AWL words Flashcards

Question

(n) a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a particular result 1. a system or a treatment of materials that is used to produce goods 2. a series of human actions or operations that are performed intentionally to reach a particular result (n) a series of things that happen naturally and result in gradual change (v) to make food, materials, or goods ready to be used or sold, for example by preserving or improving them in some way (v) to deal with an official document, request etc in the usual way, or deal with information using a computer | پروسه و روند ، فراوری کردن، پردازش کردن

Answer 1

**process** the Israeli–Egyptian peace process Repetition can help the learning process. **process of** the process of economic change **slow/lengthy/laborious etc process** Getting fit again has been a long slow process. the mental processes involved in decision-making ................................................................................................ **process of** the natural process of evolution Coal forms by a slow process of chemical change. the digestive process ........................................................................................... Goats’ cheese may be processed in many ways. Two million workers are employed processing goods for electronic firms. ............................................................................................... All university applications are processed through this system. The new network will enable data to be processed more speedily. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : proceed ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : procedure / proceeding ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : procedural ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : procedurally ........................................................................................ **procedure** detailed instructions on completing specific tasks as part of an overarching process. **..........................................................................** **collocation** process data/ information assessment process begin/start (a) process complex process continuous/continuing process creative process democratic process describe (a) process developmental process due process روند قانونی dynamic process evolutionary process learning process natural process ongoing process slow process thinking process thought process underlying process information processing decision-making process production process **..........................................................................** **details** * a process is a series of actions or events which have a particular result. * when raw materials or foods are processed, they are changed in a chemical or industrial process in order to make them suitable for a particular purpose. * to process information means to deal with it. * if you are in the process of doing something, you are doing it. * if you are doing something and you do something else in the process, you do the second thing as a result of doing the first thing.

Answer 2

**attitude** As soon as they found out I was a doctor, their whole attitude changed. **attitude to/towards** The people have a very positive attitude to life. **..........................................................................** **collocation** change (an) attitude negative/positive attitude changing attitudes cultural/public/social attitudes unfavorable attitudes **..........................................................................** **details** * your attitude to/towards something is the way you think and feel about it. * your attitude to/towards someone is the way you behave when you are dealing with them.

Answer 3

**style** an attempt to use Japanese management style in a European business **style of** different styles of handwriting **Baroque-/Swedish-/country- etc style** ............................................................................................. Children have different styles of learning: some learn by seeing, some by hearing, some by doing. I don’t think the parachuting weekend is for me – the art class is more my style. I like your style ................................................................................................ The paintings are in an expressionistic style. Hemingway’s direct style ..................................................................................... Car styles have changed radically in the past 20 years. **traditional/modern style** The rooms are furnished in a modern style. young women interested in style rather than comfort **in/out of style** Long skirts are back in style.

Answer 4

**contact** **contact with/between** There is very little contact between the two tribes. Many of us have no direct contact with elderly people. **in contact** We stay in contact by email. Everyone who came into contact with Di felt better for knowing her. ............................................................................................ **contact with/between** Children need physical contact with a caring adult. The disease spreads by sexual contact between infected animals. **in contact with something** For a second, his hand was in contact with mine. When water comes into contact with air, carbon dioxide is released. **on contact (with something)** The bomb exploded on contact (=at the moment it touched something). ................................................................................................ Give the name of someone who we can contact in an emergency. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries. **..........................................................................** **collocation** close contact (=communicating with someone often) come into contact (with) (=meet or spend time with someone) direct contact (=spending time with someone) first contact maintain contact make contact personal contact (=seeing and speaking to someone personally) physical contact sexual contact social contact (=spending time with other people)

Answer 5

**aspect** Dealing with people is the most important aspect of my work. Alcoholism affects all aspects of family life. .......................................................................................... a south-facing aspect a greenhouse with a southern aspect **..........................................................................** **collocation** an important/significant aspect certain aspect consider (an) aspect cultural aspect focus on (an) aspect fundamental aspect general aspect key aspect (=a very important aspect) negative/positive aspect particular aspect related aspect social aspect specific aspect technical aspect various aspects

Answer 6

**range** **range of** a range of services The drug is effective against a range of bacteria. **wide/broad/whole/full range of something** students from a wide range of backgrounds ............................................................................................. **within range (of something)** a handsome man who drew admiring glances from any female within range any spot within range of your radio signal **out of/beyond range (of something)** Joan hoped that the others were out of range of her mother’s voice. One way to see birds at close range is to attract them into your own garden. **..........................................................................** **collocation** (a) broad range (of) (a) diverse range (of) (a) great/large/vast range (of) (a) limited/narrow/restricted range (of) (a) whole range (of) (a) wide/extensive range (of) (a, the) full range (of) (the) entire range (of) cover (a) range (of)

Answer 7

**rigid** rigid and authoritarian methods of education .......................................................................................... rigid plastic ✅ فعل ( verb ) : ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rigidity ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rigid ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : rigidly **.............................................................................** **THESAURUS** **hard** difficult to press down, break, or cut, and not at all soft **firm** not completely hard, but not easy to press or bend – used especially when this seems a good thing firm bed/muscles/fruit/vegetables/ground **stiff** difficult to bend and not changing shape stiff card/cardboard/collar/material/fingers/body **solid** made of a thick hard material and not hollow solid wood/steel/concrete/floor/wall **rigid** having a structure that is made of a material that is difficult or impossible to bend rigid frame/structure **tough** meat that is tough is too hard and is difficult to cut or eat tough meat

Answer 8

**distinction** **distinction between** the distinction between formal and informal language **clear/sharp distinction** There is often no clear distinction between an allergy and food intolerance. **make/draw a distinction (=say that two things are different) (formal and In written English)** The Act makes no distinction between children and adults (=it treats them as if they were the same). .................................................................................. At that time, it had the distinction of being the largest bridge in the UK. The US enjoys the dubious distinction of being the lawsuit capital of the world. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : distinguish ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distinction / distinctness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distinct / distinctive / distinguishable / distinguished ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : distinctly / distinctively ................................................................................................ **distinguish** to recognize and understand the difference between two or more things or people = differentiate ............................................................................................ **distinct** clearly different or belonging to a different type ......................................................................................... **distinctive** having a special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize **..........................................................................** **collocation** distinct group distinct type clear distinction draw/make (a) distinction فرق قائل شدن sharp distinction distinctive feature

Answer 9

**conflict** **conflict over** conflicts over wage settlements **conflict between** the conflict between tradition and innovation **in conflict (with somebody)** normal kids who are in conflict with their parents **political/social/industrial conflict** .......................................................................................... As women increasingly went out to work, the possibility of a conflict of loyalties became stronger. **conflict between** a conflict between the demands of one’s work and one’s family **in conflict (with something)** The principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality. ......................................................................................... armed/military/violent conflict efforts to resolve the conflict ................................................................................. **conflict with** => new evidence which conflicts with previous findings فعل ( verb ) : conflict اسم ( noun ) : conflict صفت ( adjective ) : conflicted / conflicting قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** conflict resolution armed conflict come into conflict (with) internal conflict political/social conflict potential conflict resolve (a) conflict conflicting interests personality conflicts/clashes(occurs when two or more colleagues have incompatible personalities, backgrounds, or outlooks.)

Answer 10

**apparent** **it is apparent (that)** It soon became apparent that we had a major problem. **it is apparent from something that** It is apparent from scientific studies that the drug has some fairly nasty side effects. **it is apparent to somebody that** It was apparent to everyone that he was seriously ill. The difference in quality was immediately apparent. He left suddenly, for no apparent reason. ......................................................................................... He did well in his exams, despite his apparent lack of interest in his work. فعل ( verb ) : appear اسم ( noun ) : appearance صفت ( adjective ) : apparent قید ( adverb ) : apparently **..........................................................................** **collocation** become apparent immediately apparent particularly apparent **..........................................................................** **details** * an apparent situation, quality, or feeling seems to exist, although you cannot be certain that it exists. * if something is apparent to you, it is clear and obvious to you.

Answer 11

**retain** You have the right to retain possession of the goods. The state wants to retain control of food imports. **retained control of/over** **retain close ties with** **retain their independence** .............................................................................................. A lot of information can be retained in your computer. Limestone is known to retain moisture. .............................................................................................. I find it very difficult to retain facts. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : retain ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : retention / retentiveness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : retentive با حافظه خوب ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : retentively ## Footnote جای keep استفاده شود

Answer 12

**ethnicity** Ethnicity is not considered when reviewing applications. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ethnicity / ethnic ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ethnic ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ethnically **..........................................................................** **details** ethnic community ethnic differences ethnic diversity ethnic group ethnic identity ethnic minority ethnic origin | syn= race, nationality

Answer 13

**dominance** **dominance of** the continuing dominance of the army in Uganda **political/economic/cultural etc dominance** the economic and political dominance of Western countries **dominance over** television’s dominance over other media ✅ فعل ( verb ) : dominate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : domination / dominance ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dominant / dominating ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dominantly .................................................... **dominate** to control someone or something or to have more importance than other people or things * The industry is dominated by five multinational companies. * New Orleans dominated throughout the game. * Her loud voice totally dominated the conversation. * Education issues dominated the election campaign. **..........................................................................** **collocation** male dominance dominant culture dominant discourse dominant form dominant group dominant ideology dominant paradigm dominant position dominant role | syn= power, control

Answer 14

**affect** * the areas affected by the hurricane * a disease that affects the central nervous system * decisions which affect our lives * Trading has been adversely affected by the downturn in consumer spending. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : affect ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : affection / affectation / effect ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : affectionate / affected / affecting / affective ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : affectionately / affectedly / affectingly / affectively **..........................................................................** **collocation** affect (the) development (of) affect (the) outcome adversely affect directly affect severely affect significantly affect (be) directly affected ... adverse/negative/positive effect beneficial effect combined effect dramatic effect overall effect profound effect significant effect similar effect effective communication effective implementation effective intervention effective management effective method effective participation effective policy effective treatment highly effective particularly effective communicate effectively use effectively work effectively environmental effects **..........................................................................** **details** * when one thing affects another, it influences it or causes it to change. * if a disease affects you, it causes you to become ill. * if you affect a particular characteristic, you pretend that it is natural for you when it is not. | syn= influence, change

Answer 15

**vary** Test scores vary from school to school. The heights of the plants vary from 8 cm to 20 cm. **vary in** flowers that vary in color and size Cooking times may vary slightly, depending on your oven. Charges vary according to size. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : vary ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : variety / variability / variable / variance / variant / variation / variableness / variousness / varietal / variate ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : variable / variant / various / varied / varying / varietal / variational ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : variably / variously / variedly / varyingly **..........................................................................** **collocation** dependent variable highly variable independent variable individual variable random variable single variable considerable variation genetic variation individual variation regional variation show variation significant variation wide variation vary considerably vary greatly vary significantly vary widely varying degree | syn= differ, contrast

Answer 16

**document** His research documents how the crisis occurred. (be) well documented carefully/fully/amply documented | syn= record, set down

