considerable extent
considerable attention
considerable debate
considerable effort
considerable evidence
considerable influence
considerable interest
considerable research
considerable support
considerable variation
differ considerably
vary considerably
syn= extensive, large, significant
(adj) the …… amount, quantity, speed etc is the largest that is possible or allowed
حداکثر
maximum
The car has a maximum speed of 120 mph.
They made maximum use of the resources available.
To get the maximum benefit, do the exercises slowly.
Display the hologram under a strong light for maximum effect.
The plant is operating at maximum capacity.
maximum amount/number etc
Work out the maximum amount you can afford to spend.
The award will consist of a lump sum to a maximum value of $5,000.
maximum sentence/penalty/fine etc
She faces a maximum penalty of life in prison.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : maximize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : maximization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : maximum / maximal = as much or as large as possible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : maximally
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
maximum duration
syn= most, highest, utmost
(v) to make it easier for a process or activity to happen
تسهیل کردن
facilitate
facilitate (the) development (of)
Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : facilitate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : facilitation / facility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : facilitative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : facilely
syn= make easy, assist, make possible
(v) to improve something => intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of
بهتر وتقویت کردن
enhance
Good lighting will enhance any room.
The publicity has enhanced his reputation.
flavor enhancers
✅ فعل ( verb ) : enhance
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enhancement / enhancer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enhanced
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
enhance learning
enhance performance
greatly enhance
syn= improve, increase, add to
(n) a method of doing something or dealing with a problem
رویکرد
approach
approach to
practical approach
a new approach to teaching languages
He decided to adopt a different approach and teach the Bible through story-telling.
This book takes an unorthodox approach to art criticism.
organizations which take a positive approach to creative thinking
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
adopt (an) approach
alternative approach
analytical approach
common approach
comprehensive approach
critical approach
develop (an) approach
flexible approach
general approach
holistic approach
integrated approach
logical approach
methodological approach
qualitative approach
quantitative approach
similar approach
standard approach
systematic approach
take (an) approach
theoretical approach
traditional approach
use (an) approach
(n) one of the stages of a process of development or change
(n) to gradually stop using or providing something
مرحله
phase
a new drug that is in the experimental phase
phase of
The first phase of renovations should be finished by January.
in phases
The work will be carried out in phases.
It’s just a phase he’s going through.
………………………………………………………………..
phase out
Due to changes in technology, music companies phased out record albums and cassette tapes in favor of CDs.
(n) the special tools, machines, etc., that are needed for a particular activity
تجهیزات
equipment
(n,v) the opportunity or right to use something or to see somebody or something or enter a place
دسترسی(داشتن)
access
✅ فعل ( verb ) : access
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : access / accessibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accessible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
allow access (to)
deny access (to)
direct access
easy access
electronic access
equal access
free access
gain access (to)
give access (to)
have access (to)
internet access
limited access
online access
open access
provide access (to)
public access
ready access
unlimited access
easily accessible
readily accessible
(n,v) to show an object or specially arranged group of objects to people or put them in a place where people can easily see them
(v,n) to clearly show a feeling, attitude, or quality by what you do and say
(نمایش (دادن
display
a superb display of African masks
Family photographs were displayed on the wall.
public display
…………………………………….
Unprovoked displays of aggression cannot be tolerated.
(n) something you decide after considering all the information you have
(n) the end or final part of something
جمع بندی یا نتیجه گیری ، پایان
conclusion
I soon came to the conclusion that she was lying.
…………………………………………………….
At the conclusion of the meeting, little progress had been made.
فعل ( verb ) : conclude
اسم ( noun ) : conclusion
صفت ( adjective ) : conclusive / concluding
قید ( adverb ) : conclusively
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
tentative conclusion= a preliminary conclusion that is subject to further testing and analysis
foregone conclusion= a result that can be predicted with certainty.
concluding remarks
concluding section
draw (a) conclusion
general conclusion
lead to (the) conclusion
logical conclusion
(adj) likely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in the future = possible
(n) a natural ability or quality that could develop to make a person or
thing very good
بالغوه یا پتانسیل
potential
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
potential benefits
potential conflict
potential customer
potential harm
potential impact
potential problem
potential risk
potential source
potential value
full potential
great potential
have potential
potentially dangerous
(n) an expert on a subject
(n) an official organization or a government department that has the power to make decisions, and has particular responsibilities
(n) power you have because of an official position or because people respect your knowledge
حرفه ای، مقامات، اختیارات
authority
Mr Li is a leading authority on Chinese food.
…………………………………………………………………
Welsh health authorities face a £13m deficit this year.
……………………………………………………………
Only the president has the authority to declare war.
(noun) authority authorization authoritarian authoritarianism (adjective) authoritarian authoritative authorized ≠ unauthorized (verb) authorize (adverb) authoritatively
فعل ( verb ) : authorize اجازه رسمی دادن
اسم ( noun ) : authority / authoritarian اجازه رسمی یا همون مجوز
صفت ( adjective ) : authorized مجاز و مجوز دار / authoritative معتبر و قابل احترام است زیرا شخصی که آن را نوشته اطلاعات زیادی در مورد موضوع دارد
قید ( adverb ) : authoritatively
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
central authority
exercise authority
local authority
political authority
public authority
(V) to show that something is definitely true, especially by providing more proof
(V) to tell someone that a possible arrangement, date, time, is now
definite
تایید کردن
confirm
New evidence has confirmed the first witness’s story.
………………………………………………………….
Could you confirm the dates we discussed?
✅ فعل ( verb ) : confirm
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : confirmation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : confirmed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) an examination of an area of land in order to make a map of it
(n,v) a set of questions that you ask a large number of people to find out about their opinions or behavior
نقشه برداری، نظرسنجی کردن
survey
We conducted a survey of parents in the village.
survey data
conduct (a) survey
national survey
recent survey
(n) a public show of paintings, photographs, or other objects that people can go and see
نمایشگاه
exhibition
(noun) exhibition exhibitor exhibit (verb) exhibit
(n) using special, often difficult, terms that are connected with a particular subject
(n) relating to practical knowledge, skills, or methods, especially in
industrial or scientific work
تکنیکال
technical
I didn’t understand all the technical terms.
a young player with a lot of technical ability
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
technical aspect
technical assistance
technical detail
technical expertise
technical issue
technical knowledge
technical problem
technical skill
technical support
technical term
(v) to recognize or show that two things are not the same
(v) to treat people or things in a different, especially an unfair, way
متمایز کردن ، فرق قائل شدن
differentiate
differentiate between
It’s important to differentiate between fact and opinion.
differentiate something from something
It’s sometimes hard to differentiate one sample from another.
……………………………………………………………….
a policy which differentiates between men and women
✅ فعل ( verb ) : differentiate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : differentiation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : differentiating / differentiated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
مسکونی
residential
(noun) resident residence residency (adjective) resident residential (verb) reside
(adj) belonging to or relating to a corporation
شرکتی
corporate
The company is moving its corporate headquarters (=main offices) from New York to Houston.
(n) corporation
………………………………………….
A corporation is a legal entity separate from its owners with individual rights and privileges, while a company is a general term for any entity engaging in business practices. Corporations are typically larger, and their owners are not personally liable for debts or contracts, unlike company owners.
= business, commercial
(adj) two statements, beliefs etc that are contradictory are different and therefore cannot both be true or correct
متناقض
contradictory
contradictory messages/statements/demands etc
The public is being fed contradictory messages about the economy.
فعل ( verb ) : contradict
اسم ( noun ) : contradiction
صفت ( adjective ) : contradictory
قید ( adverb ) : _
= conflicting, differing
(adj) traditional and ordinary
معمول و مرسوم
conventional
conventional method, product, practice
=traditional, ordinary, standard
(adv) more than a little but not very
تا حدودی
somewhat
somewhat larger/higher/newer etc
The price is somewhat higher than I expected.
Things have changed somewhat since then.
somewhat of
To say that I was surprised is somewhat of an understatement.
= to some extent, slightly
(n) something that is done as a reaction to something that has happened or been said
واکنش و پاسخ
response
the public’s response to our appeal for help
✅ فعل ( verb ) : respond
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : response / respondent / responsibility / responsiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : responsible / responsive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : responsibly / responsively
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
respond appropriately
appropriate response
emotional response
individual response
= reaction, reply
(n) a sign, remark, event etc that shows what is happening, what someone is thinking or feeling, or what is true
نشانه
indication
indication of
Dark green leaves are a good indication of healthy roots.
He gave no indication at all of his own feelings.
Could you give me some indication as to when I am likely to receive a reply?
indication (that)
Taking a career history along with you will be a clear indication that you are well organized.
Indications are that the situation hasn’t improved much.
There is every indication (=there are very clear signs) that it is true.
……………………………………………………….
THESAURUS
sign [countable] an event, fact etc that shows that something is happening or that something is true or exists
The curtains were still drawn and there was no sign of activity.
A score of 80 or more is a sign that you are doing very well.
indication [countable] a sign. Indication is more formal than sign
Recently there have been several indications of improving relations.
There was no indication the killings were related to the drug trade.
evidence [uncountable] facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true, especially something that you are trying to prove
Scientists are hoping to find evidence that there was once life on Mars.
There was not enough evidence to convict him of the murder.
symptom [countable] a sign that someone has an illness or that a serious problem exists
The first symptoms are tiredness and loss of weight.
Is this a symptom of the decay of Western civilization?
indicator [countable] a sign that shows you what is happening or what is true – used about a process, or about the state or level of something
There are a number of indicators of economic slowdown.
The tests are considered a good indicator of intelligence.
signal [countable] a sign that shows that you should do something, or that you have a particular attitude
Severe chest pain is a warning signal that cannot be ignored.
Legalizing drugs could send the wrong signal to young people.
mark [countable] a sign, especially that you respect or honour someone
People stood in silence as a mark of respect.
It was a mark of her popularity that so many colleagues and friends attended the presentation.
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
clear indication
give (an) indication (of)
provide (an) indication (of)
=suggestion, clue
formal of sign
نوآوری
innovation
technological innovation
فعل ( verb ) : innovate
اسم ( noun ) : innovation
صفت ( adjective ) : innovative / innovatory
قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a planned way of doing something, especially one that a lot of people know about and use
روش
method
= way, technique
used to mean that a fact can easily be noticed or understood SYN clearly(adv)
به طور مشخص
obviously
used to mean that a fact can easily be noticed or understood SYN clearly
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obviousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : obvious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : obviously
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
obvious difference
obvious example
obvious point
obvious reason
become obvious
fairly obvious
immediately obvious
seem obvious
= clearly, noticeably
(adv) used to say that you think something is probably true
احتمالا
presumably
It’s raining, which presumably means that your football match will be cancelled.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : presume
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : presumption
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : presumptive / presumable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : presumably
=most likely, probably
روانشناس
psychologist
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : psychology / psychologist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : psychological
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : psychologically
= mental health professional, analyst
(adj) something that is crucial is extremely important, because everything else depends on it = vital
حیاتی
crucial
(adv) crucially
crucial difference
crucial factor
crucial importance
crucial part
crucial point
crucial question
crucial role
= necessary, fundamental
1
(v) change to suit a new situation or need
(v) to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation
سازگار کردن، وفق پیدا کردن
adapt
adapt something to do something
The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas.
adapt something for somebody
These teaching materials can be adapted for older children.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
فعل ( verb ) : adapt
اسم ( noun ) : adaptation / adaptability
صفت ( adjective ) : adaptive / adaptable
قید ( adverb ) : adaptively
(adv) more or less than a number or amount = roughly
تقریبا
approximately
The plane will be landing in approximately 20 minutes.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : approximate = to be close to a particular number / to be similar to but not exactly the same as something
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : approximation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : approximate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : approximately
2
(v) became smaller, narrower, tighter
(v) to get an illness = catch
(n) an official agreement between two or more people, stating what each will do
منقبض و کوچک شدن ، قرارداد
contract
Metal contracts as it cools.
The economy has contracted by 2.5% since last year.
……………………………………………………………………..
Two-thirds of the adult population there have contracted AIDS.
………………………………………………………………………..
Tyler has agreed a seven-year contract with a Hollywood studio
(v) to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time = found
(v) to begin a relationship with someone or a situation that will continue
(v) to find out facts that will prove that something is true
تأسیس کردن، برقرار کردن ، ثابت کردن
establish
The city of Boerne was established by German settlers in the 1840s.
Our goal is to establish a new research centre in the North.
……………………………………………………………….
establish relations/links/contact etc (with somebody)
Hungary established diplomatic relations with Chile in 1990.
………………………………………………………………………..
The police must establish the facts of the case before proceeding.
establish that
The autopsy established that he had been murdered.
establish whether/if
I was never able to establish whether she was telling the truth.
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
establish (a) relationship
established order
established practice
established principle
(be) clearly established
(be) firmly established
(be) well established
become established
long established
newly established
once established
(noun) establishment (adjective) established = already in use or existing for a long period of time/ (verb) establish
1
(v) to include something as part of a group, system, plan etc
گنجاندن به عنوان یک بخش از کل / پسیوش میشه شامل شدن
incorporate
incorporate something into/in something
We’ve incorporated many environmentally friendly features into the design of the building.