Answer 17

**evaluation** We need to carry out a proper evaluation of the new system. They took some samples of products for evaluation. فعل ( verb ) : evaluate اسم ( noun ) : evaluation صفت ( adjective ) : evaluative قید ( adverb ) : _ .......................................................................................... evaluate => judge the quality assess => to increase quality * Evaluation is a process of judging someone based on their importance, knowledge, and merit using rules and methods. Assessment is the recording and interpreting various data to obtain an appropriate measure of skills, knowledge, and attitude to improve the individual's overall performance. **..........................................................................** **collocation** critically evaluate critical evaluation | syn= assessment, judgment

Answer 18

**persist** **persist in (doing) something** He persisted in his refusal to admit responsibility. **persist with** She persisted with her studies in spite of financial problems. ............................................................................................... If the pain persists, you must see a doctor. فعل ( verb ) : persist اسم ( noun ) : persistence صفت ( adjective ) : persistent قید ( adverb ) : persistently | syn= continue, carry on

Answer 19

**conform** the pressure on schoolchildren to conform **conform to/with** people who do not conform to traditional standards of behaviour ....................................................................................... **conform to/with** Students can be expelled for refusing to conform to school rules. All new buildings must conform with the regional development plan. products which conform to international safety standards ✅ فعل ( verb ) : conform ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conformity / conformist ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :conformist ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : | syn= adapt, adjust

Answer 20

**concept** **concept of** the concept of total patient care the concept of infinite space **concept that** the concept that we are citizens of one world a new concept in business travel our basic concepts of decent human behaviour It’s very simple, once you grasp the concept. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : conceptualize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : concept / conceptualization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conceptual ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conceptually .................................................................................... **conceptualize** to form an idea مفهوم سازی * How do older people conceptualize their health **..........................................................................** **collocation** abstract concept basic concept central concept defining concept key concept theoretical concept use (the) concept examine the concept of develop the concept of introduce the concept of conceptual framework **....................................................................... THESAURUS** **idea** something that you think of, especially something that you could do or suggest **thought** something that comes into your mind **impression** the idea that you have in your mind about what someone or something is like **concept** an idea of how something is, or how something should be done **notion** an idea about life or society, especially one that is a little silly or old-fashioned | syn= idea, view

Answer 21

**confer** **confer with** => Franklin leant over and conferred with his attorneys. ............................................................................... **confer a title/degree/honour etc on/upon** confers a high status upon an individual. An honorary degree was conferred on him by the University. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : confer ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conferment / conference ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ................................................................ **bestow** 1. to give someone something of great value or importance * **bestow something on/upon somebody** * honours bestowed on him by the Queen **..........................................................................** **collocation** annual conference attend (a) conference hold (a) conference international conference national conference | syn=give, bestow, lavish, award

Answer 22

**isolation** Because of its geographical isolation, the area developed its own unique culture. **isolation of** the isolation of rural areas **international/diplomatic/political/social isolation** the country’s continuing political isolation **in isolation** The political prisoner had been held in complete isolation. The mansion sits in splendid isolation on top of the hill (=it is far from everything and looks impressive). ✅ فعل ( verb ) : isolate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : isolation / isolationism / isolationist ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : isolated / isolationist ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 23

**labor** The garage charges £30 an hour for labour. Many women do hard manual labour (=work with their hands). Workers withdrew their labour (=protested by stopping work) for twenty-four hours. .............................................................................................. a shortage of skilled labor We need to reduce our labour costs. the labour force (=all the people who work in a country or for a company) a labour shortage labour-saving labour market unskilled labour ......................................................................................... Meg was in labour for ten hours. Diane went into labour at 2 o'clock. ..................................................................... They laboured all day in the mills. **labour over** I’ve been labouring over this report all morning. **labour to do something** Ray had little talent but labored to acquire the skills of a writer. فعل ( verb ) : labor اسم ( noun ) : labor / laborer = someone whose work needs physical strength, for example building work = worker صفت ( adjective ) : قید ( adverb ) : ..................................................................................................... **workforce** all the people who work in a particular industry or company, or are available to work in a particular country or area * Women now represent almost 50% of the workforce. * The company is cutting its workforce. workforce=labor force - unemployed labor force

Answer 24

**maintain** maintain contact Careers Officers maintain contact with young people when they have left school. Britain wants to maintain its position as a world power. A lot depends on building and maintaining a good relationship with your customers. The hotel prides itself on maintaining high standards. How can we maintain control of spending? ........................................................................................ It is important to maintain a constant temperature inside the greenhouse. This is the most efficient way to build up and maintain a reasonable level of physical fitness ....................................................................................... **maintain (that)** Critics maintain that these reforms will lead to a decline in educational standards. **maintain your innocence (=say that you did not commit a crime)** He maintained his innocence and said the allegations were ‘ridiculous’. ............................................................................ The report found that safety equipment had been very poorly maintained. The company is responsible for maintaining public telephone boxes. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : maintain ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : maintenance ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _ ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ .............................................................................................. **maintain** cause or enable (a condition or situation) to continue. **preserve** maintain (something) in its original or existing state **retain** continue to have (something); keep possession of. **keep** have or retain possession of. **sustain** to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time **perpetuate** to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time | syn= keep up

Answer 25

**minority** Gaelic is still spoken in Ireland by a minority. **minority of** Only a minority of people supported these new laws. **small/tiny/substantial/significant minority** Gay men are a small but significant minority. **minority report (=a report by a minority of a group who do not agree with the others)** .................................................................................. intrigues between factions striving to make the king their puppet continued throughout his minority" ✅ فعل ( verb ) : - ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : minority ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : minor ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ ................................................................................................. **minor** (adj) small and not very important or serious, especially when compared with other things جزئی * We have made some minor changes to the program. * a relatively minor error * a minor road * They played only a minor role in local government. (n) someone who is below the age at which they become legally responsible for their actions افراد زیر سن قانونی * This film contains material unsuitable for minors. **...........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **unimportant** not important **of no/little importance** not important, or not very important. These phrases sound a little more formal than unimportant **minor** small and not very likely to have an important effect – used especially about changes, problems, injuries, damage, or differences **trivial** very unimportant and not worth worrying about or spending time on **insignificant** very small and unimportant, especially when compared to other things **negligible** extremely small and not important – used especially about effects, amounts, differences, or risks **..........................................................................** **collocation** minor change minor role minor problem minor error minor offenses relatively minor minority group ethnic minority small minority sizeable minority minoritycommunities

Answer 26

**negative** My drinking was starting to have a negative effect on my work. the negative aspects of ageing On the negative side, it will cost a lot. ........................................................................................ black and white photographic negatives ........................................................................ The negatives outweigh the positives on this issue. **..........................................................................** **collocation** negative aspect negative attitude negative connotation negative consequences negative correlation negative effect negative feedback negative impact negative outcome negative side negative stereotype negative value negative view (be) negatively correlated (with)

Answer 27

**promote** a meeting to promote trade between Taiwan and the UK Fertilizer promotes leaf growth. .......................................................................................... some regulation is still required to promote competition" ............................................................................................... Helen was promoted to senior manager. **..........................................................................** **collocation** promote (the) development (of) promote equality

Answer 28

**resource** local authorities complained that they lacked resources ....................................................................................... The program wasn’t adequately resourced. **..........................................................................** **collocation** additional resources allocate resources available resources economic resources electronic resources exhaust resources waste resources financial resources learning resources limited resources natural resources provide resources require resources scarce resources sufficient resources use resources valuable resources

Answer 29

**structure** * using google calendar helps me structure my week. * solid structure * how we structure our team. ✅️فعل ( verb ) : structure ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : structure / structuralism / structuralist ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : structural / structuralist ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : structurally **..........................................................................** **collocation** structural adjustment structural change structural element structural feature structural properties basic structure clear structure complex structure economic structure existing structure formal structure global structure hierarchical structure institutional structure internal structure organizational structure overall structure political structure social structure underlying structure (be) highly structured

Answer 30

**transition** **transition from something to something** the smooth transition from full-time work to full retirement Making the transition from youth to adulthood can be very painful. a society that is in transition (=changing) the period of transition to full democracy ✅ فعل ( verb ) : transition ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : transition ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : transitional ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : transitionally **..........................................................................** **collocation** make (a) transition

Answer 31

**locate** The business is located right in the center of town ........................................................................................... We couldn’t locate the source of the radio signal. ............................................................................................ Large retail chains are usually only prepared to locate stores in areas of high population density. ............................................................................................. **locate in/at etc** => We are offering incentives for companies to locate in our city. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : locate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : location ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : - ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -

Answer 32

**Conversely** American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs. Janet is Steve's wife. Conversely, Steve is Janet's husband. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : converse ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : converse ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conversely | = vice versa

Answer 33

**assist** **assist (somebody) with/in something** You will be employed to assist in the development of new equipment. **assist somebody to do something** We want to assist people to stay in their own homes. ............................................................................................... They had no maps to assist them. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : assist ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : assistance / assistant ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : assistant / assistive ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **......................................................................** **THESAURUS** **help** to make it easier for someone to do something, by doing something for them or giving them something they need **assist formal** to help someone to do something **aid formal** to help someone to do something – used especially when saying that something helps your body to do something **..........................................................................** **collocation** financial assistance medical assistance provide assistance technical assistance ## Footnote جای help

Answer 34

**available** Tickets are available from the box office. **available to** Not enough data is available to scientists. **available to do something** Funds are available to assist teachers who want to attend the conference. **available for** No figures are available for the number of goods sold. **available in** There are plenty of jobs available in the area. **readily/widely available (=very easy to obtain)** Parking is readily available near the station entrance. **..........................................................................** **collocation** available data available evidence available information available resources become available currently available freely available make available publicly available readily available widely available

Answer 35

**consist** **consist of** The buffet consisted of several different Indian dishes. **consist mainly/largely/primarily/exclusively/ essentially of somebody/ something** The audience consisted mainly of teenagers. **consist entirely/solely of somebody/something** The area does not consist entirely of rich people, despite popular belief. ............................................................................................ **consist in something** Happiness does not consist in how many possessions you own. **.............................................................................** **THESAURUS** **consist of/be made up of** to be formed from two or more things or people متشکل از / تشکیل شده از * Lunch consisted of sandwiches and fruit. * The apartment consisted of three rooms. * The audience was largely made up of families. **be composed of** to consist of something – used especially when saying which natural substances something contains, or what kind of people are in a group تشکیل شده از * Every chemical element is composed of atoms. * Venus’ atmosphere is mainly composed of carbon dioxide. * The team was composed of leading scientists from around the world. **comprise formal** to consist of the things mentioned. Comprise can also be used to talk about the people or things which form something * The event comprises a champagne reception, two-course lunch, and a fashion show. شامل شدن * Men still comprise the majority of people who have the disease. **make up (also constitute formal)** to be the things or people that form something تشکیل دادن * Women constitute a significant part of the workforce. * Toys make up about 10% of the company’s sales.

Answer 36

**consume** consumer rights consumer confidence consumer goods consumer protection ✅ فعل ( verb ) : consume ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : consumption / consumable / consumer / consumerism ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : consumable / consuming ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 37

**cooperate** **cooperate in/on** The two universities are to cooperate in the development of a new industrial process. They agreed to co-operate with Brazil on a programme to protect the rain forests. **cooperate with** Lions cooperate with each other when hunting game. As chairman I was anxious to co-operate with Mr Baker as far as possible. The church seeks to cooperate closely with local schools. **cooperate to do something** Both sides agreed to co-operate to prevent illegal fishing in the area. ....................................................................................... **cooperate with** I advised my client to cooperate fully with the police. If you refuse to co-operate, I’ll kill you. فعل ( verb ) : cooperate اسم ( noun ) : cooperation / (un)cooperative صفت ( adjective ) : (un)cooperative قید ( adverb ) : (un)cooperatively

Answer 38

**contribute** **contribute to/towards** City employees cannot contribute to political campaigns. **contribute something to/towards something** The volunteers contribute their own time to the project. ...................................................................................... Stress is a contributing factor in many illnesses. **contribute to** Alcohol contributes to 100,000 deaths a year in the US. **contribute substantially/significantly/greatly etc to something** His work contributed substantially to our knowledge of the disease and how to treat it. Smoking is a **contributory factor** in lung cancer. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : contribute ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : contribution / contributor ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : contributory ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** contribute significantly contribute to (the) development (of) major contribution make (a) contribution significant contribution

Answer 39

**domestic** domestic market domestic sphere domestic violence

Answer 40

**function** * * the function of the brakes * * I'm so tired today, I can barely function. * * I can't function properly without a coffee فعل ( verb ) : function ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : function / functionality / functionalism / functionalist / functionary ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : functional / functionalist ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : functionally **..........................................................................** **collocation** basic function essential function main/primary function perform (a) function serve (a) function social function specific function functional requirement

Answer 41

**network** Hungary’s telephone network a high-speed European rail network global network extensive network computer network nationwide network **network of** an elaborate network of canals

Answer 42

**purchase** You can purchase insurance online. the growing demand to purchase goods on credit Where did you purchase the car? **purchase from** Tickets may be purchased in advance from the box office. purchasing power فعل ( verb ) : purchase ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : purchase / purchaser ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : purchasable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : **.........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **buy** to pay money for something so that you can own it **purchase formal** to buy something, especially something large or expensive, in a business deal or by a legal contract **acquire formal** to become the owner of something large or expensive such as property, a company, or a valuable object | به جای buy

Answer 43

**rely on/upon somebody/something** I knew I could rely on David. **rely on somebody/something to do something** Many working women rely on relatives to help take care of their children. **for** Many people now rely on the Internet for news. ....................................................................................... The company relies heavily on only a few contracts. **for** They have to rely on the river for their water. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : rely ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reliance / reliability ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reliant متکی / reliableقابل اعتماد ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : reliably **..........................................................................** **collocation** reliable data reliable information rely heavily (on)

Answer 44

**psychology** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : psychology / psychologist ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : psychological ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : psychologically

Answer 45

**automate** Cash machines automate two basic functions of a bank – deposits and withdrawals. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : automate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : automation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : automatic / automated ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : automatically

Answer 46

**beneficial** a drug that has a beneficial effect on the immune system **beneficial to/for** Cycling is highly beneficial to health and the environment. an arrangement that is mutually beneficial (=it has advantages for everyone who is involved) ✅ فعل ( verb ) : benefit ✅️ اسم ( noun ) :beneficiary / benefit ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : beneficial ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : beneficially ........................................................................................... **benefit** منفعت (بردن) **(v) gives you an advantage, improves your life, or helps you in some way** * They are working together to benefit the whole community. **benefit from/by** * Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment. * They would benefit by reducing their labour costs. **benefit greatly/enormously/considerabl** etc * I’m sure you’ll benefit greatly from the visit. **(n) an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from something** **benefit of** the benefits of contact lenses I never had the benefit of a university education. The new credit cards will be of great benefit to our customers. I hope that the decision taken today will be to the benefit of the whole nation. **for somebody’s benefit** Could you just explain again for Mark’s benefit? **without the benefit of something** Most motorists manage without the benefit of four-wheel drive. ................................................................. **beneficiary** (n) someone who gets advantages from an action or change * he rich were the main beneficiaries of the tax cuts. **..........................................................................** **collocation** beneficial effect provide (a) benefit economic benefits potential benefits

Answer 47

**contradict** Deborah opened her mouth to contradict, but closed it again. Dad just can’t bear to be contradicted. The article flatly contradicts their claims ................................................................................................ The witness statements contradict each other and the facts remain unclear. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : contradict ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : contradiction ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : contradictory ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 48

**equate** **equate something with something** Most people equate wealth with success.

Answer 49

**parameters** The inquiry has to stay within the parameters laid down by Congress. set (the) parameters

Answer 50

**perspective** **perspective on** His father’s death gave him a whole new perspective on life. **from somebody’s perspective** The novel is written from a child’s perspective. **from a feminist/Christian/global etc perspective** We have to look at everything from an international perspective. a much-needed historical perspective **wider/broader perspective** Our work in Uganda and Romania adds a wider persp .............................................................. The main **difference between perspective and outlook** is that perspective is more about how one sees or understands something, while outlook is more about how one feels or anticipates something. Perspective is also more common and natural in speech, while outlook is more formal and less common. **..........................................................................** **collocation** critical perspective دیدگاه انتقادی cultural perspective global perspective historical perspective new perspective theoretical perspective | syn=viewpoint, point of view

Answer 51

**convert** **convert something to/into something** * They converted the spare bedroom into an office. * The stocks can be easily converted to cash. * a 19th-century converted barn (=barn changed into a house) * a sofa that converts into a bed * In the process, the light energy converts to heat energy. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : convert ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conversion / convertibility / convert / convertible / converter ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : convertible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 52

**accompany** Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult. Wherever her husband went, she would accompany him. ............................................................................................ **be accompanied by something** The disease is accompanied by sneezing and fever. the illness is often accompanied by nausea ✅ فعل ( verb ) : accompany ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : accompaniment ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accompanying= provided or occurring at the same time as something else همراه ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ## Footnote In everyday English, people usually say **go with or come with** someone rather than accompany someone:

Answer 53

**controversial** the controversial issue of welfare reform a highly controversial (=very controversial) plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam He is a controversial figure (=person who does controversial things) in the art world. فعل ( verb ) : - اسم ( noun ) : controversy صفت ( adjective ) : controversial قید ( adverb ) : controversially **..........................................................................** **collocation** controversial issue highly controversial **.............................................................................** **THESAURUS** **controversial** causing a lot of disagreement and angry argument, especially in the newspapers, on television etc * Abortion is a controversial subject. * The film was highly controversial at the time. **contentious formal** likely to cause a lot of disagreement and argument * the contentious issue of immigration * These claims are highly contentious. **debatable/arguable** used when you think that something is not certain and that people have different opinions about it, especially in the phrase it is debatable/arguable whether * It is debatable whether this book is as good as her previous novel. * It is arguable whether these measures will reduce the overall cost. * Does the treatment work? I think that’s debatable. **something is a moot point** used when you think that something is not certain and that people have different opinions about it – a rather formal phrase * Whether this proposal will really reduce crime is a moot point.

Answer 54

**design** The new plane is in its final design stage. the design process ....................................................................................... The car’s design has been greatly improved. **design of** => the design of the new building .............................................................................................. a floral design Vinyl flooring is available in a wide range of designs. .............................................................................................. **design for** => the design for the new sports centre ............................................................................................... **by design (=intentionally)** => We shall never know whether this happened by accident or by design. He has some grand designs for the company. ................................................................................................ The tower was designed by Gilbert Scott. **design something for something** She designed a new logo for the company. **well/badly etc designed** a badly designed office specially designed software ............................................................................................... **be designed to do something** These exercises are designed to strengthen muscles. **be designed for somebody/something** The course is designed for beginners. **be designed as something** The book is designed as a reference manual. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : design ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : design / designer ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : designed ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** experimental design urban design (be) specifically designed (to, for) well designed

Answer 55

**whereby + noun** * a proposal whereby EU citizens would be allowed to reside anywhere in the EU * a system whereby people could vote by telephone * We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other **........................................................................................** **thereby + verbing** He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote. students perform in hospitals, thereby gaining a deeper awareness of the therapeutic power of music.

Answer 56

**feature** Air bags are a standard feature in most new cars. **feature of** An important feature of Van Gogh’s paintings is their bright colours. Striped tails are a common feature of many animals. **main/important/significant etc feature** The most distinctive feature of the dinosaurs was their size. One of the distinguishing features (=features that are different from other things of the same sort) of modern banking is its dependence on computers. ............................................................................................ The exhibition features paintings by Picasso. a cruise ship featuring extensive spa facilities **feature in** A study of language should feature in an English literature course. **be featured in something** Pupils visited some of the websites featured in the article. **feature prominently/strongly/heavily etc** Violence seems to feature heavily in all of his books. **feature somebody as something** The film featured Brando as the Godfather. **..........................................................................** **collocation** central feature characteristic feature common feature defining feature distinctive feature distinguishing feature essential feature general feature key feature main feature major feature particular feature positive feature prominent feature salient feature ویژگی برجسته the defining elements that distinguish one target from another. significant feature specific feature **striking feature** ویژگی قابل توجه structural feature identify features physical features

Answer 57

**issue** * Abortion is a highly controversial issue. * We should raise the issue of discrimination with the council. * The key issue is whether workers should be classified as ‘employees’. ........................................................................................... Silva issued a statement denying all knowledge of the affair. a warning issued by the Surgeon General ......................................................................... **issue a passport/permit/visa etc** The US State Department issues millions of passports each year. **issue somebody with something** All the workers were issued with protective clothing. **issue something to somebody** The policy document will be issued to all employees. **..........................................................................** **collocation** deal with/tackle an issue (also address an issue formal) central issue complex issue consider (an) issue contemporary/current issue controversial issue core issue critical issue cultural/ global issue discuss (an) issue ethical issue explore (an) issue identify (an) issue key/main/major issue legal issue methodological issue practical issue raise (an) issue real issue related issue relevant issue similar issue single issue special issue specific issue technical issue theoretical issue wider issue environmental issues a thorny issue (also a vexed issue formal) (=a difficult one that causes disagreement) an issue comes up (also an issue arises formal) (=people started to discuss it)

Answer 58

**dynamic** dynamic and ambitious people ............................................................................... **dynamics of** the dynamics of the family He did research on group dynamics and leadership styles. **..........................................................................** **collocation** dynamic equilibrium (when the forward and reverse processes occur at the same rate, resulting in no observable change in the system) dynamic nature dynamic process dynamic system