Our original proposals were not incorporated in the new legislation.
(n) incorporation
the incorporation of the college into the university
نظامی
military
military action
military force
military power
military service
(adj, adv) considering or including everything
(adv) generally
کلی ، به طور کلی
overall
The overall cost of the exhibition was £400,000.
……………………………………………………………….
Williams came fifth overall.
…………………………………………………………….
Overall, prices are still rising.
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
overall aim
overall effect
overall level
overall performance
overall picture
overall rate
overall structure
(adj) similar and happening at the same time
موازی(مشابه و همزمان)
parallel
Social changes in Britain are matched by parallel trends in some other countries.
(adj) happening or coming before the time, place, or part mentioned SYN previous OPP following
قبل
preceding
preceding days/weeks/months/years
income tax paid in preceding years
preceding chapter/paragraph/page etc
the diagram in the preceding chapter
✅ فعل ( verb ) : precede
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : precedent
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : preceding
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
take precedence (over)
preceding chapter
preceding discussion
preceding section
immediately preceding
(v) if you ………. a change, an unpleasant experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you
undergo, underwent, undergone
The country has undergone massive changes recently.
undergo transformation/treatment/examination/change/surgery
استرس زا
stressful
(noun) stress (adjective) stressed stressful (verb) stress = to emphasize a statement, fact, or idea
(n) an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something about life or the world, especially an idea that has not yet been proved to be true
تئوری
theory
✅ فعل ( verb ) : theorize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : theory / theorist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : theoretical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : theoretically
(adj) thinking about things in a detailed and intelligent way, so that you can examine and understand things
(adj) using scientific analysis to examine something
تحلیلی
analytic or analytical
Police officers and detectives must take an analytic approach to solving crime.
analytic(al) method/techniques/approach/skills
فعل ( verb ) : analyze
اسم ( noun ) : analysis / analyst
صفت ( adjective ) : analytical / analytic
قید ( adverb ) : analytically
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
careful analysis
comparative analysis
conduct (an) analysis
critical analysis
detailed analysis
economic analysis
final analysis
full analysis
further analysis
historical analysis
qualitative analysis
quantitative analysis
statistical analysis
subsequent analysis
systematic analysis
textual analysis
thematic analysis
theoretical analysis
use (the) analysis
analytical approach
analytical tool
(v) to make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it = judge
(v) to calculate the value or cost of something
ارزیابی کردن
assess
assess the impact/extent/effectiveness etc of something
a report to assess the impact of advertising on children
assess what/how etc
The technique is being tried in classrooms to assess what effects it may have.
be assessed as something
Many of the adults were assessed as having learning difficulties.
…………………………………………………………………………….
be assessed at something
The value of the business was assessed at £1.25 million.
فعل ( verb ) : assess
اسم ( noun ) : assessment / assessor
صفت ( adjective ) : assessable
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
assess (the) impact (of)
assessment process
accurate assessment
make (an) assessment
risk assessment
(adj)able to judge what is of good quality and what is not
discriminating
* Improved labeling of the ingredients and nutritional values of food products has enabled consumers to become more discriminating about their food purchases.
* A discriminating collector of art will attend only the best sales in hopes of purchasing high-quality paintings.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : discriminate = to treat a person or group differently from another in an unfair way / to recognize a difference between things = differentiate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : discrimination
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discriminating / discriminatory
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) having a wound or damage to part of your body
مجروح
injured
✅ فعل ( verb ) : injure = to hurt yourself or someone else
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : injury
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : injured / injurious = causing injury, harm, or damage
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : injuriously
(adj) inside something rather than outside(within a particular country, a company or organization, body, …..)
درونی؛ داخلی
internal
the threat to internal security
They’ve knocked down a couple of internal walls.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : -
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : internal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : internally
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
internal affairs
internal conflict
internal control
internal market
internal organ
internal structure
≠ external
(v) if two or more things ….., part of one thing covers part of another thing
(v) if two subjects, ideas etc ….., they include some but not all of the same things
(v) if two activities or periods of time ….., the second one starts before the first one has finished
همپوشانی ، تداخل داشتن
overlap
One of Jilly’s front teeth overlaps the other.
……………………………………………………………………….
two great men with overlapping interests
……………………………………………………………………..
My vacation overlaps with yours.
دوره زمانی
period
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
brief period
earlier period
entire period
extended period
given period
historical period
initial period
short period
whole period
(n) several events or actions of a similar type that happen one after the other
سریال و سلسله
series
the series of events that led to the outbreak of war
(adj) as much as is needed for a particular purpose = enough
کافی
(in)sufficient
The lack of sufficient jobs is a major reason for urban poverty in developing countries
فعل ( verb ) : suffice = to be enough
اسم ( noun ) : sufficiency
صفت ( adjective ) : sufficient
قید ( adverb ) : sufficiently
(v) to send out electronic signals, messages etc using radio, television, or other similar equipment
(v) to send or pass something from one person, place or thing to another = pass
انتقال دادن یا رساندن
transmit
The US Open will be transmitted live via satellite.
The system transmits information over digital phone lines.
…………………………………………………………
Mathematical knowledge is transmitted from teacher to student
✅ فعل ( verb ) : transmit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : transmission / transmitter
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : transmissible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
transmit data
transmit information
داوطلب
volunteers
(noun) transmission transmitter (verb) transmit
از این رو
hence
(v) to give a good and acceptable reason for something
توجیه کردن
justify
Ministers must appear before Parliament and justify their actions.
(noun) justification (adjective) justifiable ≠ unjustifiable justified ≠ unjustified (verb) justify (adverb) justifiably ≠ unjustifiably
(v) to consist of particular parts, groups etc
،شامل شدن یا دارای چیزهایی بودن، پسیوش میشه متشکل بودن
comprise
The house comprises two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room.
be comprised of somebody/something
The committee is comprised of well-known mountaineers.
(v,n) to promise to do something or to promise that something will happen
(v,n) to make a formal written promise to repair or replace a product if it breaks within a specific period of time
(v,n) to make it certain that something will happen
تضمین کردن
guarantee
guarantee (that)
I guarantee you’ll love this film.
guarantee somebody something
If you send the application form in straight away, I can guarantee you an interview.
guarantee to do something
I cannot guarantee to work for more than a year.
……………………………………………….
All our products are fully guaranteed.
guarantee something against something
The stereo is guaranteed against failure for a year.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
In movies, talent by no means guarantees success.
guarantee that
The built-in thermostat guarantees that the water remains at the same temperature all the time.
be guaranteed to do something
This latest incident is guaranteed to make the situation worse.
be guaranteed something
Even if you complete your training, you aren’t guaranteed a job.
فدرال
federal
(n) the standards upon which judgments or decisions can be made
معیار
criteria
the criteria we use to select candidates
meet/satisfy/fulfil criteria
objective criteria
use criteria
criteria for the selection
(v) to make a good combination with someone or something else
(n) someone or something that emphasizes the good qualities of another person or thing
(n) the number or quantity needed to make a group complete
کامل کردن ، مکمل
complement
John and Bob complemented each other well.
…………………………………………………………..
complement to
This wine would be a nice complement to grilled dishes.
………………………………………………………………………………
complement of
Each new cell will carry its full complement of chromosomes.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : complement
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : complement / complementarity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : complementary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : complementarily
(v) to suggest that something is true without saying or showing it directly
دلالت و اشاره ضمنی کردن بر
imply
Cleo blushed. She had not meant to imply that he was lying.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : imply / implicate = to show or suggest that someone is involved in a crime or dishonest act
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : implication
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : implied = not stated openly, but understood to exist or to be true
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
consider (the) implications
major implications
political implications
social implications
wider implications
لایه
layer
✅ فعل ( verb ) : layer = to make a layer of something or put something down in layers
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : layer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : layered
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
1
(v) to control an activity or process, especially by rules
(v) to make a machine or your body work at a particular speed, temperature etc
کنترل کردن چیزی به خصوص با قانون (قانون گذاری) ، تنظیم کردن ماشین یا بدن
regulate
strict rules regulating the use of chemicals in food
………………………………………………..
People sweat to regulate their body heat.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : regulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : regulation / regulator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : regulatory
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
regulatory agency
regulatory framework
(adv) without any definite plan, aim, or pattern
به صورت تصادفی
randomly
✅ فعل ( verb ) : randomize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : randomness / randomization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : random
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : randomly
(adj) being the only one of its kind; unusually good or special
منحصر بفرد
unique
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : uniqueness
صفت ( adjective ) : unique
قید ( adverb ) : uniquely
(v) to be greater in number or amount than others
چربیدن و غالب بودن از نظر تعداد
predominate
Pine trees predominate in this area of forest.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : predominate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : predominance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : predominant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : predominantly
در حالیکه
whereas
علیرغم
despite = inspite of
شیمیایی
chemical
chemical reaction
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : chemistry / chemist / chemical
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : chemical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : chemically
= substance, element, compound
2
(v) to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject = restrict = LIMIT
(v) to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison = KEEP SOMEBODY IN A PLACE
محدود کردن فعالیت و موضوع ،محبوس کردن
confine
confine something to something
The police cadet’s duties were confined to taking statements from the crowd.
We confined our study to ten cases.
confine yourself to (doing) something
Owen did not confine himself to writing only one type of poem.
………………………………………………………………………….
confine somebody to something
Any soldier who leaves his post will be confined to barracks (=made to stay in the barracks).
be confined in something
He was allegedly confined in a narrow dark room for two months
= restrict , limit, put in prison
(v) confine / (n) confinement / (adj) confined
(n) a piece of paper or another material that is attached to something and gives information about it
(n) a word or phrase which is used to describe a person, group, or thing, but which is unfair or not correct
(v) to attach a label onto something or write information on something
(v) to use a word or phrase to describe someone or something, but often unfairly or incorrectly
برچسب (زدن)
label
It says ‘Dry clean’ on the label.
………………………………………………….
Men these days have to avoid attracting the ‘sexist’ label.
………………………………………………………..
Label the diagram clearly.
label something sth
The file was labelled ‘Top Secret’.
label something with something
Each bag of seeds is labelled with the grower’s name.
…………………………………………………………….
label somebody/something (as) something
The newspapers had unjustly labelled him a troublemaker.
(v) remove or take out, especially by effort or force
استخراج کردن
extract
You’ll have to have that tooth extracted
extract data
extract information
extract resources
= take out, remove, dig out
(noun) extraction extract (verb) extract
1
(adj) decided or arranged without any reason or plan, often unfairly
خودسرانه
arbitrary
an arbitrary decision
the arbitrary arrests of political opponents
an arbitrarily chosen number
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : arbitrariness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : arbitrary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : arbitrarily
(adj,n) (of one or more things) available as another possibility or choice.
جایگزین
alternative
alternative ways/approach/methods etc
alternative music/theatre etc
alternative medicine/therapies
فعل ( verb ) : -
اسم ( noun ) : alternative
صفت ( adjective ) : alternative
قید ( adverb ) : alternatively
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
alternative approach
alternative explanation
alternative form
alternative interpretion
alternative means
alternative method
alternative model
alternative solution
alternative source
alternative strategy
alternative view
alternative way
provide (an) alternative
= option, choice, substitute
(adj) existing in something as a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it
ذاتی
inherent
I’m afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system.
Every business has its own inherent risks.
(adv) inherently
= inborn, intrinsic, innate
(n) help, such as money or food, given by an organization or government to a country or to people who are in a difficult situation
(n) help that you need to do a particular thing
(v) to help someone do something
(v) to make something happen more quickly or easily
(کمک (کردن
aid
Foreign aid from many countries poured into the famine area.
financial aid
…………………………………………………….
Father Poole walked painfully, with the aid of a stick.
……………………………………………………………….
an index to aid the reader
aid somebody in/with (doing) something
Mrs Coxen was aided in looking after the children by her niece.
……………………………………………………..
Welfare spending aids economic development in three ways.
= assistance, help, support
(n) a part of a number or an amount, considered in relation to the whole
تناسب، قسمت
proportion
✅ فعل ( verb ) : proportion = to put something in a particular relationship with something else according to their relative size, amount, position etc
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : proportion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : proportional = proportionate = something that is proportional to something else is in the correct or most suitable relationship to it in size, amount, importance etc
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : proportionately / proportionally
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
(a) great proportion (of)
(a) high proportion (of)
(a) increasing proportion (of)
(a) large proportion (of)
(a) significant proportion (of)
(a) small proportion (of)
(be) directly proportional (to)
(v) to make a problem or subject easy to notice so that people pay attention to it
(n) the most important, interesting, or enjoyable part of something such as a holiday, performance, or sports competition
برجسته(کردن)
highlight
Your résumé should highlight your skills and achievements.
highlight the problem
…………………………………………………….
That weekend in Venice was definitely the highlight of our trip.
…………………………………………………………..
THESAURUS
emphasize to say strongly or show clearly that a fact, idea etc is especially important
* Our company emphasizes the need for good communication between staff.
stress to emphasize something when you are talking about a subject
* Most schools stress the importance of parental involvement in their child’s learning.