Answer 59

**image** **image of**=> attempts to improve the image of the police ............................................................................................. **image of** => He had no visual image of her, only her name. He had the clearest image in his mind of his mother and father. ....................................................................................... She peered closely at her image in the mirror. Jill Sharpe was little more than a name, a glossy image on a television screen. carved images ..................................................................................... **be the (very/living/spitting) image of somebody** to look exactly like someone or something else ✅ فعل ( verb ) : imagine ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : imagination / image ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : imaginative / imaginable / imaginary ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : imaginatively **..........................................................................** **collocation** positive image public image visual image

Answer 60

**underlying** **underlying cause/principle/problem etc** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : underlie ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : - ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : underlying ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : - ............................................................. **underlie** زمینه ساز چیزی شدن * **to be the cause of something, or be the basic thing from which something develops** * the one basic principle that underlies all of the party’s policies **..........................................................................** **collocation** underlying assumption underlying cause/reason underlying principle underlying process underlying reason underlying structure

Answer 61

**strategy** the government’s long-term economic strategy a company’s business strategy **strategy for doing something** a strategy for dealing with crime **strategy to do something** a strategy to attract younger audiences to jazz ✅ فعل ( verb ) : strategize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : strategy / strategist ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : strategic ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : strategically **.............................................................................** **THESAURUS** **way** something you can do in order to achieve what you want or deal with a problem * Visiting a country is a great way to learn a language. **method** a way of doing something, especially one that a lot of people know about and use * They still use traditional methods of farming. * modern teaching methods * Different research methods are used to gather data. **approach** a general way of dealing with a particular problem or situation, especially a way that has been carefully thought about * We need a whole new approach to environmental issues. * There will be considerable advantages to adopting this approach. **technique** a way of doing something for which you need a skill that must be learned and practised * I went to a class to learn relaxation techniques. * new surgical techniques * techniques for improving staff performance **strategy** a carefully planned way to achieve something difficult or complicated that may take a long time * They met to discuss the company’s business strategy. * the government’s long-term strategy for reducing crime **means** something that you use to do something or achieve something * Their main means of transport is their car. * means of communication. * He looked around for a means of escape. * Education and training are the most efficient means of improving the nation’s economy. **mode formal** a particular way of doing something * For him, painting is just another mode of expression. * You can choose between several different modes of operation. * the most efficient mode of transportation * Withdrawing a child from class is still the preferred mode of providing extra help to that child. **plan** a set of actions for achieving something in the future, especially a set of actions that has been considered carefully and in detail * Leaders outlined a plan to end the fighting. **scheme British English** an official plan that is intended to help people * The government has introduced a new scheme to help young people find work. **initiative** a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular aim a peace initiative * a major new initiative to tackle street crime **policy** a plan that members of a government, political party, company etc agree on, that states how they intend to deal with a particular subject or problem the government’s immigration policy It’s company policy to allow people to work from home. **programme British English, program American English** a series of activities that a government or organization organizes, which aims to achieve something important and will continue for a long time * a five-year programme which will create 2,000 new jobs **..........................................................................** **collocation** strategic decision strategic importance strategic management strategic objective strategic planning alternative strategy coping strategy develop (a) strategy have (a) strategy learning strategy teaching strategy use (a) strategy use a strategy (also employ a strategy formal) devise/work out a strategy (also formulate a strategy formal) implement a strategy formal (=do a series of actions that you or someone else has planned)

Answer 62

**principle** Schools try to teach children a set of principles. He’s got no principles at all! It’s against my principles to accept gifts from clients. ............................................................................................ The general principle is that education should be available to all children up to the age of 16. **basic/fundamental/guiding principle** the basic principles of business management principle of the principles of French law **principle that** Reflexology is based on the principle that specific areas on the feet correspond to different parts of the body. **on a principle** The project worked on the principle that each person’s experience was equally valuable. **principle behind** the principles behind government policies ....................................................................................... Archimedes’ principle **principle of** the basic principles of physics **..........................................................................** **collocation** basic principle established principle ethical principle fundamental principle general principle guiding principle key principle main principle moral principle organising principle underlying principle ............................................................................................ اشتباه گرفته نشود **principal** (adj) most important = main (n) someone who is in charge of a school

Answer 63

**revenue** generate revenue advertising revenue Strikes have cost £20 million in lost revenues. ........................................................................................ an increase in tax revenues of 8.4% a government plan to help boost revenue

Answer 64

**via** We flew to Athens via Paris. ................................................ I sent a message to Kitty via her sister. You can access our homepage via the Internet. | syn=by way of or by use of

Answer 65

**bond** emotional bond **bond between** the emotional bond between mother and child **bond with** the United States’ special bond with Britain **bond of** lifelong bonds of friendship .................................................................................... My father put all his money into stock market bonds. furious trading on the bond market stock market bonds اوراق بورس bond market بازار اوراق قرضه | syn= tie, connection, relationship

Answer 66

**primary** * The primary goal of the space flight was to recover a satellite. * primary purpose/aim/objective (collocation) * sth be of primary importance.در درجه اول اهمیت قرار داشتن (collocation) * primary concern/ reason/ source of income/ duty/ role /responsibility /consideration /focus /problem (collocation) .............................................................. * the primary stages of development. * a primary tumour * Counselling was given as a primary therapy for depression. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : prime ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prime / primer / primitive / primitiveness / primitivism ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prime / primal / primitive / primary ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : primally / primitively / primarily **..........................................................................** **collocation** (be) primarily concerned (with) (be) primarily responsible (for) primary aim/objective/purpose primary care primary concern primary data primary education primary focus primary function primary reason primary research primary responsibility primary source primary task | syn=chief, major, main, key, principal

Answer 67

**appreciate** fully appreciate sth **appreciate the significance/importance/value of something** He did not fully appreciate the significance of signing the contract. **appreciate that** We appreciate that caring for children is an important job. **appreciate what/how/why** It is difficult to appreciate how bad the situation had become. .............................................................................................. Most investments are expected to appreciate at a steady rate. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : appreciate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : appreciation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : appreciate / appreciative قدردان/ appreciable = large enough to be noticed or considered important = significant ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : appreciatively قدردان/ appreciably | syn= be aware, realize, understand

Answer 68

**fundamental** We have to tackle the fundamental cause of the problem. **fundamental change/difference/distinction/ shift etc** a fundamental difference in opinion **fundamental mistake/error** Novice programmers sometimes make fundamental errors. the fundamental principles of liberty and equality ....................................................................................... fundamental human rights **fundamental to** Water is fundamental to survival. **..........................................................................** **collocation** fundamental aspect fundamental assumption fundamental change fundamental component fundamental difference fundamental importance fundamental principle fundamental problem fundamental question fundamentally different | syn= basic, original, elementary

Answer 69

**impact** **impact on/upon** We need to assess the impact on climate change. **major/significant/profound etc impact** Higher mortgage rates have already had a major impact on spending. **impact of** an international meeting to consider the environmental impacts of global warming ............................................................................................. The force of the impact knocked the breath out of her. **..........................................................................** **collocation** an adverse impact formal (=a bad effect) have/make an impact assess (the) impact (of) consider (the) impact (of) direct impact emotional impact enormous impact environmental impact great impact likely impact little impact major impact negative/positive impact potential impact profound impact significant impact | syn=influence, impression, effect

Answer 70

**acknowledge** The family acknowledge the need for change. **acknowledge that** He acknowledges that when he’s tired he gets bad-tempered. It is acknowledged that these letters are genuine. .............................................................................. The Brazilian coach acknowledged the talent of his players. **be acknowledged as something** The film festival is acknowledged as an event of international importance. **be widely/generally acknowledged to be something** The mill produces what is widely acknowledged to be the finest wool in the world. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : acknowledge ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : acknowledgement ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : acknowledged / acknowledging ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **.............................................................................** **THESAURUS** **admit** to agree unwillingly that something is true He admitted that the company was having financial difficulties. **concede formal** to admit something in a discussion or argument ‘You may be right, ’ Bridget conceded. It was a decision which he now concedes was incorrect. **acknowledge formal** to say that something is true or that a situation exists The report acknowledges that research on animals is not always a reliable guide when it comes to humans. **confess** to admit something that you feel embarrassed or ashamed about Bradley confessed that he struggled to finish the race. I must confess I don’t like his wife at all. | syn= accept, allow, recognize

Answer 71

**emphasis** **emphasis on** In Japan there is a lot of emphasis on politeness. **put/place emphasis on something** The course places emphasis on practical work. a change of emphasis in government policy ✅ فعل ( verb ) : emphasize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : emphasis ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : emphatic = expressing an opinion, idea etc in a clear, strong way to show its importance / emphasized ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : emphatically ............................................................................... **emphasize** to say something in a strong way = stress * The report emphasizes the importance of improving safety standards. * Logan made a speech emphasizing the need for more volunteers. * **emphasize that/how** * The prime minister emphasized that there are no plans to raise taxes. **..........................................................................** **collocation** give emphasis greater emphasis increasing emphasis particular emphasis place/lay emphasis on something formal place particular emphasis shift emphasis special emphasis strong emphasis | syn= importance, stress, weight, highlight

Answer 72

**policy** **foreign/economic/public etc policy** a foreign policy adviser The company has adopted a strict no-smoking policy. **policy on/towards** government policy on higher education US policy towards China **it is (somebody’s) policy to do something** It is hospital policy to screen all mothers with certain risk factors. **..........................................................................** **collocation** current policy economic/educational/environmental/social policy effective policy foreign policy government policy key policy make policy national policy public policy security policy formulate/develop a policy adopt a policy (=use one) implement a policy (=take action in the way that has been decided) | syn= plan, rule, guideline

Answer 73

**distribute** distribute something among/to somebody Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the refugees. a man distributing leaflets to passers-by ........................................................................................... Milk is distributed to the local shops by Herald’s Dairies. ........................................................................................... Make sure the weight of the load is evenly distributed. فعل ( verb ) : distribute اسم ( noun ) : distribution / distributor صفت ( adjective ) : distributive / distributional قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** (be) widely distributed, geographic(al) distribution, normal distribution | = dispense

Answer 74

**attachment** **attachment to/for** => a child’s attachment to its mother ............................................................................................... The vacuum cleaner has various attachments. ......................................................................................... **attachment to/for** =>old people’s attachment to traditional customs ................................................................................................ I’ll send the spreadsheet as an attachment ............................................................................... **attach** پیوست کردن **to fasten or connect one object to another = fix** * **attach something to something** * Attach a recent photograph to your application form. * a small battery attached to a little loudspeaker * **the attached form/cheque/leaflet etc** * Please fill in and return the attached reply slip. ........................................................................................ attach و append هر دو به معنای " پیوست کردن " هستند اما با یک تفاوت جزئی : مثلا یک سند را درنظر بگیرید . ممکن است شما بخواهید یک متنی رو به هر دلیلی به آن سند اضافه کنیداین کار شما همان appendix یا پیوست است حتما تا حالا دیدید که اخرای هرکتابی معمولا یک بخش به عنوان پیوست هستش که این همان appendix است اما اگر شما بخواهید یک مهر یا امضا به ان سند اضافه کنید این کار شما attachment هستش . همچنین در تلگرام ، واتس اپ و یا ایمیل قسمتی وجود دارد به شکل گیره کاغذ ( سنجاق ) که شما با استفاده از آن یک فایل رو به فضای چت پیوست میکنید . درواقع append برای پیوست یک متن به متن دیگر ( و فقط در نوشته ها و اسناد کاربرد دارد . ) اما attach پیوست دو چیز ناهمگون است و کاربرد آن محدود به نوشته های متنی نیست . امیدوارم اگه نادرست گفته باشم حتما شما اصلاح کنید ✅ فعل ( verb ) : attach ≠ detach ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : attachment ≠ detachment ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : attached ≠ unattached ≠ detached /detachable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : | syn= connection, friendship, link, appendix ## Footnote ant= detachment

Answer 75

**visibility** Visibility on the roads is down to 20 metres due to heavy fog. .................................................................................................. The exhibition helped increase the visibility of women artists. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : visibility ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : visible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : visibly **..........................................................................** **collocation** become visible clearly/plainly visible make visible

Answer 76

**foundation** It took the builders three weeks to lay the foundations. The earthquake shook the foundations of the house. ................................................................................................... **foundation of** All theories should be built on a foundation of factual knowledge. **solid/firm foundation** The course gives students a solid foundation in the basics of computing. ............................................................................................... the British Heart Foundation .............................................................................................. The school has served the community since its foundation in 1835. ................................................................................................ **found** to start something such as an organization, company, school, or city, often by providing the necessary money * Founded in 1935 in Ohio, Alcoholics Anonymous is now a world-wide organization. * Eton College was founded by Henry VI in 1440. **...........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **establish** to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time **set up** to start a new company or organization. Set up is less formal than establish, and is the usual phrase to use in everyday English **open** to start a business that provides services to the public, such as a shop, restaurant, or hotel **found** to start a company or an organization such as a school or a hospital, especially by providing the money for it – used about something that was started a long time ago **inaugurate formal** to start an organization with an official ceremony * Twenty years after the airport was inaugurated, it introduced its first transatlantic flights. **institute** introduce or establish (a scheme, undertaking, policy, a system, rule, legal process etc). **initiate** to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan(cause (a process or action) to begin.) **..........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **basis** the facts, ideas, things etc from which something can be developed * His work will be used as a basis for future research. **foundation** the thing on which something is based, especially something important that continues for a long time * Their ideas were the foundation for the political system that exists in the UK today. * How can we provide a solid foundation for world peace? **..........................................................................** **collocation** provide (a) foundation (for)

Answer 77

**reinforce** The film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb. ............................................................................................ the helmet has been reinforced with a double layer of cork ✅ فعل ( verb ) : reinforce ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reinforcement ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reinforced ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 78

**modify** The feedback will be used to modify the course for next year. The regulations can only be modified by a special committee. **modify something to do something** The seats can be modified to fit other types of vehicle. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : modify ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : modification / modifier ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : modified ≠ unmodified ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** modified form modified version

Answer 79

**mode** **mode of** the most efficient **mode of transport** They have a relaxed mode of life that suits them well. Western modes of thought Two new **modes of communication** were introduced to the general public in the 1990s-e-mail and text messaging. Ocean liners declined in popularity as a **mode of travel** with the arrival of transatlantic passenger flights. Distances between factories and local differences in **modes of operation** make managing multinational companies very complex. **.............................................................................** **THESAURUS** **way** something you can do in order to achieve what you want or deal with a problem * Visiting a country is a great way to learn a language. **method** a way of doing something, especially one that a lot of people know about and use * They still use traditional methods of farming. * modern teaching methods * Different research methods are used to gather data. **approach** a general way of dealing with a particular problem or situation, especially a way that has been carefully thought about * We need a whole new approach to environmental issues. * There will be considerable advantages to adopting this approach. **technique** a way of doing something for which you need a skill that must be learned and practised * I went to a class to learn relaxation techniques. * new surgical techniques * techniques for improving staff performance **strategy** a carefully planned way to achieve something difficult or complicated that may take a long time * They met to discuss the company’s business strategy. * the government’s long-term strategy for reducing crime **means** something that you use to do something or achieve something * Their main means of transport is their car. * means of communication. * He looked around for a means of escape. * Education and training are the most efficient means of improving the nation’s economy. **mode formal** a particular way of doing something * For him, painting is just another mode of expression. * You can choose between several different modes of operation. * the most efficient mode of transportation * Withdrawing a child from class is still the preferred mode of providing extra help to that child. **plan** a set of actions for achieving something in the future, especially a set of actions that has been considered carefully and in detail * Leaders outlined a plan to end the fighting. **scheme British English** an official plan that is intended to help people * The government has introduced a new scheme to help young people find work. **initiative** a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular aim a peace initiative * a major new initiative to tackle street crime **policy** a plan that members of a government, political party, company etc agree on, that states how they intend to deal with a particular subject or problem the government’s immigration policy It’s company policy to allow people to work from home. **programme British English, program American English** a series of activities that a government or organization organizes, which aims to achieve something important and will continue for a long time * a five-year programme which will create 2,000 new jobs

Answer 80

**selection** There's a big selection to choose from. **selection of** a wide selection of shellfish They only have a limited selection of his books. ...................................................................................... The judges have made their final selection. **selection of** the selection of a new leader **selection for** He had narrowly missed selection for the team. **selection as** Perlman’s selection as the party’s candidate ✅ فعل ( verb ) : select ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : selection / selector / selectivity ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : selective = careful about what you choose to do, buy, allow etc / select = a select group of people or things is a small special group that has been chosen carefully ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : selectively ...................................................................................... **select** to choose something or someone by thinking carefully about which is the best, most suitable etc = choose, pick * a group of students selected at random * **select somebody for something** * He had hopes of being selected for the national team. * **select somebody/something as something** * York was selected as the site for the research centre. * **select somebody/something from something** * They selected the winner from six finalists. * **select somebody to do something** * Simon’s been selected to go to the conference. **.........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **choose** to decide which one of several things you want * I chose a black dress. * Which dessert should I choose? **pick** to choose something, especially without thinking carefully. Pick is more informal than choose * Pick any number from one to ten. **select formal** to choose something, especially after thinking carefully * The committee will meet to select a new chairman. * All our instructors are carefully selected. **opt for/go for** to choose one thing instead of another * Many car buyers opt for used vehicles. * I think I’ll go for the chocolate cake. **decide on** to choose something from many possible things, especially when the decision has been difficult or taken a long time * Thomas had decided on a career as a writer. **single out** to choose one person or thing from a group because they are better, worse, more important etc than the others * Why should he be singled out for special treatment? * One student was singled out for special attention. **..........................................................................** **collocation** * (be) carefully selected * (be) randomly selected * highly selective * Often consumers follow their emotions instead of using objective **selection criteria** when choosing between two products. * Members of the project team will be chosen by a **selection committee** made up of departmental managers. * The presidential **selection process** in the United States takes longer than it does in many other democratic countries.

Answer 81

**acquire** Manning hoped to acquire valuable works of art as cheaply as possible. The council acquired the land using a compulsory purchase order. The college acquired a reputation for very high standards ........................................................................................ He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon. Elsie acquired a good knowledge of Chinese. فعل ( verb ) : acquire اسم ( noun ) : acquisition = the process by which you gain knowledge or learn a skill یا the act of getting land, power, money etc یا something that you have obtained by buying it or being given it صفت ( adjective ) : acquisitive = wanting to have and keep a lot of possessions قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **buy** to pay money for something so that you can own it * I’ve just bought a new car. * The painting was bought by a museum in New York. **purchase formal** to buy something, especially something large or expensive, in a business deal or by a legal contract * They purchased 5,000 acres of land. **acquire formal** to become the owner of something large or expensive such as property, a company, or a valuable object * In 2007 the business was acquired by a Dutch company. * Television companies were then allowed to acquire more stations. **..........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **get [not in passive]** to get something by finding it, asking for it, or paying for it * I’ve been trying to get some information. * She went to the bank to get some money. **obtain formal** to get something Maps and guides can be obtained from the tourist office. * The newspaper has obtained a copy of the letter. **acquire formal** to get something – used about knowledge, skills, or something big or expensive * The course helps older people to acquire computing skills. * He acquired the property in 1985. **inherit** to get someone’s money or property after they die * Jo inherited a lot of money from her mother. **gain** to get something useful or necessary, such as knowledge or experience * I’ve gained a lot of useful experience. * The research helped us gain an insight into how a child’s mind works. **earn** to get something because you deserve it * He had earned a reputation as a peacemaker. * She earned a lot of respect from her colleagues. **..........................................................................** **collocation** acquire knowledge newly acquired ## Footnote In everyday English, people usually say get rather than acquire

Answer 82

**device** **device for doing something** Testing yourself with information on cards is a useful device for studying. a memory device **device to do something** Their proposal was only a device to confuse the opposition. Some countries use lotteries as a **clever device** to raise money without increasing taxes. Some linguists believe that hesitations in speech are a **stylistic device** used by speakers to let their listeners know that they are uncertain about what to say. Disclaimers are a **simple device** used by sellers to avoid legal action should future problems arise with a product. .................................................................................... modern labour-saving devices **device for doing something** a device for separating metal from garbage **device to do something** The company makes devices to detect carbon monoxide.

Answer 83

**transfer** **transfer of** the transfer of assets within a group of companies **transfer to** Penny’s applied for a transfer to head office. electronic data transfer ............................................................................... **transfer (from something) to something** Swod transferred from MI6 to the Security Service. **transfer somebody (from something) to something** They’re transferring him to a special unit at Great Ormond Street Hospital. You’ll be transferred to the Birmingham office. ............................................................................................... **transfer (from something) to something** The exhibition transfers to York City Art Gallery on 23rd January. **transfer something (from something) to something** Transfer the meat to warm plates. .............................................................................. **transfer something (from something) to something** I’d like to transfer $500 to my checking account. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : transfer ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : transfer / transference ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : transferable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** transferable skill

Answer 84

**assume** **assume (that)** I didn’t see your car, so I assumed you’d gone out. **it seems/is reasonable to assume (that)** It seems reasonable to assume that the book was written around 70 AD. **somebody can safely assume that (=it is almost certain)** I think we can safely assume that interest rates will go up again soon. **let us/let’s assume (that) (=used when thinking about a possible event or situation and its possible results)** Let us assume for a moment that we could indeed fire her. Should we? **somebody/something is assumed to be (doing) something** The rest of the system is assumed to be functioning well. **assume the worst (=think that the worst possible thing has happened)** When it got to midnight and Paul was still not back, I began to assume the worst. ................................................................................... Whoever they appoint will assume responsibility for all financial matters. He assumed power in a bloody coup in 1990. Jim Paton will assume the role of managing director. men have assumed many more household tasks in recent years ✅ فعل ( verb ) : assume ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : assumption ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** assume (the) role (of) assume responsibility (be) generally assumed basic assumption common assumption fundamental assumption make (an) assumption underlying assumption certain assumptions