* He stressed the need for parents to listen to their children.
highlight to show that something is important, so that people will pay special attention to it
* This case highlights the need for tougher laws on gun ownership.
* The report highlights the decline in the numbers of native plants and insects.
underline/underscore to help to show clearly that a fact is true, especially a fact that is already known
(n) the amount of space that something contains or fills
(n) a book, particularly one that is part of a set or series
حجم ، جلد
volume
The volume of traffic on the roads has increased dramatically in recent years.
the volume of trade
…………………………………………………………………….
The period from 1940–45 is in volume 9
…………………………………………………
(adj) voluminous
1 a voluminous piece of clothing is very large and loose – often used humorously
* a voluminous cloak
2 voluminous books, documents etc are very long and contain a lot of detail
* He took voluminous notes during the lecture.
3 a voluminous container is very large and can hold a lot of things
* a voluminous suitcase
1
(v) to become smaller or less important
* (v) to become or make something become smaller or less = reduce
* (v) to deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are
کاهش دادن، کم اهمیت جلوه دادن
diminish
The party’s share of the electorate has diminished steadily.
These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.
……………………………………………………………….
Don’t let him diminish your achievements.
But that’s not to diminish the importance of his discoveries.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : diminish
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : diminution / diminutive
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : diminutive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
diminish the impact/importance/influence
(n,v) something that is put in as an amount
(n,v) ideas, advice, money, or effort that you put into a job, meeting, etc., in order to help it succeed
ورودی
input
If the input data specified it, the file will close and the process terminates.
Farmers contributed most of the input into the survey.
We’ll need input from community nurses.
(n) the act or process of increasing in size, number, amount, or range
(n) the act or process of making a company or business larger by opening new shops, factories, etc.
گسترش یا افزایش در اندازه، تعداد، مقدار یا محدوده
expansion
The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.
an expansion in student numbers
………………………………………………………………………………..
The industry underwent a period of rapid expansion.
expand rapidly
rapid expansion
✅ فعل ( verb ) : expand
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : expansion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : expandable / expansive = very large in area, or using a lot of space, or including a lot of information
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : expansively
1
(v) to do something, especially in order to get information or prove facts
(v) to have the quality of transmitting light, heat, sound, or electricity
(n) the way someone behaves, especially in public, in their job etc = behaviour
انجام کار(برای کسب اطلاعات یا اثبات حقایق) ، انتقال دادن نور، گرما، صدا یا الکتریسیته
conduct
We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food.
……………………………………………………………….
Aluminium, being a metal, readily conducts heat.
…………………………………………………………………..
The Senator’s conduct is being investigated by the Ethics Committee.
an inquiry into the conduct of the police
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
conduct (a) study
conduct (a) survey
conduct (an) analysis
conduct (an) interview
conduct research
(adj) someone’s …… aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in the future SYN final
(adj) happening at the end of a long process
(adj) better, bigger, worse, etc., than all other objects of the same kind
نهایی ، ترین بین چیزها
ultimate
ultimate goal/aim/objective etc
…………………………………………………
The ultimate outcome of the experiment cannot be predicted.
The ultimate fate of the tribe was even sadder.
……………………………………………….
The Rolling Stones are the ultimate rock and roll band.
The female nude is surely the ultimate test of artistic skill.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ultimate
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ultimate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ultimately
(v) to give your time, money, attention, etc., to do something or helpsomething be successful
(v) to use a particular area, period of time, or amount of space for a specific purpose
وقف کردن، اختصاص دادن
devote
devote your time/resources/energy/attention etc to something
He devoted his energies to writing films.
devote yourself to something
She devoted herself full-time to her business.
…………………………………………………………..
devote something to something
The meeting will be devoted to health and safety issues.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : devote
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : devotion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : devoted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : devotedly
(v) to leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for
(v) to go away from a place, vehicle, etc., permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay
(v) to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue
رها کردن
abandon
How could she abandon her own child?
…………………………………………………………………
We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way.
Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.
………………………………………………………….
The game had to be abandoned due to bad weather.
They abandoned their attempt to recapture the castle.
فعل ( verb ) : abandon
اسم ( noun ) : abandonment
صفت ( adjective ) : abandoned
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to give the exact words of something that has been published in order to support an opinion or prove an idea = quote
(v) to mention something as an example, especially one that supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation
نقل قول کردن ، استناد کردن
cite
The passage cited above is from a Robert Frost poem.
……………………………………………..
The judge cited a 1956 Supreme Court ruling in her decision.
cite something as something
Several factors have been cited as the cause of the unrest.
(n) used to describe an amount of time, money, etc., without being exact
(n) a fairly large area of a state, country, etc., usually without exact limits = area
منطقه و ناحیه ، در حدود ….. مقداری
region
(somewhere) in the region of something
a grant somewhere in the region of £2,500
…………………………………………………..
efforts to bring peace to the region
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
regional development
regional differences
regional variation
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : region , regionalism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : regional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : regionally
(adj) too expensive to pay for
(adj) preventing people from doing something by law
گران، منع کننده
prohibitive
The cost of land in Tokyo is prohibitive.
………………………………………….
prohibitive regulations
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prohibit = to say that an action is illegal or not allowed = ban, forbid
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prohibition =the act of saying that something is illegal / an order stopping something
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prohibitive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : prohibitively
(v) to make the degree or amount of something as small as possible
(v) to make something seem less serious or important than it really is
به حداقل رساندن
minimize
Every effort is being made to minimize civilian casualties.
………………………………………………..
We must not minimize the problem of racial discrimination.
(adj) certain to happen and impossible to avoid
اجتناب ناپذیر
inevitable
A further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable.
it is inevitable (that)
It’s inevitable that doctors will make the occasional mistake.
inevitable consequence/result
Disease was an inevitable consequence of poor living conditions.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inevitability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inevitable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inevitably
= unavoidable, inescapable
(v) bring to an end (if something …………, or if you ……………. it, it ends)
خاتمه دادن
terminate
The court ruled that the contract must be terminated.
a woman’s decision on whether or not to terminate the pregnancy
terminate employment/contract/relationship
✅ فعل ( verb ) : terminate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : termination / terminal
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : terminal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : terminally
= ended, concluded
(adj) a room, building, piece of land etc that is …… to something is next to it
مجاور
adjacent
We stayed in adjacent rooms.
adjacent to
the building adjacent to the library
= next, side by side with
(v) to say that something will happen, before it happens
پیش بینی کردن
predict
Sales were five percent lower than predicted.
predict (that)
Newspapers predicted that Davis would be re-elected.
predict whether/what/how etc
It is difficult to predict what the long-term effects of the accident will be.
be predicted to do something
Unemployment is predicted to increase to 700,000 by the end of the year.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : predict
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prediction / predictability / predictor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : predictable / predictive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : predictively / predictably
make (a) prediction
= anticipate, forecast
سالانه
annual
annual conference
annual meeting
annual rate
annual report
annual review
= yearly, twelve-month
(n) the final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc – used especially when no one knows what it will be until it actually happens = result
نتیجه
outcome
It was impossible to predict the outcome of the election.
People who had heard the evidence at the trial were surprised at the outcome.
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
achieve (an) outcome
affect (the) outcome
desired outcome
final outcome
learning outcome
likely outcome
negative outcome
positive outcome
possible outcome
= result, conclusion
(n) an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from something
سود و مزیت
benefit
benefit of
the benefits of contact lenses
for somebody’s benefit
Could you just explain again for Mark’s benefit?
without the benefit of something
Most motorists manage without the benefit of four-wheel drive.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : benefit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : benefit
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : beneficial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : beneficially
beneficial effect
provide (a) benefit
economic benefits
potential benefits
= gain, advantage
(adv) almost = practically
تقریبا
virtually
Virtually all the children come to school by bus.
He was virtually unknown before running for office.
= (almost, nearly
in spite of a fact that you have just mentioned SYN nonetheless
با این اوصاف
nevertheless
What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.
He had no qualifications; nevertheless, he got the job.
The new drug was expensive. Nevertheless, it was not very effective.
(v) to happen
رخ دادن
occur
A third of accidental deaths occur in the home.
The explosion occurred at 5.30 a.m.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : occur
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : occurrence
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
= happen, take place)
(n) the length of time that something continues
مدت زمان
duration
The course is of three years’ duration.
for the duration (of something)
The package includes cycle hire for the duration of your holiday.
کارشناس یا متخصص
expert
Someone is an expert on a subject or issue:
He’s an expert on the Cold War.
✗Don’t say: He’s an expert of the Cold War.
Someone is an expert in a field of study or an activity:
She’s an expert in family law.
✗Don’t say: She’s an expert of family law.
(n) a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.
commodity
(v) to use something for a particular purpose
utilize
We must consider how best to utilize what resources we have.
فعل ( verb ) : utilize
اسم ( noun ) : utilization
صفت ( adjective ) : utilizable
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………….
THESAURUS
use to use something for a particular purpose
* Do you mind if I use your phone?
* They rebuilt the church using local stone.
* We use a range of different methods.
make use of something to use something that is available to you
* Staff can make use of a wide range of facilities.
* She made full use of her contacts within the organization.
employ formal to use a particular method or skill in order to achieve something
* The surgeons employed a new technique.
* They employed every means at their disposal (=every available method).
utilize formal to use something that is available to you, for a practical purpose
* The company has developed a new way to utilize solar energy.
* a better way of utilizing the space
exploit to use something as fully and effectively as possible, or to use something that will give you an advantage over your opponent
* The country’s natural resources have not yet been fully exploited.
* He was quick to exploit any weakness in his opponent’s argument.
apply to use something such as a method, idea, or system in a particular situation
* New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.
* I wanted to apply the things that I had learned on the course.
(adj) conscious that something exists
آگاه و مطلع
aware
The prime minister was aware of the decline in his popularity.
(noun) awareness
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
acutely aware = به شدت آگاه است
become aware
fully aware
increasingly aware
keenly aware = کاملا آگاه
make aware
well aware
greater awareness
growing awareness
increase awareness
increased awareness
increasing awareness
public awareness
raise awareness
(adj) exact
دقیق
precise
precise definition
precise nature
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (im)precision
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (im)precise
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (im)precisely
(v) to make certain that something will happen properly = make sure
اطمینان حاصل کردن
ensure یا insure
facilities to ensure the safety of cyclists
ensure (that)
The hospital tries to ensure that people are seen quickly.
(v) to make something clearer or easier to understand
روشن و شفاف سازی کردن
clarify
clarify issues/a statement/matters etc
Could you clarify one or two points for me?
Reporters asked him to clarify his position (=say exactly what his beliefs are) on welfare reform.
clarify how/what etc
The report aims to clarify how these conclusions were reached.
فعل ( verb ) : clarify / clear
اسم ( noun ) : clarification / clarity / clearance / clearness
صفت ( adjective ) : clear
قید ( adverb ) : clearly / clear = away from something, or out of the way
1
(adj) clearly separate
گسسته و مجزا
discrete
The change happens in a series of discrete steps.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : discreteness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discrete
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : discretely
(v) to change often, e.g. , from high to low levels and back= vary
نوسان کردن یا داشتن
fluctuate
fluctuate between
Prices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40.
fluctuate around
The number of children in the school fluctuates around 100.
Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year.
(noun) fluctuation (verb) fluctuate
(n) the process of taking something from one place to another
حمل و نقل
transporting = transportation(american) = transport(british)
The cost of transporting produce to market must be added to the final cost that consumers pay.
transport(ation) system, public transport(ation)
means/mode/form of transportation
(noun) transport = a system or method for carrying passengers or goods from one place to another/ transportation / transporter
(verb) transport = to take goods, people etc from one place to another in a vehicle
(v) to put something inside or into something else
(v) to add something to the middle of a document or piece of writing
قرار دادن ِیا فروکردن در
insert
insert something in/into/between something
His hand shook slightly as he inserted the key into the lock.
………………………………………………………………..
insert something in/into/between something
His manager inserted a new clause into his contract.
Insert your comments in the space below.
(n)the business of selling and sending goods to other countries
(n) a product that is sold to another country
(v) to sell goods to another country
export - exportation
export of
a ban on the export of toxic waste
for export
bales of cloth for export to the continent
…………………………………….
Wheat is one of the country’s main exports.
……………………………………….
** export something (from somebody) to somebody**
The company exports tuna to the US.
An “export” is an item that is sent abroad. “Exportation” is the process of sending items abroad, but the word “export” often can be used for the process as well.
(n) a part of an area of activity, especially of business, trade etc
بخش
sector
sector of
the agricultural sector of the economy
public/private sector
(v) to get or achieve something that will be permanent, especially after a lot of effort
(v) to make something safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost
(adj) certain to remain safe and unthreatened.
ایمن(کردن)
secure
Boyd’s goal secured his team’s place in the Cup Final.
secure a deal/contract
………………………………………………………..
Troops were sent to secure the border.
secure something against somebody/something
…………………………..
his position as party leader was less than secure
Data encryption provides a secure way of transmitting data over the Internet
(noun) security ≠ insecurity (adjective) secure ≠ insecure (verb) secure (adverb) securely ≠ insecurely
attain
More women are attaining positions of power.
…………………………….