Answer 85

**dispose of something** an incinerator built to dispose of toxic waste I am still not sure how best to dispose of the shares. .......................................................................................... Your idea at least disposes of the immediate problem. ............................................................................... Two goals by Raúl disposed of Barcelona فعل ( verb ) : dispose اسم ( noun ) : disposable / disposal صفت ( adjective ) : disposable یک بار مصرف یا قابل استفاده قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** disposable income = the amount of money that an individual or household has to spend or save after income taxes have been deducted

Answer 86

**initiate** They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper. Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism. he proposes to initiate discussions on planning procedures ........................................................... **initiate somebody into something** At the age of thirteen, the boys in the tribe are initiated into manhood. she had been formally initiated into the movemen ✅ فعل ( verb ) : initiate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : initiate = someone who has been allowed to join a particular organization, club, or group and has been taught its secrets/ initiation / initiative the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do یا an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem ابتکار(عمل) ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : initial = happening at the beginning=first اولیه ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : initially **..........................................................................** **collocation** new initiative take initiative

Answer 87

**factor** The rise in crime is mainly due to social and economic factors. **factor in** The vaccination program has been a major factor in the improvement of health standards. **important/major/key/crucial factor** The weather could be a crucial factor in tomorrow’s game. **deciding/decisive/determining factor (=the most important factor)** We liked both houses, but price was the deciding factor. **..........................................................................** **collocation** critical/crucial/key/main/major factor demographic factor related factor significant factor specific factor associated factors contextual factors cultural/economic/environmental/historical/political/ social factors external factors identify factors relevant factors

Answer 88

**adjustment** **adjustment for** Once we make the adjustments for inflation, the fall in interest rates is quite small. **adjustment to** a slight adjustment to the mechanism **minor/slight adjustment** It just needs a few minor adjustments. ................................................................. for many couples there may need to be a period of adjustment **adjustment to** her adjustment to her new role ✅ فعل ( verb ) : adjust ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : adjustment ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : adjustable / adjusted ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : .............................................................................. **adjust** سازگار شدن و وفق پیدا کردن 1. to gradually become familiar with a new situation = adapt = get used to * They’ll soon settle in – kids are very good at adjusting. * **adjust to** * It took a few seconds for her eyes to adjust to the darkness. * **adjust to doing something** * My parents had trouble adjusting to living in an apartment. * **adjust yourself to something** * It took time to adjust myself to motherhood. 2. to change or move something slightly to improve it or make it more suitable for a particular purpose تنظیم کردن * Check and adjust the brakes regularly. * Taste the soup and adjust the seasoning. * If your employment status changes, your tax code will be adjusted accordingly. **..........................................................................** **collocation** structural adjustment make adjustments | syn= changes, alterations

Answer 89

**norm** **be/become the norm** Short term contracts are now the norm with some big companies. Joyce’s style of writing was a striking departure from the literary norm. ................................................................. **norms** terrorists who violate the norms of civilized society A society's norms gradually change from generation to generation. **social/cultural etc norms** .................................................................... **the norm** above/below the norm 28% of children tested below the norm. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : normalize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : norm / normality / normalization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : normal ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : normally **..........................................................................** **collocation** cultural/social norm normal conditions normal development normal distribution normal practice | syn= customs, rules

Answer 90

**occupation** Please state your name, address and occupation. professional and managerial occupations manual occupations demanding/rewarding occupation .......................................................................................... **occupation of** => the German occupation of France **under occupation** => The area is under occupation (=controlled by a foreign army). ................................................................................................. One of my childhood occupations was collecting stamps. **............................................................................** **THESAURUS** **job** the regular paid work that you do for an employer * a full-time job * John got a job in a car factory. **work** activities that you are paid for doing – used either when you work for an employer or when you work in your own business * I started work when I was 18. * He graduated from college last year and is still looking for work. **profession** a job for which you need special education and training * There are now a lot more women in the legal profession. * Many teachers are leaving the profession. **occupation formal** a job, or a type of job – often used on official documents * Please give your name, age, and occupation. * a traditionally male occupation **career** the work you do or plan to do for most of your life * I’m interested in a career in journalism. **position formal** a particular job within an organization * I am writing to apply for the position of technical assistant. * We regret that the position has already been filled. * Please state the position which you are applying for. **post formal** a job, especially an important one in a large organization * She has held the post of managing director for two years. * He applied for the post of Senior Manager. ................................................................................................... **occupy** به هر نوع اشغال کردن یا تصرف یا پرکردن فیزیکی، ذهنی یا زمانی گفته میشود(بعضی اوقات منظور از تصرف فیزیکی ، اقامت داشتن یا داشتن محل کسب و کار خود را در ( ساختمان ) است) * He occupies the house without paying any rent. * The building was purchased and occupied by its new owners last year. * Football occupies most of my leisure time. * **occupy somebody with (doing) something** * Only six percent of police time is occupied with criminal incidents. * Family photos occupied almost the entire wall. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : occupy ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : occupation / occupancy / occupant = someone who lives in a house, room etc ساکن ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : occupied / occupational ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : occupationally

Answer 91

**sole** the sole American in the room Griffiths is the sole survivor of the crash. The story was published with the sole purpose of selling newspapers. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : - ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : - ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : sole ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : solely | syn= only, single

Answer 92

**involve** What will the job involve? I didn’t realize putting on a play involved so much work. **involve doing something** Running your own business usually involves working long hours. ................................................................................................ These changes will involve everyone on the staff. There have been four accidents involving Forest Service planes. her husband had been very involved in his work ......................................................................................... **involve somebody in (doing) something** Try to involve as many children as possible in the game. We want to involve the workforce at all stages of the decision-making process. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : involve ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : involvement ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : involved ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** (be) actively involved (be) directly involved (in) become involved (with/in) get involved (with/in) active involvement direct involvement | syn= requires, necessitates

Answer 93

**ongoing** their ongoing search for a new director ongoing negotiations The discussions are still ongoing. **..........................................................................** **collocation** ongoing debate ongoing process ongoing maintenance ongoing negotiations ongoing investigation | syn= continuing, long-lasting

Answer 94

**illustration** The book contains 62 pages of illustrations. ............................................................................................. The wide-ranging success of rap and hip-hop music is a good illustration of how music can help bridge cultural divides. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : illustrate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : illustration / illustrator تصویرگر ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : illustrative = helping to explain the meaning of something ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : illustratively **...........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **example** something that you mention because it is typical of the kind of thing that you are talking about * The hall is a perfect example of medieval architecture. * There are many ways in which technology has changed our lives. The car is an obvious example. * This painting is a typical example of Picasso’s work in his Blue Period. **case** an example of something that happens, especially something bad * There have been some cases of women employees being fired because they are pregnant. * In one case a man was charged $2,000 for a simple medical check-up. * Recent government spending on schools is a classic case of too little, too late. **instance** an example of a particular kind of situation or event, especially something bad. Instance is more formal than case * Some users of Ecstasy have actually died, but such instances are very rare. * The report describes instances of discrimination. * In a few rare instances, the disease can cause death. **illustration** something, especially a story or situation, that you use as an example * As an illustration of this, consider the following example. * He mentioned the recent events in the Middle East by way of illustration (=as an example). | syn= example, demonstration

Answer 95

**insight** **insight into** The article gives us a real insight into the causes of the present economic crisis. The research provides new insights into the way we process language. a woman of great insight **..........................................................................** **collocation** gain insight (into) give insight (into) new insight offer insight (into) provide insight (into) | syn= understanding, comprehension

Answer 96

**category** **category of** There are five categories of workers. people in the over-45 age category Seats are available in eight of the ten price categories. **fall into/belong in/fit into a category** Voters fall into three main categories. Williams’ style does not fit easily into the category of jazz. **..........................................................................** **collocation** * broad category * fall into (the) category (of) * general category * main category * Omega-3 fatty acids are a **special category** of fats that protect the heart. * When discussing the women's movement, you must be aware that the term feminist covers a **broad category** of people. * Children who get into trouble with the law do not fall into a **single** family **category**; they come from a variety of backgrounds. | syn= groups, types

Answer 97

**appropriate** **appropriate for** clothes appropriate for a job interview **appropriate to** an education system which is more appropriate to the needs of the students **it is appropriate (for somebody) to do something** It would not be appropriate for me to discuss that now. **it is appropriate (that)** It seemed somehow appropriate that we should begin our journey here. **appropriate time/place etc** I didn’t feel that this was an appropriate time to mention the subject of money. **highly/entirely/wholly appropriate** I thought his remark was highly appropriate, given the circumstances. ..................................................................................... **appropriate something for something** Congress appropriated $5 million for International Women’s Year. فعل ( verb ) : appropriate اسم ( noun ) : appropriateness صفت ( adjective ) : appropriate قید ( adverb ) : appropriately **...........................................................................** **suitable** having the right qualities for a particular purpose or person * a suitable place for a picnic * They don’t consider him a suitable husband for their daughter. **right** completely suitable in every way * It’s a nice house, but it isn’t right for us. * We’ll tell her when the time is right. **appropriate** suitable for a particular purpose. Appropriate is more formal than suitable * She filled out all the appropriate forms. * It may not be an appropriate time to ask him about it. * It’s not appropriate to wear a short skirt for an interview. * the appropriate way to end a business letter **proper** the proper tool, piece of equipment, or way of doing something is the one that most people think is most suitable * You can’t change a wheel without the proper tools. * the proper procedure for hiring staff **fitting** right for a particular situation or occasion * I thought the memorial was a fitting tribute to the president. * a fitting end to what was a memorable trip * **it is only fitting (that)** => It is only fitting that Simon should propose the first toast tonight. **..........................................................................** **collocation** appropriate action appropriate behaviour appropriate conditions appropriate data appropriate form appropriate language appropriate level appropriate point appropriate response appropriate skills appropriate treatment appropriate way consider appropriate deem appropriate particularly appropriate seem appropriate respond appropriately

Answer 98

**obtain** **obtain something from somebody/something** Further information can be obtained from head office. You will need to obtain permission from the principal. **obtain something through something** the results obtained through these surveys Financial advice that would have been very expensive in the past can now be **freely obtained** on the Internet. The local newspaper reported that the funds for the new sports center had been **fraudulently obtained** through tax evasion. Some medicines that have not been approved in the United States can be **legally obtained** in Europe. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : obtain ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obtention ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (un)obtainable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **...........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **get [not in passive]** to get something by finding it, asking for it, or paying for it * I’ve been trying to get some information. * She went to the bank to get some money. **obtain formal** to get something Maps and guides can be obtained from the tourist office. * The newspaper has obtained a copy of the letter. **acquire formal** to get something – used about knowledge, skills, or something big or expensive * The course helps older people to acquire computing skills. * He acquired the property in 1985. **receive** to be given something = get * All the children will receive a small gift. **inherit** to get someone’s money or property after they die * Jo inherited a lot of money from her mother. **gain** to get something useful or necessary, such as knowledge or experience * I’ve gained a lot of useful experience. * The research helped us gain an insight into how a child’s mind works. **earn** to get something because you deserve it * He had earned a reputation as a peacemaker. * She earned a lot of respect from her colleagues. ## Footnote In everyday English, people say that they get a result, a ticket, some information etc rather than obtain it

Answer 99

**constantly** He talked constantly about his work. The English language is constantly changing. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : constancy =the quality of staying the same even though other things change ثبات / constant = something that stays the same even though other things change ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : constant = happening regularly or all the time یا staying the same=> دائمی یا ثابت ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : constantly **..........................................................................** **collocation** constant rate relatively constant remain constant change constantly | syn= regularly, continually

Answer 100

**achieve** She eventually achieved her goal of becoming a professor. Wilson has achieved considerable success as an artist. Frances achieved very good exam results. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : achieve ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : achievement / achiever / avhievability ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : achievable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : **........................................................................** **THESAURUS** **succeed** to do something you tried or wanted to do * Will they succeed in winning the election? * He wanted to make her jealous, and he succeeded. **manage** to succeed in doing something difficult, after trying hard. Manage to do something is very commonly used instead of succeed in doing something in everyday English * He finally managed to find an apartment near his office. * Don’t worry – I’m sure we’ll manage somehow. **achieve** verb [transitive] to succeed in doing something good or important * She’s achieved a lot in the short time she’s been with the company. * If we are to achieve our goals, we have to plan properly. **accomplish formal** to achieve something * The government accomplished its objective of reducing violent crime. * What do you hope to accomplish this year? **make it** to be successful in your career, or to succeed in reaching a place or part of a competition * Only a few people make it to the top and become professional singers. **attain** to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time * More women are attaining positions of power. * clarify your objectives and ways of attaining them **..........................................................................** **collocation** achieve (a) goal achieve (an) objective achieve (an) outcome academic achievement

Answer 101

**attribute** What attributes should a good manager possess? .................................................................................... The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet. ................................................................................................... a saying usually attributed to Confucius ............................................................................................ One should not attribute human motives to animals. فعل ( verb ) : attribute اسم ( noun ) : attribution / attribute صفت ( adjective ) : attributable= likely to have been caused by something قید ( adverb ) : Death was attributable to gunshot wounds. مرگ ناشی از شلیک گلوله بود. 1 be attributable to 2 یک ناشی از دو بود | syn= qualities or features

Answer 102

**challenge** **challenge of** The company is ready to meet the challenges of the next few years. **the challenge of doing something** I relish the challenge of rebuilding the club. **face/take on/accept etc a challenge (=be ready to deal with one)** Martins now faces the biggest challenge of his career. **meet a challenge/rise to a challenge (=successfully deal with one)** a new and vibrant initiative to meet the challenge of the 21st century **intellectual/physical challenge** the intellectual challenge of postgraduate research ............................................................................................ **challenge to** a direct challenge to the Governor’s authority **challenge from** The president faces a strong challenge from nationalists. **pose/represent/present a challenge (to somebody)** The strike represented a serious challenge to the government. **mount/launch a challenge** They decided to mount a legal challenge to the decision. .......................................................................... a boy with a reputation for challenging the authority of his teachers **challenge a view/an idea/an assumption etc** Viewpoints such as these are strongly challenged by environmentalists. They went to the High Court to challenge the decision. **challenge somebody to do something** I challenge Dr. Carver to deny his involvement! ................................................................................................ **challenge somebody to something** After lunch, Carey challenged me to a game of tennis. **challenge for** Liverpool are challenging for the title (=in a position where they could win). ✅ فعل ( verb ) : challenge ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : challenge / challenger ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : challenging / challenged ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : challengingly **..........................................................................** **collocation** face (a) challenge major challenge pose (a) challenge present (a) challenge serious challenge accept a challenge overcome a challenge

Answer 103

**deny** **deny (that)** I’ve never denied that there is a housing problem. I can’t deny her remarks hurt me. **deny doing something** Two men have denied murdering a woman at a remote picnic spot. **strongly/vehemently/strenuously etc deny something** Jackson vehemently denied the allegations. The government denied the existence of poverty among 16- and 17-year-olds. **deny a charge/allegation/claim** The men have denied charges of theft. ..................................................................................... Some landowners deny access to the countryside. the inquiry was denied access to intelligence sources **deny somebody something** She could deny her son nothing. **deny something to somebody** This is the only country in Europe to deny cancer screening to its citizens. .................................................................................... Emotions can become destructive if they are suppressed and denied. فعل ( verb ) : deny اسم ( noun ) : denial صفت ( adjective ) : deniable قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** deny access (to)

Answer 104

**dimension** **dimension of** the moral dimension of world politics **add a new/an extra/another etc dimension (to something)** His coaching has added another dimension to my game. **political/social/economic/cultural etc dimension** It is important to keep in mind the historical dimension to these issues. You can have a spiritual dimension to your life without being religious.

Answer 105

**intensity** The intensity of the hurricane was frightening. the pain grew in intensity ......................................................................................... He spoke with great intensity. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : intensify = to increase in degree or strength, or to make something do this ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intensity / intensification ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intense = having a very strong effect or felt very strongly / intensive فشرده ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intensely / intensively **..........................................................................** **collocation** high intensity low intensity intensive study

Answer 106

**motivate** Was he motivated solely by a desire for power? **motivate somebody to do something** We may never know what motivated him to kill his wife. ............................................................................. A good teacher has to be able to motivate her students. **motivate somebody to do something** The profit-sharing plan is designed to motivate the staff to work hard. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : motivate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : motivation = eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced to do it یا the reason why you want to do something / motive = the reason that makes someone do something, especially when this reason is kept hidden ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : motivated / motivational / motiveless ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ ....................................................................................................... **motive is the reason or cause behind an action, while motivation is the willingness or energy to carry out that action.** **..........................................................................** **collocation** (be) politically motivated

Answer 107

**perceive** **perceive something/somebody as something** Even as a young woman she had been perceived as a future chief executive. **perceive something/somebody to be something** Often what is perceived to be aggression is simply fear. Children who do badly in school tests often perceive themselves to be failures ............................................................................................... That morning, he perceived a change in Franca’s mood. Cats are not able to perceive colour. **perceive that** He perceived that there was no other way out of the crisis. **...................................................................** **THESAURUS** **notice** to realize that something is there or that something is happening, because you can see, hear, or feel it * I noticed that he was rather quiet during dinner. * Children don’t seem to notice the cold. * ‘Julie’s home.’ ‘Yes, I noticed her bicycle outside.’ **detect** to notice something that is difficult to see, hear etc because it is very small, faint, or unclear. Detect is used about people and machines, and is more formal than notice * X-ray telescopes can now detect virtually every type of astronomical object. * He thought he detected a flicker of interest in her eyes. **spot** to notice something, especially something that is difficult to see or that you see for a short time only. Spot is more informal than notice * Can you spot the difference between these two pictures? * I’m glad you spotted the mistake before it was too late. **become aware/conscious** to gradually begin to notice that something is happening or is true * I became aware that Mum was getting a lot older. * Tessa became conscious of a feeling of guilt. **can tell** to be able to notice something because you can see, smell, hear it etc * I could tell that she had been drinking. * Can you tell I’ve lost weight? **something/somebody catches your eye** used to say that you suddenly notice something or someone because they are interesting, attractive, or good at something * I saw this shirt in the shop window and it just caught my eye. * Clarke caught the eye of boss Bryan Robson when he scored for Newry last week. **observe formal** to notice something as a result of watching or studying it closely * Psychologists observed that the mice became more aggressive in smaller cages. **perceive formal** to notice something, especially that something is happening, or is true, or needs to be done * The company quickly perceived the need for change. * Doctors perceive that they do not have adequate time to spend with their patients. **witness** to see something happen because you are there at the time * People have witnessed some great economic changes during the last ten years.

Answer 108

**Prior** You do not need any prior knowledge of the subject. Changes may not be made without the prior approval of the council. Vegetarian meals are provided by prior agreement. Some prior experience with the software is needed. ............................................................................................................... **prior to something** All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure. Prior to beginning college or a career, many young people take a year off to travel around the world. **..........................................................................** **collocation** prior experience prior knowledge

Answer 109

**rejection** Many parents find their children's rejection of family values or beliefs very upsetting. What are the reasons for his rejection of the theory? cope with rejection fear of rejection overwhelming rejection feeling of rejection ............................................................................................................... **reject** Sarah rejected her brother’s offer of help. **reject something as something** Gibson rejected the idea as ‘absurd’. Dexter flatly rejected (=completely rejected) calls for his resignation. His proposal was rejected outright (=completely rejected). ✅ فعل ( verb ) : reject ✅️ اسم ( noun ) :rejection / reject طردشدگان ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ ........................................................................................................ **refuse** to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do * I asked the bank for a loan, but they refused. * When they refused to leave, we had to call the police. **turn somebody/something down** to refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or a formal request * They offered me the job but I turned it down. * The board turned down a request for $25,000 to sponsor an art exhibition. * I’ve already been turned down by three colleges. **reject** to refuse to accept an idea, offer, suggestion, or plan * They rejected the idea because it would cost too much money. * The Senate rejected a proposal to limit the program to two years. **decline formal** to politely refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or refuse to do something * She has declined all offers of help. * A palace spokesman declined to comment on the rumours. **deny** to refuse to allow someone to do something or enter somewhere * They were denied permission to publish the book. * He was denied access to the US. **disallow** to officially refuse to accept something because someone has broken the rules, or not done it in the correct way * The goal was disallowed by the referee. * The court decided to disallow his evidence.