Share prices attained a high of $3.27.
After a year she had attained her ideal weight.
فعل ( verb ) : attain
اسم ( noun ) : attainment
صفت ( adjective ) : attainable
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time = maintain
(v) to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of money
sustain
She found it difficult to sustain the children’s interest.
the policies necessary to sustain economic growth
………………………………….
Two of the firefighters sustained serious injuries.
Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage.
فعل ( verb ) : sustain
اسم ( noun ) : sustenance = food that people or animals need in order to live / sustainability
صفت ( adjective ) : sustainable = able to continue without causing damage to the environment یا able to continue for a long time
قید ( adverb ) : sustainably
(adj) having the qualities or ability needed to do something (able to do things well)
توانا
capable
a strong capable woman
The company isn’t capable of handling an order that large.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : capability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : capable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : capably
(adv) done or experienced equally by two people or things
متقابلا
mutually
mutually acceptable/beneficial/convenient etc
mutually exclusive
………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
mutual recognition
mutual support
mutual trust
mutual understanding
mutually exclusive
(n) a place where something important or interesting happened
محل
site
the site of the air crash
(adj) enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose = sufficient
کافی
adequate
The standard of his work is barely adequate.
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : adequacy
صفت ( adjective ) : adequate
قید ( adverb ) : adequately
(v) to use somthing such as materials or skills effectively or completely in order to gain an advantage or benefit
بهره برداری کردن
exploit
Western petroleum companies are working with local companies to exploit the opportunities for oil production around the Caspian Sea.
Developing countries need to find ways to exploit their natural resources for the good of their own people.
economic exploitation, sexual exploitation
exploit the opportunities
exploit their natural resources
✅ فعل ( verb ) : exploit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exploit / exploitation / exploiter
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exploitable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(v) to expect that something will happen and be ready for it
پیش بینی کردن
anticipate
anticipate changes/developments/problems/ difficulties
(noun) anticipation (adjective) anticipatory anticipated ≠ unanticipated (verb) anticipate
(n) something that you add to something else to improve it or make it complete
مکمل
supplement
vitamins and other dietary supplements
supplement to
The payments are a supplement to his usual salary.
فعل ( verb ) : supplement
اسم ( noun ) : supplement / supplementation
صفت ( adjective ) : supplementary / supplemental
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to make it possible for someone to do something, or for something to happen
فعال کردن
enable
enable somebody/something to do something
The loan enabled Jan to buy the house.
There are plans to enlarge the runway to enable jumbo jets to land.
(v) to put someone or something in a less important position
(adj) in a less important position than someone else, or less important than something else
(زیردست یا مطیع (کردن
subordinate
subordinate somebody/something to somebody/ something
Why subordinate your wishes to those of your family?
……………………………………………………………….
a subordinate officer
subordinate to
Women were subordinate to men.
These aims were subordinate to the main aims of the mission
✅ فعل ( verb ) : subordinate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : subordinate = someone who has a lower position and less authority than someone else in an organization/ subordination
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : subordinate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) when someone is unwilling to do something, or when they do something slowly to show that they are not very willing
اکراه، بی میلی
reluctance
Wells finally agreed, but with reluctance.
reluctance to do something
a reluctance to share information
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reluctance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reluctant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : reluctantly
be reluctant to get involved
(v) to enter a country in order to live there permanently
مهاجرت کردن
immigrate
His father and mother immigrated when he was two.
(noun) immigration ≠ emigration immigrant ≠ emigrant (verb) immigrate ≠ emigrate
(n) a feeling that makes you want to do something
(n) a tendency to think or behave in a particular way
تمایل
inclination
My natural inclination was to say no.
inclination to do something
Neither of my children showed the slightest inclination to follow me into journalism.
Teachers simply do not have the time or the inclination to investigate these matters.
………………………………………………………………………….
inclination to do something
an inclination to see everything in political terms
inclination to/towards
She’s troubled by her son’s inclination toward atheism.
by inclination
Bart was a romantic by inclination.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : incline
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inclination
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inclined
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
be inclined to agree/think/believe etc
be inclined to do something/inclined to something
be/feel inclined (to do something)
(v) to prove that something is true or correct, or to make a document or agreement officially and legally acceptable
تایید اعتبار کردن
validate
The Supreme Court has validated the lower court’s interpretation of the law.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : validate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : validity اعتبار / validation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : valid
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : validly
valid argument/ equally valid
(n) words from a book or speech that you repeat exactly in your own speech or piece or writing
(v) to repeat exactly what someone else has said or written
(نقل قول (کردن
quote
a quote from the minister’s speech
………………………………..
She quoted from a newspaper article.
(noun) quotation quote (adj) quotable (verb) quote
(v) to give official permission for someone to do or produce something, or for an activity to take place
مجوز دادن
license
be licensed to do something
a restaurant which is licensed to sell alcohol
The vaccine has been licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration.
(noun) licence licensee (adjective) licensed (verb) license
………………………………………………………
In American English, the noun is spelled the same as the verb—license. But in British English, the noun is spelled licence
(n) an idea, belief, or opinion about something, especially one that you think is wrong
notion
misguided notions of male superiority
بالغ
mature
✅ فعل ( verb ) : mature
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : maturity / maturation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mature / maturational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : maturely
1
(n) something that is not directly said or shown but that is suggested or understood
(n) a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc
ضمنیت ، پیامد
implication
The law bans organized protests and, by implication, any form of opposition.
………………………………………………..
implication of
What are the implications of these proposals?
This election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democracy.
consider/discuss/examine the implications
His talk will examine the wider implications of the Internet revolution.
practical/financial/political etc implications
(n) strangeness or difference from what is expected
عجیبب بودن
oddness
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : oddity = a strange or unusual person or thing, or a strange quality in someone or something/ oddness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : odd
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : oddly
(v) to state something in an exact and detailed way
مشخص كردن
specify
Payments will be made for a specified number of months.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : specify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : specification / specificity / specifics
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : specific / specifiable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : specifically
…………………………………………………
specific area, specific aspect, specific case, specific characteristic, specific context, specific example, specific factor, specific feature, specific focus, specific form, specific function, specific information, specific issue, specific knowledge, specific meaning, specific needs, specific problem, specific purpose, specific question, specific reference, specific sense, specific type, culturally specific, historically specific, (be) specifically designed (to, for)
(n) the range of things that are included in a particular subject, type of art, or activity
domain
outside/within the domain of something/somebody
This problem is outside the domain of medical science.
Looking after the house was viewed as a woman’s domain.
سرمایه گذاری
investment
foreign investment, private investment, foreign investor
(noun) investment investor (verb) invest
(v,n) (of a structure) suddenly fall down or give way
(v,n) (of a person) fall down and become unconscious as a result of illness or injury
سقوط - فروپاشی ، فرو ریختن
collapse
the roof collapsed on top of me
…………………………………………………..
he collapsed from loss of blood
= fall down, cave in, give way
(noun) collapse (adjective) collapsible (verb) collapse
(n) the most important or central part of something
هسته
core
The core of the book focuses on the period between 1660 and 1857.
Debt is at the core of the problem.
core area, core element, core issue, core skills, core value, central core
= main, primary, central
(n) a set of ideas, rules, or beliefs from which something is developed, or on which decisions are based
چارچوب
framework
framework of/for
This paper provides a framework for future research.
conceptual framework, institutional framework, legal framework, regulatory framework, theoretical framework
(n) something that limits your freedom to do what you want = restriction
محدودیت
constraint
impose constraints
constraint on
Constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans.
the constraints of family life
financial/environmental/political etc constraints
There have been financial and political constraints on development.
impose/place constraints on somebody/something
constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizes
فعل ( verb ) : constrain
اسم ( noun ) : constraint
صفت ( adjective ) : constrained
قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………………………
constrain
to stop someone from doing what they want to do SYN restrict
to limit something SYN restrict
= limitation, restraint, restriction
(adj) expressed in a way that is very clear and direct
صریح
explicit
The contrast could not have been made more explicit.
make explicit, state explicitly
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : explicitness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : explicit
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : explicitly
(v) to represent or be a sign of something = indicate
نمایانگر/بیانگر/مبین چیزی بودن
denote
Crosses on the map denote villages.
this mark denotes purity and quality
the level of output per firm is denoted by X
✅ فعل ( verb ) : denote
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : denotation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : denotational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
= stand for, represent, symbolize
(v) to tell someone that something will definitely happen or is definitely true so that they are less worried = reassure
(v) to make something certain to happen or to be achieved = ensure
به کسی اطمینان دادن ، تضمین کردن و اطمینان حاصل کردن از وقوع اتفاقی یا رسیدن به موفقیتی
assure
assure somebody that
Her doctor has assured us that she’ll be fine.
The document is genuine, I can assure you.
assure somebody of something
The dealer had assured me of its quality.
………………………………………………………………
Excellent reviews have assured the film’s success.
assure somebody (of) something
A win on Saturday will assure them of promotion to Division One.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : assure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : assurance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : assured
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : assuredly
= guarantee, make certain, ensure
(n) money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, reduce the cost of producing goods etc
یارانه
subsidy
trade/agricultural etc subsidies
international disagreement over trade subsidies
(noun) subsidy subsidization (adjective) subsidized (verb) subsidize
(v) (of people) gather together in one place for a common purpose.
(v) to put all the parts of something together
دور هم جمع شدن ، مونتاژ کردن
assemble
A large crowd had assembled outside the American embassy.
He looked around at the assembled company (=all the people who had come there).
She had assembled a collection of her favourite songs.
………………………………………………….
The aircraft will continue to be assembled in France.
(noun) assembly assemblage (verb) assemble
1.
(v) to build something such as a house, bridge, road etc
بناء کردن
construct
There are plans to construct a new road bridge across the river.
construct something from/of/in something
skyscrapers constructed entirely of concrete and glass
✅ فعل ( verb ) : construct
✅ اسم ( noun ) : construction / construct = an idea formed by combining several pieces of information or knowledge / constructor
✅ صفت ( adjective ) : constructive / constructional
✅ قید ( adverb ) : constructively
(n) the empty space at the side of a page
(n) the difference in the number of votes or points between winners and losers
(n) the difference between what a business pays for something and what it sells it for
margin
Someone had scribbled a note in the margin.
………………………………………….
by a wide/narrow/significant etc margin
……………………………………………………..
Margins are low and many companies are struggling.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : marginalize = to make a person or a group of people unimportant and powerless in an unfair way
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : margin / marginal / marginalia / marginalization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : marginal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : marginally
فلسفه
philosophy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : philosophize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : philosophy / philosophizing / philosopher
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : philosophical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : philosophically
(n) the combination of two or more things so that they work together
effectively
(n) the acceptance of someone or something into a group or society
ادغام
integration
the integration of data from other surveys
………………………
The family unit is supported by its integration into a wider social network.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : integrate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : integration / integrity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : integrated / integral
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : integrally
(n) someone who works as a doctor or a lawyer
(n) someone who regularly does a particular activity
practitioner
medical/legal practitioner
a practitioner of alternative medicine
………………………………………………
one of golf’s most experienced practitioners
practitioner of
a practitioner of Taoist philosophy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : practice ( practise )
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : practice / practitioner / practicality / practicability / practical / practicableness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : practical / practiced ( practised ) / practicing ( practising ) / practicable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : practically / practicably
(adj) a substance that is …… has been made pure by an industrial process
(adj) someone who is ………. is polite and seems to be well-educated or to belong to a high social class – sometimes used humorously
refined
refined sugar/oil/petroleum
………………..
a refined way of speaking
(noun) refinement refinery (adjective) refined ≠ unrefined (verb) refine = to improve a method, plan, system etc by gradually making slight changes to it / to make a substance purer using an industrial process
(v) to have as its main purpose or area of interest
(v) to position something in a particular direction
بجهت معینی راهنمایی کردن
orient
be oriented to/towards/around something/somebody
✅ فعل ( verb ) : orient
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : orientation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : oriented
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
sexual orientation
(n,adj) being the opposite of what is believed or expected
contrary
on the contrary/quite the contrary
evidence/statements etc to the contrary
Two contrary views emerged.
The men shouted contrary orders.
(adj) coming from outside something such as an organization, group, body or business
(adj) relating to foreign countries, e.g.
external
information from external sources
………………………………………
, external affairs
✅ فعل ( verb ) : externalize = to express feelings, especially bad feelings, such as anger
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : -
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : external
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : externally
external environment, external factors, external forces, external influences, external source, external threat, external world
(n) an opinion about whether a person, group, or idea is good or bad influences how you deal with it
جانبداری
bias
political/gender/racial etc bias
bias against/towards/in favour of
(n) a government department in some countries
وزارت
ministry
the Ministry of Agriculture
(n) a part of something larger
(n) a standard amount of food for one person, especially when served in a restaurant
سهم ، پُرس
portion
The rent on his portion of the apartment was $500 a month.
…………………………………………
Do you have any children’s portions?
large portion, significant portion, small portion
(n) being large in quantity
فله یا حجم زیاد
bulk
the great bulk of a building
the bulk (of something) = the main or largest part of something
The bulk of consumers are based in towns.
(v) to officially say that people must pay a tax or charge
(n) an additional sum of money, usually paid as a tax
وضع کردن مالیات
levy
levy a tax/charge/fine etc (on something)
a new tax levied on all electrical goods
………………………………………………….
levy on
He wants to impose a levy on landfill waste.
(v) to happen at the same time as something else, especially by chance
مصادف شدن
coincide
coincide with
His entry to the party coincided with his marriage.
When our vacations coincided, we often holidayed together.
planned/timed/arranged to coincide
The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book.
فعل ( verb ) : coincide
اسم ( noun ) : coincidence
صفت ( adjective ) : coincident / coincidental
قید ( adverb ) : coincidentally
= happened at the same time, overlapped
(n) moral rules or principles of behaviour for deciding what is right and wrong
اخلاقیات
ethics
professional/business/medical ethics
✅ فعل ( verb ) : ethicize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ethic= a general idea or belief that influences people’s behaviour and attitudes / ethics
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ethical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ethically
ethical consideration, ethical dilemma, ethical issue, ethical principle, ethical problem, ethical question
= principles, beliefs
اولویت
priority
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prioritize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : priority / prior / prioritization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prior
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : priorly
first priority, give priority (to), high priority, low priority
(v) to publicly support a particular way of doing something
(n) someone who publicly supports someone or something= proponent
advocate
advocate for American English
Those who advocate for doctor-assisted suicide say the terminally ill should not have to suffer
……………………………….
advocate of
She’s a passionate advocate of natural childbirth.
advocate for
an advocate for the disabled
✅ فعل ( verb ) : advocate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : advocate / advocacy
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
=supporte, promote
*
(adj) able to exist, live, or work successfully with something or someone else
سازگار با
compatible
compatible with
Stephen’s political views often weren’t compatible with her own.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : compatibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : compatible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : compatibly
= well-matched, consistent
١٤زیرساخت
infrastructure
= basic system, organization
(n) the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine, factory etc
خروجی و تولید
output
Output is up 30% on last year.
manufacturing/industrial/agricultural etc output
Korea’s agricultural output
=production, yield
2
(adj) having an end or a limit OPP infinite
محدود
finite
the Earth’s finite resources
= fixed, limited
(n) a law or set of laws
قانون گذاری
legislation
It is a very important piece of legislation.
legislation on
the legislation on abortion
legislation to do something
new legislation to protect children
introduce/bring in legislation
The government is bringing in legislation to combat this problem.
under new/existing/current etc legislation
The company can be prosecuted under the new legislation.
فعل ( verb ) : legislate
اسم ( noun ) : legislation / legislator / legislature
صفت ( adjective ) : legislative
قید ( adverb ) : _
introduce legislation, national legislation, proposed legislation, legislative measures, legislative powerو enacted legislation
(adj) relating to the quality or standard of something rather than the quantity
کیفی
qualitative
a qualitative analysis/study
a qualitative study of educational services
qualitative research
qualitative analysis, qualitative approach, qualitative data, qualitative method, qualitative research, qualitative study, qualitatively different
(adv) qualitatively
1
- before a noun: “happening or coming soon”
- not before a noun: “given or offered when needed”-
- not before a noun: “be willing to give information about something” [ + about]-
پیش رو
forthcoming
-She has a part in a forthcoming movie.
………………………….
If more money is not forthcoming, the theater will have to close.
………………………………………………………………………
The charity has been very forthcoming about its finances.
(noun) as a representative of someone
از طرف
behalf
on behalf of somebody
on someone’s behalf
همکار
colleagues = coworkers
1
(n) a substance containing atoms from two or more elements, or a combination of two or more parts, substances, or qualities
(v) to make a difficult situation worse by adding more problems
ترکیب ، تشدید و بدتر شدن یک مشکل
compound
man-made organic compounds
compound of
Sulphur dioxide is a compound of sulphur and oxygen.
Teaching is a compound of several different skills.
Brush on a damp-proofing compound.
……………………………………………………………………
compound a problem/difficulty etc
Helmut’s problems were compounded by his lack of concentration.
(adj) including all the necessary facts, details, or problems that need to be dealt with SYN thorough
جامع
comprehensive
comprehensive review/study/survey/account
comprehensive account, comprehensive approach, comprehensive overview, comprehensive review, comprehensive system
✅ فعل ( verb ) : comprehend
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : comprehension / comprehensiveness / comprehensibility / comprehensive
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : comprehensive / comprehensible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : comprehensively / comprehensibly
(v) to use the knowledge and information you have in order to understand something or form an opinion about it or make a judgment about something
استنباط کردن
deduce
deduce that
From her son’s age, I deduced that her husband must be at least 60.
deduce from
What did Darwin deduce from the presence of these species?
(noun) deduction (adjective) deducible deductive (verb) deduce
(adj) based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas
تجربی
empirical
empirical data, empirical evidence, empirical investigation, empirical research, empirical study, empirical support, empirical work
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : empiricism / empiricist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : empirical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : empirically
(n) a serious magazine produced for professional people or those with a particular interest
(n) a written record that you make of the things that happen to you each day = diary
مجله ، دفتر خاطرات
journal
the British Medical Journal
academic journal, international journal, online journal, publish (a) journal, scholarly journal
……………………………………….
He decided to keep a journal.
(noun) journal journalism journalist journalese (adjective) journalistic
(adj) willing to understand and respect other people’s ideas, opinions, and feelings
(adj) generous or given in large amounts
liberal
a more liberal attitude towards sexuality
I had quite liberal parents.
………………………………………………
a liberal supply of drinks
liberal with
If only they were as liberal with their cash
(noun) liberal liberalism liberalization (adjective) liberal (verb) liberalize (adverb) liberally
(v) to try to end a quarrel between two people, groups, countries etc
(v) to change the effect or influence of something, especially to make the effect less bad
وساطت و میانجی گری کردن
mediate
mediate between
UN officials mediated between the rebel fighters and the government.
The former president has agreed to mediate the peace talks.
mediate in
The court was set up to mediate in civil disputes.
…………………………………………………..
Exercise may mediate the effects of a bad diet.
(noun) mediation mediator (verb) mediate
(v) to stop someone from doing something, often by using physical force
(v) to control your own emotions or behaviour
(v) to control or limit something that is increasing too much
restrain
restrain somebody from doing something
I had to restrain her from running out into the street.
He had to be restrained from using violence.
……………………………………….
Renwick restrained a feeling of annoyance.
restrain yourself (from doing something)
She could barely restrain herself from hitting him.
……………………………….
Price rises should restrain consumer spending.
(noun) restraint (adjective) restrained ≠ unrestrained (verb) restrain
……………………………………………………………………..
restraint
1- calm sensible controlled behaviour, especially in a situation when it is difficult to stay calm SYN self-control
* The police were praised for their restraint in handling the demonstrators.
* show/exercise restraint
* He urged the millions of protesters to exercise restraint.
2- a rule or principle that limits what people can do
* restraint on
* Opposition politicians have called for restraints on public spending.
* The government has imposed restraints on corporate mergers.
3-physical force that is used to hold someone back, especially because they are likely to be violent
* Sometimes police officers have to use physical restraint to control dangerous prisoners.
آمار
statistics
statistical analysis, statistical data, statistical information, statistical method, statistical significance, statistical technique, statistical test, statistically significant, descriptive statistics, official statistics, use statistics
(noun) statistic statistician (adjective) statistical (adverb) statistically
خلاصه کردن
summarize
✅ فعل ( verb ) : summarize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : summary / summarization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : summary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : summarily
brief summary, present (a) summary, provide (a) summary, useful summary
(v) to make a book, list, record etc, using different pieces of information, music etc
گردآوری کردن
compile
The document was compiled by the Department of Health
compile something from/for something
The report was compiled from a survey of 5,000 households.
(noun) compilation compiler (verb) compile
(v) to consider that two things are similar or connected
یکسان دانستن
equate
equate something with something
Most people equate wealth with success.
(n) rules or instructions on how people should do or deal with something
دستورالعمل ها
guidelines
a new set of guidelines for teachers
guideline on
guidelines on the employment of children
draw up/issue guidelines
(adj) exactly the same, or very similar
همسان و یکسان
identical
four identical houses
identical to/with
Nutritionally, infant formulas are almost identical to breast milk.
The ingredients are identical with those of competing products.
identical in
The sisters were identical in appearance and character.
(adverb) identically
(v) to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have
استنتاج کردن
infer
infer something from something
A lot can be inferred from these statistics.
infer that
From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her killer.
(noun) inference (adjective) inferential (verb) infer (adverb) inferentially
(adv,preposion) in spite of something SYN despite
علارقم یا با وجود اینکه
Notwithstanding
Notwithstanding differences, there are clear similarities in all of the world’s religions.
Fame and fortune notwithstanding, Donna never forgot her hometown.
I didn’t like it. Notwithstanding, I remained calm
(v) to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over a long period of time
(v) to chase or follow someone or something, in order to catch them, attack them etc
pursue
pursue a goal/aim/objective/career/policies/interests/further
education
…………………………….
Briggs ran across the field with one officer pursuing him.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pursue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pursuit / pursuer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to make known something that was previously secret or unknown
(v) to show something that was previously hidden
آشکار ساختن و فاش کردن
reveal
He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.
a test that can reveal a teacher’s hidden skills
reveal (that)
He revealed that he had been in prison twice before.
reveal yourself (as/to be something)
The violinist revealed himself as a talented interpreter of classical music.
…………………………………………………………..
The curtain opened to reveal the grand prize.
فعل ( verb ) : reveal
اسم ( noun ) : revelation
صفت ( adjective ) : revealing / revelatory
قید ( adverb ) : revealingly
(adj) simple and easy to understand
سرراست
straightforward
relatively/quite/fairly straightforward
Installing the program is relatively straightforward.
This area of law is far from straightforward (=complicated).
straightforward matter/task/process etc
For someone who can’t read, shopping is by no means a straightforward matter.
fairly straightforward, relatively straightforward
(noun) straightforwardness (adjective) straightforward (adverb) straightforwardly
(n) a person or thing acting or serving in place of another
(v) to use something new or different instead of something else
(v) to do someone’s job until the person who usually does it is able to do it again SYN stand in
جایگزین و تعویض کردن
substitute
Germany brought on a substitute at half time.
a sugar substitute
………………………………………………..
substitute something for something
The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.
……………………………………….
substitute for
Bill substituted for Larry, who was off sick.
(noun) substitute substitution (verb) substitute
(v) continue to live or exist, especially in spite of danger or hardship.
زنده ماندن
survive
فعل ( verb ) : survive
اسم ( noun ) : survival / survivability / survivor
صفت ( adjective ) : survivable / surviving
قید ( adverb ) : _
*
(v) to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it
بعهده گرفتن
undertake
undertake a task/a project/research/a study/work/activity etc
Dr Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary.
(n) a period of time or distance between two events,
activities, etc.
فاصله ی زمانی
interval
افراطی
radical
radical change, radical critique, radical differences, radical transformation, radically different
✅ فعل ( verb ) : radicalize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : radicalism / radical / radicalization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : radical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : radically
(n) a machine with an engine that is used to take people or things from one place to another, such as a car, bus, or truck
(n) something you use to express and spread your ideas, opinions etc
vehicle
a description of the stolen vehicle
………………………………………….
The 1936 Olympics were used as a vehicle for Nazi propaganda.
‘Eastern Eye’ is an important vehicle for Black British opinion.
(adjective) vehicular
(v) to form something from different parts
(v) to be considered to be something
تشکیل دادن
constitute
We must redefine what constitutes a family.
…………………………….
Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract.
The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.
(adj) relating to the people who live in a country
مدنی
civil
civil war/disturbance/unrest etc (=fighting etc between different groups of people living in the same country)
→ civil liberty, civil rights
(v) to continue to do something that has already been planned or started
ادامه دادن
proceed
The government was determined to proceed with the election.
Before proceeding further, we must define our terms.
adopt (a) procedure, describe (a) procedure, follow (a) procedure, use (a) procedure, legal proceedings
✅ فعل ( verb ) : proceed
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : procedure / proceeding = an event or a series of things that happen
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : procedural
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : procedurally
(n) a complete change in ways of thinking, methods of working etc
(n) a time when people change a ruler or political system by using force or violence
انقلاب
revolution
revolution in
In the last ten years there has been a revolution in education.
social/cultural/sexual etc revolution
the biggest social revolution we have had in this country
the sexual revolution of the 1960s
…………………………………….
the French Revolution of 1789
✅ فعل ( verb ) : revolve / revolutionize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : revolution / revolutionary
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : revolutionary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle etc
نقض
violation
human rights violations
violation of
a violation of international law
in violation of something
Troops crossed the border in violation of the agreement.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : violate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : violation / violence / violator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : violent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : violently
(v) to be more than a particular number or amount
(v) to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do
فراتر رفتن
exceed
Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week.
His performance exceeded our expectations.
………………………………………..
He was fined for exceeding the speed limit.
The riot police had exceeded their authority.
(adv) exceedingly
(adj) based on a particular set of beliefs or ideas, especially political ideas
ایدئولوژیک
ideological
(noun) ideology ideologue (adjective) ideological (adverb) ideologically
(v) to translate spoken words from one language into another
(v) to consider someone’s actions or behavior or an event as having a particular meaning
ترجمه کردن، تعبیر و تفسیر کردن
interpret
They spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me.
……………………………………………………….
interpret something as something
His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : interpret
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : interpretation / interpreter
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : interpretable / interpretative / interpretive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : interpretively
interpret data, correct interpretation, historical interpretation, literal interpretation, alternative interpretion
نویسنده
author
(adj) authorial
(v) to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have asked for
(v) an amount of money given to someone, especially by the government, for a particular purpose
اعطا کردن، کمک هزینه
grant
Britain could grant Spain’s request.
I would love to be able to grant her wish.
grant somebody something
The council have granted him permission to build on the site.
grant something to somebody
A licence to sell alcohol was granted to the club.
grant that (=used in prayers)
Grant that we may know your presence and love.
…………………………………………………….
The university gets a government grant.
Anyone wishing to apply for a grant should write to the Treasurer.
grant of
a grant of £50,000
grant from
These studios are funded by a grant from the Kress Foundation.
(n) an analysis or explanation of something such as an event or theory
* 1- a spoken description of an event, given while the event is happening, especially on the television or radio
* 2- something such as a book or an article that explains or discusses a book, poem, idea etc
commentary
Commentary is by Tom Ferris.
commentary on
We’ll be bringing you full commentary on the game between Notts and Brescia.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : commentate / comment
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : commentary / commentator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(adj) happening or coming after something else
متعاقب و بعدی
subsequent
These skills were passed on to subsequent generations.
subsequent pages of the book
subsequent to something
events that happened subsequent to the accident
subsequent analysis, subsequent chapter, subsequent development, subsequent study, subsequent work
= later, following, consequent
(adverb) subsequently
(v) to stop doing something or stop happening
دست کشیدن,متوقف ساختن
cease
cease to do something
He ceased to be a member of the association.
The things people will do for charity never cease to amaze me (=I am always surprised by them).
cease doing something
the decision to cease using CFCs in packaging
The rain ceased and the sky cleared.
cease trading/production/operations etc (=stop operating a business)
The company ceased production at their Norwich plant last year.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : cease
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cessation = a pause or stop
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ceaseless
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ceaselessly
In everyday English, people usually use stop rather than cease:
= stop, finish, conclude
کلاسیک
classical
(v) to persuade someone to do something, especially something that does not seem wise
induce
induce somebody to do something
Nothing would induce me to vote for him again.
(noun) inducement (verb) induce
=to cause, provoke,
محاسبه کردن
compute و calculate
✅ فعل ( verb ) : compute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : computer / computation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : computational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : computationally
(n) the way in which something is arranged or set out
قالب
format
(adj) most important SYN main
(n) American English someone who is in charge of a school SYN headteacher British English
principal
His principal reason for making the journey was to visit his family.
Teaching is her principal source of income.
the principal character in the book
(adj) suggested or understood without being stated directly OPP explicit
ضمنی
implicit
implicit criticism/threat/assumption
Her words contained an implicit threat.
His statement is being seen as implicit criticism of the work of research laboratories.
(noun) explicitness (adjective) explicit ≠ implicit (adverb) explicitly ≠ implicitly
(adjective) implicit ≠ explicit (adverb) implicitly ≠ explicitly
تم
theme
(n) something that you are trying hard to achieve, especially in business or politics SYN goal
(adj) based on facts, or making a decision that is based on facts rather than on your feelings or beliefs OPP subjective
objective
He vowed to achieve certain objectives before the end of his presidency.
the best way to accomplish your objectives
………………………………………..
objective assessment/measurement/description etc
It’s hard to give an objective opinion about your own children.
Scientists need to be objective when doing research.
purely/totally/completely objective
the importance of a completely objective, independent press
objective criteria, objective reality, achieve (an) objective, key objective, learning objective, meet (an) objective, primary objective, set (an) objective, strategic objective, scientific objectivity
(adj) something that is ……… is unclear, confusing, or not certain, especially because it can be understood in more than one way
مبهم
ambiguous
The language in the Minister’s statement is highly ambiguous.
His role in the affair is ambiguous.
فعل ( verb ) : _
اسم ( noun ) : ambiguity
صفت ( adjective ) : ambiguous
قید ( adverb ) : ambiguously
1
(v) to keep papers, documents etc in a particular place so that you can find them easily
(v) to officially record something such as a complaint, law case, official
document, etc.
بایگانی کردن، طرح شکایت / دعوی / دادخواست و غیره (علیه کسی)
file
The contracts are filed alphabetically.
file something under something
I looked to see if anything was filed under my name.
file something away
The handbooks are filed away for future reference.
……………………………………………….
file a complaint/lawsuit/petition etc (against somebody)
filed complaints in court
(n) a piece of writing or a plan that is not yet in its finished form
(v) to write a plan, report, law, etc., that will need to be changed before it is in its final form
پیش نویس (کردن)
draft
I read the first draft and thought it was very good.
All parties eventually approved the final draft (=finished form) of the peace treaty.
………………………………………………………………..
Eva’s busy drafting her speech for the conference.
(n) a part of a written law or legal document covering a particular
subject, condition, etc.
( در قرارداد ) ماده قانونی
clause
A confidentiality clause was added to the contract.
lawmakers have drafted noise control clauses into new laws.
(n) an arrangement with a shop, bank etc that allows you to buy something and pay for it later
(n) approval or praise that you give to someone for something they have done
اعتبار
credit
Most new cars are bought on credit.
…………………………
Credit for this win goes to everybody in the team.
take/claim/deserve etc (the) credit
to somebody’s credit
(n) a particular level of quality that a product, material etc has
(n) a mark that a student is given for their work or for an examination
(n) one of the 12 years that students are at school in the American school system, or the students in a particular year
(v) to say what level of a quality something has, or what standard it is
درجه کیفیت، نمره، مقطع تحصیلی، درجه بندی کردن
grade
The best grades of tea are expensive.
…………………
He got a grade A in maths.
……………………
My brother is in sixth grade.
………………………..
grade something according to something
Pencils are graded according to softness.
1
(v) to write letters to someone and receive letters from them
(v) to be very similar or the same as something else
(v) if two things or ideas ……………, the parts or information in one relate to the parts or information in the other
مکاتبه کردن ، مطابقت داشتن ، بهم مربوط بودن
correspond
She stopped corresponding with him after the death of her mother.
……………………………………………………….
correspond to
The French ‘baccalauréate’ exam roughly corresponds to English A levels.
correspond closely/exactly/precisely to something
The description of these events corresponds closely to other accounts written at the time.
…………………………………………………….
The two halves of the document did not correspond.
correspond with/to
The numbers correspond to points on the map.
فعل ( verb ) : correspond
اسم ( noun ) : correspondence مکاتبات / correspondent خبرنگار یا نامه نویس
صفت ( adjective ) : corresponding
قید ( adverb ) : correspondingly
(n) the pathway from one place to another, especially one that is used often
(n) a way of doing something or achieving a particular result
مسیر
route
route to/from
What’s the best route to Cambridge?
take/follow a route (=use a route)
…………………………………………………………………….
route to
the surest route to disaster
Kennedy arrived at the same conclusion by a different route.
(n) a noticeable difference from what is expected or acceptable
(n) the difference between a number or measurement in a set and the average of all the numbers or measurements in that set
انحراف
deviation
deviation from
deviation from the normal procedure
deviations in sleep patterns
فعل ( verb ) : deviate = to change what you are doing so that you are not following an expected plan, idea, or type of behaviour
* The plane had to deviate from its normal flight path.
اسم ( noun ) : deviation / deviant / deviance / deviancy
صفت ( adjective ) : deviant
قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a set of fixed limits that control the way that something should be done
parameter
The inquiry has to stay within the parameters laid down by Congress.
The mechanic found that the engine was running within its normal parameters.
= limits, restrictions
(adj) forming a necessary part of something
جدایی ناپذیر
integral
Vegetables are an integral part/element of our diet.
integral to
Statistics are integral to medical research.
(adjective) integral (adverb) integrally
= essential, fundamental
(conjunction) used to add information that reduces the force or importance of what you have just said = although
albeit
He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation.
Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly.
= although, even though
(n) the action or process of formally consulting or discussing.
(n) a meeting with a professional person, especially a doctor, for advice or treatment
مشورت، مشاوره
consultation
they improved standards in consultation with consumer representatives
…………………………………….
A follow-up consultation was arranged for two weeks’ time.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : consult
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : consultation / consultant / consultancy / consulting
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : consultative / consulting
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to correct or make small changes to something that is written or spoken (make minor changes to (a text, piece of legislation, etc.) in order to make it fairer or more accurate, or to reflect changing circumstances.)
اصلاح کردن(معمولا متن)
amend
The law was amended to include women.
The defendant later amended his evidence.
‘Steve stole it – or rather borrowed it, ’ he amended.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : amend
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : amendment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : amendatory اصلاحی / amendable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
= modified, revised
1
(v) to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear
(v) to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct(to alter to give a false or unnatural picture or account)
(v) to change a situation from the way it would naturally be
تحریف کردن ، مختل کردن
distort
Tall buildings can distort radio signals.
……………………………………………
His account was badly distorted by the press.
…………………………………………..
an expensive subsidy which distorts the market
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distort
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distortion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distorted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
= unclear, changed from the norm
(adj) happening before something that is more important, often in order to prepare for it
مقدماتی یا اولیه
preliminary
the preliminary stages of the competition
a preliminary draft
preliminary to
The discussions were preliminary to preparing a policy paper.
= initial, introductory
(adj) feeling certain that something is true
convinced
Molly agreed, but she did not sound very convinced.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : convince متقاعد کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conviction
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : convinced / convincing
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : convincingly
(n) a system of rules about the correct way to behave on an official occasion
protocol
protocol forbids the prince from making any public statement in his defence
= procedure, set of rules
(adj, n) having the same value, purpose, job etc as a person or thing of a different kind
معادل
equivalent
equivalent to
a qualification which is equivalent to a degree
I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling.
……………….
The word has no equivalent in English.
equivalent of
He had drunk the equivalent of 15 whiskies.
= comparable, equal
(noun) equivalence equivalent (adjective) equivalent (adv) equivalently
(n) permission to do something or agreement about something
(v) to give your permission for something or agree to do something OPP refuse
رضایت (دادن)
consent
no change may be made without the consent of all the partners
…………………………………………….
consent to sth
Her father reluctantly consented to the marriage.
consent to do something
He rarely consents to do interviews.
(noun) consent, consensus=a general agreement(an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts) (adjective) consensual , consenting (verb) consent
(adj) a tense situation is one in which you feel very anxious and worried because of something bad that might happen
(adj) feeling worried, uncomfortable, and unable to relax
پرتنش، مضطرب
tense
tense situation/atmosphere/moment etc
Marion spoke, eager to break the tense silence.
………………………………………………………….
Is anything wrong? You look a little tense.
(noun) tenseness tension (adjective) tense (verb) tense (adverb) tensely
= nervous, worried
(v) to develop something such as a plan or a set of rules, and decide all the details of how it will be done
formulate
formulate a policy/plan/strategy etc
He formulated Labour Party education policy in 1922.
formulate an idea/theory
Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : formulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : formula / formulation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : formulaic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
=devise
(adj) continuing for a short time
brief
We stopped by Alice’s house for a brief visit.
Let’s keep this conversation brief; I have a plane to catch.
a brief period/moment/spell etc
Greene spent a brief time at Cambridge.
(v) to control and direct something such as money or energy towards a particular purpose SYN direct
channel
channel something into something
Most of his energy was channeled into writing and lecturing.
channel something to somebody
Profits are channelled to conservation groups.
channel something through something
The famine relief money was channelled through the UN.
(v) make a map of an area of land, ocean, or stars
(n) a sheet of information in the form of a table, graph, or diagram.
chart
George Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were two surveyors sent from England to chart the border between the Maryland and Pennsylvania colonies
(n) parts that make up a machine or system
جزء (تشکیل دهنده)
component
companies that make electronic components for computer products
component of
each component of their work
key/major/important etc component
Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.
(v) to produce or cause something = create
generate
a useful technique for generating new ideas
The program would generate a lot of new jobs.
generate revenue/profits/income etc
Tourism generates income for local communities.
generate excitement/interest/support etc
The project generated enormous interest.
(noun) generator (adjective) generative (verb) generate (adverb) generatively
1
(v) the number of times something happens, especially crime, disease etc
incidence
incidence of
Why did the incidence of heroin use continue to climb?
high/low etc incidence
Smokers had the highest incidence of colds.
(v) to prevent something from growing or developing well
(v) to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
مانع شدن، باز داشتن از
inhibit
An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
………………………………..
inhibit somebody from doing something
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
(noun) inhibition (adjective) inhibited (verb) inhibit
(n) the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right
(n) the state of being united as one complete thing
integrity
personal/professional/political etc integrity
a man of great moral integrity
………………………………………………………….
the territorial integrity of the country
(v,n) change the place, position, or direction of something, or to replace one thing with another. It can refer to physical movement, as well as changes in ideas, plans, or focus.
shift
Joe listened, shifting uncomfortably from one foot to another.
the shift from one type of economic system to another
For the United States, World War I marked a shift from isolationism to international engagement.
کروی
spherical
(noun) sphere (adjective) spherical
(adv) with the result that something else happens
و در نتیجه (و از این طریق)
thereby
thereby doing something
He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote.
The Black Death killed about a third of Europe’s population, thereby creating a labor shortage and strengthening the position of working people.
………………………………………..
whereby که به موجب آن(که از این طریق)
by means of which or according to which
a proposal whereby EU citizens would be allowed to reside anywhere in the EU
(v) to form a picture of someone or something in your mind SYN imagine
تجسم یا تصور کردن
visualize
I tried to visualize the house while he was describing it.
visualize somebody doing something
Somehow I can’t visualize myself staying with this company for much longer.
visualize how/what etc
It’s hard to visualize how these tiles will look in our bathroom.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : visualize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : visualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : visual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : visually
(v) to gradually get more and more money, possessions, knowledge etc over a period of time
(v) to gradually increase in numbers or amount until there is a large quantity in one place
accumulate
It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
……………………………………
Fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs
فعل ( verb ) : accumulate
اسم ( noun ) : accumulation
صفت ( adjective ) : accumulative
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) change the form, character, or function of something.
تبدیل کردن
convert
modernization has converted the country from a primitive society to a near-industrial one
You have to convert the distances from miles to kilometers.
Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants convert sunlight into food.
(v) to notice or discover something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear etc
تشخیص دادن
detect
Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
difficult/impossible/easy/possible etc to detect
detect a change/difference
Dan detected a change in her mood.
detect a note of sarcasm/irony/excitement etc
Do I detect a note of sarcasm in your voice?
✅ فعل ( verb ) : detect
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : detection / detective / detector
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : detectable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) very big in size or in amount SYN huge
enormous
an enormous bunch of flowers
an enormous amount of money
The team made an enormous effort.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enormity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enormous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : enormously
(v) to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen
پیاده سازی کردن
implement
implement a policy/plan/decision etc
We have decided to implement the committee’s recommendations in full.
(noun) implementation (verb) implement
(v) to examine something carefully in order to find out more about it or to find out what is wrong with it
بازرسی کردن
inspect
I got out of the car to inspect the damage.
Police inspected the scene and interviewed all the staff.
inspect something for something
The police will inspect the venue for safety.
(noun) inspection inspector (verb) inspect
دارو
medicine
Medicines should be kept out of the reach of children.
Have you been taking your medicine?
a medicine bottle
(n) medication = a drug or another form of medicine that you take to prevent or to treat an illness; treatment involving drugs
The doctor prescribed medication for his condition.
She is on medication for depression
(adj) medicinal دارویی
…………………………………………………………..
(v) medicate دارو دادن - مداوا کردن
medicate somebody (with something)
Resist the temptation to medicate your child with over-the-counter remedies.
medicate somebody for something
He is being medicated for high blood pressure.
medicate something
Sometimes we medicate the symptoms without fixing the underlying problem.
(adj) very small in degree or amount, especially the smallest degree or amount possible
minimal
The storm caused only minimal damage
The cost to taxpayers would be minimal.
This is a practical course, with only a minimal amount of theory.
(v) observe and check the progress or quality of (something) over a period of time; keep under systematic review.
نظارت کردن
monitor
Patients who are given the new drug will be asked to monitor their progress.
The government is monitoring the situation closely.
The temperature is carefully monitored.
monitor what/how etc
We need a better system for monitoring what is going on.
(n) somthing that can be chosen
گزینه
option
choose the cheapest options for supplying energy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : option
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : option
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : optional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : optionally
(n) the quality of being or looking the same as all other members of a group
یکنواختی
uniformity
There seems to be no uniformity among the various systems.
(adj) willing to work very hard at something = dedicated
متعهد
committed
The party has a core of committed supporters.
committed to
We are fully committed to Equal Opportunity policies.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : commit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : commitment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : committed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
……………………………………………………………………………….
commit
to do something wrong or illegal
* Women commit fewer crimes than men.
* commit murder/rape/arson/suicide/adultery etc
* Brady committed a series of brutal murders.
pledge or bind (a person or an organization) to a certain course or policy
* they were reluctant to commit themselves to an opinion
(n) the act of recording names and details on an official list
ثبت
registration
registration of
the registration of motor vehicles
Student registration (=for a course of study) starts the first week in September.
The registration fee is $75.
(noun) register registration registry (verb) register
(n) lack of knowledge or information about something
جهل
ignorance
Excuse my ignorance, but how does it actually work?
ignorance of
our ignorance of the true situation
in ignorance
I would have remained in ignorance if Shaun hadn’t mentioned it.
ignorance about
public fear and ignorance about AIDS
فعل ( verb ) : ignore
اسم ( noun ) : ignorance
صفت ( adjective ) : ignorant
قید ( adverb ) : ignorantly
(n) a firm decision to do or not to do something
(n) a formal decision or statement agreed on by a group of people, especially after a vote
(n) when someone solves a problem, argument, or difficult situation
resolution
she kept her resolution not to see Anne any more
……………………………………………….
pass/adopt/approve a resolution
The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority.
a resolution calling for a ban on dumping nuclear waste
They have failed to comply with the resolution.
……………………………………………….
resolution of
a forum for the resolution of commercial disputes
✅ فعل ( verb ) : resolve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : resolution
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) if a room, building etc can ……. a particular number of people or things, it has enough space for them
(v) to provide someone with a place to stay, live, or work
(v) to accept someone’s opinions and try to do what they want, especially when their opinions or needs are different from yours
جای دادن،اسکان دادن، برآورده کردن
accommodate
He bought a huge house to accommodate his library.
The ballroom can accommodate 400 people.
…………………………………………………….
The island was used to accommodate child refugees.
……………………………………………………..
We’ve made every effort to accommodate your point of view.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : accommodate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : accommodation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accommodating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to replace or balance the effect of something bad
(v) to pay someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage
جبران کردن، غرامت دادن
compensate
Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate.
compensate for
Her intelligence more than compensates for her lack of experience.
……………………………………………………………….
the government’s promise to compensate victims of the flood
compensate somebody for something
The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings.
فعل ( verb ) : compensate
اسم ( noun ) : compensation
صفت ( adjective ) : compensatory
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to officially stop something from continuing, especially for a short time
(v) to make someone leave their school or job for a short time, especially because they have broken the rules
(v) to attach something to a high place so that it hangs down
به تعلیق درآوردن، تعلیق کردن، معلق و آویزان کردن
suspend
Sales of the drug will be suspended until more tests are completed.
Talks between the two countries have now been suspended.
……………………………..
The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out.
suspend somebody from something
Dave was suspended from school for a week.
……………………………………….
suspend something from something
A large light was suspended from the ceiling.
suspend something by something
He was suspended by his feet and beaten with metal bars.
(noun) suspension (verb) suspend
(n) the process of getting better after an illness, injury etc, or the process of returning to a normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty
بهبود
recovery
make a full/good/remarkable etc recovery
Ann made a quick recovery from her operation.
Hopes of economic recovery are fading.
(noun) recovery (verb) recover
(n) making people obey a rule or law, especially by punishing those who do not obey it
enforcement
law enforcement
the strict enforcement of environmental regulations
✅ فعل ( verb ) : enforce
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enforcement / enforcer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enforced / enforceable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc
pose
pose a threat/danger/risk/ problem/ difficulty
Officials claim the chemical poses no real threat.
pose something to/for somebody/something
The events pose a challenge to the church’s leadership.
Rising unemployment is posing serious problems for the administration.
(adj) not useful or not relating to a particular situation, and therefore not important
نا مرتبط
irrelevant
We’re focussing too much on irrelevant details.
Students viewed Latin as boring and irrelevant.
largely/totally/completely etc irrelevant
His age is completely irrelevant if he can do the job.
irrelevant to
The defendant’s lawyer argued that his past offenses were irrelevant to this case.
(noun) relevance ≠ irrelevance (adjective) relevant ≠ irrelevant (adverb) relevantly ≠ irrelevantly
مالی
financial
فعل ( verb ) : finance = to provide money, especially a lot of money, to pay for something SYN fund
اسم ( noun ) : finance = the management of money by governments, large organizations etc یا money provided by a bank or other institution to help buy or do something SYN funding=funds / financing
صفت ( adjective ) : financial
قید ( adverb ) : financially
(n) someone’s ….. is their health and happiness
(n) help that is provided for people who have personal or social problems
رفاه
welfare
Our only concern is the children’s welfare.
………………………..
welfare benefits/services/programmes etc
the provision of education and welfare services
The company’s welfare officer deals with employees’ personal problems.
welfare recipients
(n) a part at the end of a book containing additional information
ضمیمه، پیوست
appendix
(noun) appendix (verb) append
…………………………………..
append
to add something to a piece of writing
* append to
* The results of the client survey are appended to this document.
(adj) an …. machine is designed to work without needing someone to operate it for each part of a process
خودکار
automatic
an automatic weapon
an automatic gearbox
My camera is fully automatic.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : automate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : automat / automatic / automation / automatism / automaton
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : automatic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : automatically
(v) to take the place or position of something or someone SYN replace
(v) to make a group of people or animals have to leave the place where they normally live
جابه جا کردن،آواره کردن
displace
Coal has been displaced by natural gas as a major source of energy.
immigrants who displace US workers in the job market
……………………………………………………
Fifty thousand people have been displaced by the fighting.
(noun) displacement (adjective) displaced (verb) displace
(n) a thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something
انگیزه یا محرک
incentive
As an added incentive, there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team.
create/provide/give somebody an incentive
Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.
incentive to do something
Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.
economic/financial/tax etc incentives
a recycling drive backed with financial incentives
= encouragement motivation reason
(adj) most important SYN main
(adj) of the very best quality or kind
prime
Smoking is the prime cause of lung disease.
Our prime concern is providing jobs for all young school leavers.
He was named as the prime suspect in the murder investigation.
Good management is of prime importance in business.
……………………………………….
prime rib of beef
prime agricultural land
The hotel is in a prime location overlooking the valley.
= major chief principal
منطقی
rational
= reasonable logical sensible
(noun) rationality ≠ irrationality rationale rationalism rationalist rationalization (adjective) rational ≠ irrational rationalist (verb) rationalize (adverb) rationally ≠ irrationally
(v) to make something return to its former state or condition
بازگرداندن
restore
restore something to something
The government promises to restore the economy to full strength.
She was hoping that the Mediterranean climate would restore her to full health.
The National Guard was called in to restore order (=make people stop fighting and breaking the law) when riots broke out.
initiatives to restore peace in the Middle East
restore (diplomatic) relations with somebody
Vietnam restored diplomatic relations with South Korea on December 22.
restore somebody’s sight/hearing (=make someone who cannot hear or who is blind, hear or see again)
= reestablish return bring back
(noun) restoration restorer (verb) restore
(n) an official plan that is intended to help people in some way, for example by providing education or training SYN program
scheme
The money will be used for teacher training schemes.
a pension scheme
scheme for
schemes for two new cross-city lines
scheme to do something
a new scheme to boost exports
………………………………………………………………..
There is a considerable difference in how the British and Americans use the word scheme. In British English, the typical meaning is “an official plan intended to help people in some way.”
Unfortunately, the National Health Insurance scheme of 1911 did not cover all workers.
* In American English, scheme has a much more negative meaning: “an intelligent plan, especially to do something bad or illegal.”
Mr. Young came up with a scheme to pass phony checks.
= method system plan
(n) the range of things that a subject, activity, book etc deals with
محدوده
scope
scope of
the need to define the scope of the investigation
measures to limit the scope of criminals’ activities
beyond/outside/within the scope of something
A full discussion of that issue is beyond the scope of this book.
widen/broaden/extend etc the scope of something
Let us extend the scope of the study to examine more factors.
narrow/limit etc the scope of something
The court’s ruling narrowed the scope of the affirmative action program.
limited/wider etc in scope
His efforts were too limited in scope to have much effect
1
(v) to use a law, principle, or theory to support your views
(v) to make a particular idea or image appear in people’s minds
invoke
a painting that invokes images of the Rocky Mountains
During his speech, he invoked the memory of Harry Truman.
(v) in relation to your body rather than your mind or emotions
از نظر فیزیکی
physically
She is young and physically fit.
Do you find him physically attractive?
I felt physically sick at the thought.
children who have been physically abused
(adjective) physical (adverb) physically
منتشر کردن
publish
we publish practical reference books
(n) the ability to learn, understand, and think about things
(n) information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etc
هوش
intelligence
To be good at the game, you need a reasonable level of intelligence.
high/low intelligence
John showed high intelligence from an early age.
…………………………..
According to our intelligence, further attacks were planned.
intelligence operations/sources/reports etc
Intelligence sources denied the reports.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intelligence / intelligibility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intelligent / intelligible
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intelligently / intelligibly
(v) to give a plan, piece of writing etc to someone in authority for them to consider or approve
(v) to agree to obey someone or something or to go through a process, especially when you have no choice SYN give in
submit
submit an application/claim/proposal etc
All applications must be submitted by Monday.
…………………………………..
submit to
Derek has agreed to submit to questioning.
(noun) submission submissiveness (adjective) submissive (verb) submit (adverb) submissively
(adj) existing only as an idea or quality rather than as something real you can see or touch
(n) a short written statement of the most important ideas in a speech, article, etc.
انتزائی،چکیده
abstract
abstract idea/concept etc
the ability to translate abstract ideas into words
By the age of seven, children are capable of thinking in abstract terms.
Human beings are the only creatures capable of abstract thought (=thinking about ideas).
……………………………………………………….
an abstract of her speech
(n) a model or example that shows how something works or is produced
(n) a very clear or typical example of something
paradigm
paradigm of
the basic paradigm of the family tree
………………………………….
paradigm of
Pius XII remained the paradigm of what a pope should be.
(noun) paradigm (adjective) paradigmatic (adverb) paradigmatically
(v) to give special attention to one particular person or thing, or to make people do this SYN concentrate
focus
focus on
He needs to focus more on his career.
focus your attention/mind/efforts on something
She tried to focus her mind on her work.
focus (somebody’s) mind/attention (on something) (=make people give their attention to something)
We need to focus public attention on this issue.
(n) the situation, events, or information that are related to something and that help you to understand it
context
political/social/historical etc context
the political context of the election
place/put/see etc something in context
To appreciate what these changes will mean, it is necessary to look at them in context.
in the context of something
These incidents are best understood in the broader context of developments in rural society.
The meaning of ‘mad’ depends on its context.
(noun) context (adjective) contextual (verb) contextualize (adverb) contextually
(n) the order that something happens or exists in, or the order it is supposed to happen or exist in
توالی، دنباله، زنجیره
sequence
in a … sequence
The questions should be asked in a logical sequence.
Be careful to perform the actions in the correct sequence.
in sequence
Number them in sequence, 1,2, 3 etc.
out of sequence
The chapters may be studied out of sequence.
(noun) sequence sequencing (adjective) sequential (verb) sequence (adver
(v) to change something, such as a decision, judgment, or process so that it is the opposite of what it was before
(n) the exact opposite of what has just been mentioned
(adj) the opposite order etc to what is usual or to what has just been stated
برعکس
reverse
reverse a decision/verdict/policy etc
The decision was reversed on appeal.
reverse a trend/process/decline etc
More changes are required to reverse the trend towards centralised power.
……………………………………………………………………….
quite/just/precisely/exactly the reverse
I didn’t mean to insult her – quite the reverse (=in fact, I meant to praise her).
I owe you nothing. If anything, the reverse is true (=you owe me).
……………………………………………………
reverse order/situation/process etc
The results were read out in reverse order (=with the worst first and the best last).
(adj) (of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent.
(adj) forming a unified whole
منسجم
coherent
they failed to develop a coherent economic strategy
…………………………………….
the arts could be systematized into one coherent body of knowledge
✅ فعل ( verb ) : cohere
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : coherence / coherency / cohesion / cohesiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : coherent / cohesive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : coherently
= clear, reasoned
(n) money that is provided by an organization for a particular purpose
منابع مالی-بودجه
funding
College directors have called for more government funding.
(noun) fund refund funding (adjective) funded (verb) fund refund
(v) if the weather …… rock or soil, or if rock or soil erodes, its surface is gradually destroyed
(v) to gradually reduce something such as someone’s power or confidence
فرسایش دادن
erode
The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas.
The rocks have gradually eroded away.
………………………………………………………………
Our personal freedom is being gradually eroded away.
Repeated exam failure had eroded her confidence.
(noun) erosion (verb) erode
= wear away, eat into
(v) if birds or animals ……, they travel regularly from one part of the world to another
(v) if people ……, they go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
کوچ کردن-مهاجرت کردن
migrate
as autumn arrives, the birds migrate south
فعل ( verb ) : migrate
اسم ( noun ) : migration
صفت ( adjective ) : migratory
قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) an organization that has a particular purpose such as scientific or educational work, or the building where this organization is based
موسسه
institute
research institutes
institute of/for
the Institute for Space Studies
= organization, association
(adv) before now or before a particular time
قبلا
previously
Almost half the group had previously been heavy smokers.
two days/three years etc previously (=two days, three years etc before)
Six months previously he had smashed up his car.
(adjective) previous (adverb) previously
= formerly, up to that time
(n) an official attempt to find out the truth about or the cause of something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem
تحقیق و بررسی
investigation
The investigation continued for nearly three years.
investigation into
The authorities are planning to launch a full-scale investigation into the crash.
investigation of
Baker demanded an investigation of the district attorney’s office.
a criminal investigation
✅ فعل ( verb ) : investigate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : investigation / investigator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : investigative / investigatory
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) being part of the nature or character of someone or something OPP extrinsic
ذاتی
intrinsic
the intrinsic interest of the subject
intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something
There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it more suitable for women.
intrinsic to
Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.
(adjective) intrinsic (adverb) intrinsically
= (natural, fundamental
(v) to change something because of new information or ideas
(v) British English to study facts again, in order to learn them before an examination SYN review, study American English
بازنگری کردن، دوره کردن
revise
The college has revised its plans because of local objections.
We have revised our estimates of population growth.
revise something upwards/downwards
Forecasts of economic growth are being revised downwards.
……………………………
I’ve got to revise my geography.
revise for
She’s revising for her history exam.
(adj) coming or following one after the other
successive
The team has had five successive victories.
Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue.
The Japanese economy peaked in the early 1990s, but then it became increasingly troubled in successive years
(noun) success succession successor (adjective) successful ≠ unsuccessful successive (verb) succeed (adverb) successfully ≠ unsuccessfully
= subsequent, following
شبیه سازی کردن
simulate
a machine that simulates conditions in space
Interviews can be simulated in the classroom.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : simulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : simulation / simulator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : simulated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a situation that could possibly happen
scenario
Imagine a scenario where only 20% of people have a job.
possible/likely/plausible scenario
Under a likely scenario, world population will double by 2050.
a possible scenario
worst-case/nightmare scenario (=the worst possible situation)
The worst-case scenario was that he would have to have an operation.
(N) the total after a lot of different figures or points have been added together
(v) to be a particular amount when added together
(v) to put different amounts, pieces of information etc together to form a group or a total
(adj) total and combined
aggregate
aggregate of
The smaller minorities got an aggregate of 1,327 votes.
In the aggregate (=as a group or in total), women outlive men by 7 or more years.
……………………………………………………..
Sheila’s earnings from all sources aggregated £100,000.
…………………………………………………….
A wife’s income is no longer aggregated with that of her husband.
……………………………………………………
Her aggregate income from stocks, bonds, and property rental was over $4,000 per month.
The conglomerate reported an aggregate loss of 1.2 billion Australian dollars.
Analysts expect aggregate earnings of the top 500 companies to be down 1%.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggregate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggregate / aggregation / aggregator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggregate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) comparison of two things that seem similar
analogy
analogy with/to/between
analogies between human and animal behaviour
draw/make an analogy (=make a comparison)
She drew an analogy between childbirth and the creative process.
by analogy with
Dr Wood explained the movement of light by analogy with (=using the analogy of) the movement of water.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : analogize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : analogy / analogue
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : analogous / analogue
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(adv) at the same time; simultaneously
همزمان-همسو (از نظر فکری)
concurrently
journal articles published concurrently with the exhibition
Because his prison sentences run concurrently, he could be free in two years.
………………………………………………………….
concurrent
(adj) existing or happening at the same time
* The exhibition reflected concurrent developments abroad.
(adj) in agreement
* concurrent with
* My opinions are concurrent with yours.
………………………………………………………………
concur
(v) to agree with someone or have the same opinion as them
* concur with
* The committee largely concurred with these views.
(v) to happen at the same time SYN coincide
* concur to do something
* Everything concurred to produce the desired effect.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : concur
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : concurrence / concurrency
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : concurrent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : concurrently
فرضیه
hypothesis
Support for the hypothesis that Earth was round came partly from astronomical observations made possible by the telescope.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : hypothesize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : hypothesis
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : hypothetical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : hypothetically
(adv) in the same way = similarly
likewise
Nanny put on a shawl and told the girls to do likewise.
The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.
(adj) seeming reasonable and sensible OPP illogical
منطقی
logical
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : logic
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : logical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : logically
(n) something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand
پدیده
phenomenon
phenomenon of
the growing phenomenon of telecommuting
Homelessness is not a new phenomenon.
natural/historical/social etc phenomenon
Language is a social and cultural phenomenon.
(n) the possibility that something will happen
prospect
prospect of doing something
I see no prospect of things improving here.
There is every prospect (=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week.
prospect for
There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector.
prospect that
There’s a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup.
(v) set free
آزاد کردن
release
The criminal was released from jail after serving his prison sentence
1
(v) imagine what something is like
(v) form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind
(v) to become pregnant
conceive
It is difficult to conceive of the vastness of the universe.
………………………………………………
the dam project was originally conceived in 1977
…………………………………………………..
fertility treatment for women who have difficulty conceiving
ل ( verb ) : conceive
اسم ( noun ) : conception
صفت ( adjective ) : conceivable = able to be believed or imagined
قید ( adverb ) : conceivably
موقت
temporary
(adjective) temporary (adverb) temporarily
(v) combine to make a single unit
متحد کردن
unify
Strong support for the war has unified the nation.
His music unifies traditional and modern themes.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : unify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : unification
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : unified / unifying
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : unifyingly
(n) the conditions that affect a situation, action, event etc
موقعیت- شرایط
circumstances
The Soviet Union had been forced by circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi Germany.
I can’t imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.
in … circumstances
The rules can only be waived in exceptional circumstances.
under … circumstances
Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances.
(v) to begin or to start something
commence
Work will commence on the new building immediately.
Your first evaluation will be six months after you commence employment.
commence with
The course commences with a one week introduction to Art Theory.
commence doing something
The planes commenced bombing at midnight.
(noun) commencement (verb) commence
(v) to organize an activity so that the people involved in it work well together and achieve a good result
هماهنگ کردن
coordinate
The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety.
(noun) coordination coordinator (adjective) coordinated ≠ uncoordinated (verb) coordinate
(adj) clearly known, seen, or stated SYN clear OPP indefinite
قطعی
definite
It’s impossible for me to give you a definite answer.
We need to record sufficient data to enable definite conclusions to be reached.
He’d shown definite signs of resigning himself to the situation.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : define
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : definition / definite / definiteness / definitude / definement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : definite / definitive / definable / defining
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : definitely / definitively / definably
(v) to make someone feel very unhappy
(v) to prevent an economy from being as active and successful as it usually is
(v) to press something down, especially a part of a machine
افسرده کردن، دچار رکود کردن، فشار دادن
depress
The thought of taking the exam again depressed him.
It depresses me that nobody seems to care.
……………………………………….
Several factors combined to depress the American economy.
………………………..
Depress the clutch fully.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : depress
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : depression / depressive / depressant = داروی آرام بخش
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : depressed / depressing / depressive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : depressingly
(n) a system of organization in which people or things are divided into levels of importance
سلسله مراتب
hierarchy
a rigid social hierarchy
She worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become president.
(noun) hierarchy (adjective) hierarchical (adverb) hierarchically
(adj) large, impressive, and appearing important
imposing
an imposing building
He’s a tall, quietly spoken, but imposing figure.
When it was built, the Empire State Building was a singularly imposing structure, but now it is one among many tall skyscrapers in New York City.
Although Mt. Everest is higher, K2, on the China-Pakistan border, is one of the most imposing mountaineering challenges in the world.
(v) to become involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens
مداخله کردن
intervene
intervene in
The police don’t usually like to intervene in disputes between husbands and wives.
The army will have to intervene to prevent further fighting.
(noun) intervention (verb) intervene
مثبت
positive
Successful students often mirror their parents’ positive attitudes toward education.
The patient showed a positive response to the experimental medicine.
(v) counteract (something) by having an equal and opposite force or effect (if the cost or amount of something …… another cost or amount, the two things have an opposite effect so that the situation remains the same)
جبران کردن
offset
Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers.
offset something against something
He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax.
The drop in oil prices was completely offset by the new tax; therefore, the price of gasoline to the consumer remained the same.
In the quest to feed the world, improvements in crop yields have been partially offset by an increase in population.
نسبت-نرخ
ratio
The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in water is 2:1, thus the
formula H20.
In 2001, the ratio of women’s weekly earnings compared to men’s was 76 percent, up from 63 percent in 1979.
(v) to behave in a particular way or show a particular emotion because of something that has
واکنش نشان دادن
react
The country reacted to the sudden increase in the number of immigrants by closing its borders.
In order to best help their patients, medical personnel must learn not to react emotionally to their patient’s condition, however distressing
(noun) reaction reactor reactionary overreaction (adjective) reactionary reactive (verb) react overreact
(adj) extremely large or great = enormous
immense
There is still an immense amount of work to be done.
The benefits are immense.
a project of immense importance
To my immense relief, he didn’t notice my mistake.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : immensity / immenseness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : immense
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : immensely