Answer 110

**vision** She suffered temporary loss of vision after being struck on the head. Tears blurred her vision ................................................................................. a figure at the edge of her vision somebody’s field/line of vision ................................................................................... **vision of** He had a clear vision of how he hoped the company would develop. **vision for** The president outlined his vision for the future. **grand/powerful/original etc vision** a grand vision for the country realistic vision optimistic vision realize a vision shared vision

Answer 111

**accuracy** worries about the accuracy of government statistics Because of the presence of some small mistakes, the committee questioned the accuracy of the whole report. Despite the accuracy of computer calculations, they still need to be double-checked by human beings. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : accuracy ≠ inaccuracy ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accurate ≠ inaccurate ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : accurately ≠ inaccurately ........................................................................................... **accurate** دقیق و صحیح 1. correct and true in every detail 2. measured or calculated correctly **..........................................................................** **collocation** great accuracy accurate assessment accurate description accurate information accurate measurement accurate picture accurate record ## Footnote Precision معنی دقت می دهد

Answer 112

**alter** Her face hadn’t altered much over the years. The city centre has altered beyond recognition (=changed very much). Nothing can alter the fact that the refugees are our responsibility. The organizers altered the program of events because of the band's late cancellation. The U.S. Surgeon General's office has been successful in altering public opinion about the dangers of cigarette smoking. radically alter significantly alter a permanently alter fundamentally alter ## Footnote (noun) alteration (verb) alter

Answer 113

**consistent** She’s the team’s most consistent player. **consistent in** We need to be consistent in our approach. .............................................................................................................. a consistent improvement in the country’s economy .............................................................................................................. The evidence is not consistent. فعل ( verb ) : _ اسم ( noun ) : consistency صفت ( adjective ) : consistent قید ( adverb ) : consistently

Answer 114

**demonstrate** their shameful silence demonstrates their ineptitude ....................................................................................................... computerized design methods will be demonstrated ...................................................................................................... Supporters demonstrated outside the courtroom during the trial. **demonstrate against** What are they demonstrating against? فعل ( verb ) : demonstrate اسم ( noun ) : demonstration / demonstrative صفت ( adjective ) : demonstrative / demonstrable قید ( adverb ) : demonstratively / demonstrably **..........................................................................** **collocation** demonstrate competence (be) clearly demonstrated vividly demonstrate convincingly demonstrate sconclusively demonstrate

Answer 115

**derive** **derive something from something** Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique. **derive pleasure/enjoyment/benefit/advantage etc from sth** Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course. ............................................................................................................... This word is derived from Latin. patterns of behaviour that derive from basic beliefs The English word bankrupt is derived from the Italian phrase banca rotta, which means "broken bench." Medicines are often derived from plants. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : derive ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : derivation = the action of obtaining something from a source or origin / derivative = something that has developed or been produced from something else مشتقات ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ ## Footnote In everyday English, people usually say that something comes from something rather than is derived from something:

Answer 116

**emerge** The flowers emerge in the spring. **emerge from** The sun emerged from behind the clouds. .............................................................................................. Eventually the truth emerged. **it emerges that** Later it emerged that the judge had employed an illegal immigrant. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : emerge ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : emergence ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : emergent / emerging ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** newly emerging

Answer 117

**expose** He lifted his T-shirt to expose a jagged scar across his chest. ......................................................................................... **expose somebody to something** The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation. ............................................................................................... The film exposes the utter horror of war. The report exposes the weaknesses of modern medical practice. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : expose ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exposure ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exposed ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ inadvertently expose ناخواسته needlessly expose publicly expose cruelly expose | =disclose-reveal

Answer 118

**mental** The centre provides help for people suffering from mental illness. Stress has an effect on both your physical and mental health a child’s mental development You need to develop a positive mental attitude. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mentality ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mental ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : mentally **..........................................................................** **collocation** mental health mental illness mental state

Answer 119

**participant** Each of the participants in the TV debate represented a different political party. Participants in the study were not allowed to eat meat during the experiment. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : participate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : participation / participant ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : participatory مشارکتی / participative مشارکتی ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................** **collocation** active participant active participation effective participation full participation political participation

Answer 120

**(in)stability** a period of relative stability stability of => It could threaten the peace and stability of the region. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : stabilize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : stability / stabilization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : stable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : stably **..........................................................................** **collocation** political (in)stability economic stability relatively stable remain stable emotional stability threaten stability achieve stability

Answer 121

**trigger** Hearing a familiar song can trigger a string of memories about old times, friends, and places. Stress, sunlight, loud noises, and certain foods can trigger migraine headaches. **..............................................................................** **THESAURUS** **cause** to make something happen, especially something bad * Bad weather has caused a lot of problems on the roads. * The fault caused the whole computer system to shut down. **be responsible for something** if someone or something is responsible for something bad, they caused it to happen * The excessive heat was responsible for their deaths. * A small militant group was responsible for the bombing. **bring about something** to make something happen – used especially about changes or improvements * The Internet has brought about enormous changes in society. * It’s important that we do everything we can to bring about peace. **result in something** if an action or event results in something, it makes that thing happen * The fire resulted in the deaths of two children. * The decision is likely to result in a large number of job losses. **lead to something** to cause something to happen eventually after a period of time * The information led to several arrests. * A poor diet in childhood can lead to health problems later in life. **trigger** if one event triggers another, it suddenly makes the second event happen * The incident triggered a wave of violence. * An earthquake off Java’s southern coast triggered a tsunami. **precipitate formal** to make a very serious event happen very suddenly, which will affect a lot of people * The withdrawal of foreign investment would precipitate an economic crisis. * The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitated World War I.

Answer 122

**eliminate** **eliminate a need/possibility/risk/problem etc** The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques. There is no solution that will totally eliminate the possibility of theft. **eliminate something/somebody from something** Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet. ........................................................................................... Our team was eliminated in the first round. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : eliminate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : elimination ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _ ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **.....................................................................................** **THESAURUS** **remove** to make something no longer exist, especially something that was causing problems * Some stains are difficult to remove with ordinary washing powder. * All the obstacles to an agreement have now been removed. **get rid of somebody/something** to remove someone or something that you do not want. Get rid of is much more common than remove in everyday English, but is usually only used in active sentences * They managed to get rid of all the weeds. * It was almost impossible to get rid of him. **eliminate** to completely get rid of something that you do not want, especially because it is unnecessary or causing problems * If you book online, this eliminates the need for a ticket. * The new system will help to eliminate costly delays. **eradicate** to completely get rid of a disease or a problem * The disease has been eradicated from most of Europe. * Street crime has almost been eradicated. **delete** to remove something that has been written on a computer, or stored in a computer * Do you want to delete this file? * Press 3 to delete the messages on your answerphone. **erase** to remove recorded sounds or pictures from a tape, or writing from paper * Shall I erase this video? * It’s better to cross out a mistake than to try to erase it. **cut** to remove a part from a film, book, speech etc * The most violent scenes were cut. * Parts of his original speech were cut. ## Footnote In everyday English, people usually say get rid of rather than eliminate: It is almost impossible to get rid of the problem.

Answer 123

**allocate** allocate resources **allocate something to somebody/something** Directors allocated $100 million to the search for oil. You should allocate the same amount of time to each question. **allocate something for something** One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief. The company has allocated funds for the design of four plants. **allocate somebody/something sth** Several patients were waiting to be allocated a bed. (n) allocation

Answer 124

**decade** next decade, previous decade, early decades, recent decades

Answer 125

**administrative** The job is mainly administrative. **administrative staff/duties/job etc** the administrative costs of health care systems an administrative assistant administrative employees staff who provide technical and administrative support to the college ✅ فعل ( verb ) : administrate = administer ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : administration / administrator ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : administrative ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : administratively ............................................................................................. **administrate = administer** اداره کردن to manage the operation or money of a company or organization * The money will be administered by local charities. * Our office administers the affairs of the Society. **..........................................................................................** **collocation** public administration administrative practices

Answer 126

**trace** She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter. Police are trying to trace a young woman who was seen near the accident. ........................................................................................ **trace something (back) to something** They’ve traced their ancestry to Scotland. The style of these paintings can be traced back to early medieval influences. .................................................................................................. There was no trace of anyone having entered the room since then. Petra’s lost all trace of her German accent. Officers were unable to find any trace of drugs. **disappear/vanish/sink without (a) trace (=disappear completely, without leaving any sign of what happened)** The plane vanished without a trace. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : trace ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : trace ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : traceable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) :

Answer 127

**cycle** a woman’s menstrual cycle **cycle of** the cycle of the seasons Sometimes the only way to break the cycle of violence in the home is for the wife to leave ✅ فعل ( verb ) : - ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cycle ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cyclic / cyclical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cyclically ## Footnote cyclic emphasizes the idea of something being in a cycle or following a circular motion, while cyclical focuses on events or processes recurring in cycles.

Answer 128

**exclusion** the country’s exclusion from the United Nations exclusionary business practices social exclusion mutually exclusive ✅ فعل ( verb ) : exclude≠include ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exclusion≠ inclusion / exclusivity انحصاری بودن / exclusive = an important or exciting story that is printed in only one newspaper, because that newspaper was the first to find out about it ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exclusive انحصاری/ exclusionary = relating to or characterized by the exclusion of something, especially from a contract or group. ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : exclusively ✅ حرف اضافه ( preposition ) : excluding

Answer 129

**(in)flexibility** Employees expect flexibility in the workplace. ............................................................................................ Stretching exercises will help your flexibility. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (in)flexibility ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (in)flexible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (in)flexibly **..........................................................................................** **collocation** greater flexibility degree of flexibility flexible approach

Answer 130

**widespread** the widespread use of chemicals in agriculture **widespread support/acceptance/criticism/condemnation etc** There was widespread support for the war. The storm caused widespread damage. **.................................................................................** **THESAURUS** **common** if something is common, there are a lot of them * Jones is a very common name in Great Britain. * Foxes are common in the area. * Personal computers are nearly as common in American homes as televisions. **widespread** happening in a lot of places or done by a lot of people * Racism is much more widespread than people imagine. * The report claimed that the problem of police brutality was widespread. * the widespread availability of antibiotics **commonplace [not before noun] especially written** common in a particular place or time – used especially when saying that this seems surprising or unusual * Crimes such as robbery are commonplace in big cities. * Expensive foreign cars are commonplace in this Chicago suburb. **prevalent** **formal** common in a place or among a group of people – used especially about illnesses, problems, or ideas * Flu is most prevalent during the winter months. * Depression remains one of the most prevalent health disorders in the US. * This belief is more prevalent among men than women. **rife [not before noun]** very common – used about illnesses or problems * AIDS is rife in some parts of the world. **ubiquitous formal** very common and seen in many different places – often used humorously in written descriptions * He was carrying the ubiquitous MP3 player. * In Britain, CCTV cameras are ubiquitous. **..........................................................................................** **collocation** widespread acceptance widespread belief widespread support widespread use become widespread

Answer 131

**debate** The new drug has become the subject of heated debate within the medical profession. **debate over/about** There has been widespread public debate over the introduction of genetically modified food. **debate between** the ongoing debate between environmentalists and the road-building lobby over the future of our countryside .......................................................................... **debate on/over/about** a debate on legalized gambling a televised debate **have/hold/conduct a debate** It would have been better to hold the debate during the day. **be under debate** What topics are under debate in Congress this week? ..................................................................................... The issue will be debated on Tuesday. **debate whether/what/how etc** Meanwhile, philosophers debate whether it’s right to clone an individual. **debate (something) with somebody** an invitation to debate with William on the future of democracy His conclusions are hotly debated (=argued about strongly). **..........................................................................................** **collocation** academic debate considerable debate contemporary debate heated debate ongoing debate political debate public debate theoretical debate

Answer 132

**concentration** high concentration powers of concentration She needed all her powers of concentration to stop herself from slipping on the icy road. Lack of concentration was a real problem. I lost my concentration and fell asleep. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : concentrate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : concentration / concentrate ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : concentrated ✅️ قید ( adverb )

Answer 133

**code** The Torah is the basis for all the Jewish laws and their moral code. Each state in the US has a different criminal and civil code. The judge ruled that there had been no breach of the code. There were plans to introduce a dress code (=rules about what to wear) for civil servants. **code of conduct/behaviour/ethics** the strict code of conduct that is so much a part of karate **code of practice (=a set of rules that people in a particular business or profession agree to obey)**

Answer 134

**restrict** **impose restrictions** The new law restricts the sale of hand guns. You may need to restrict access to certain files (=limit the number of people who can read them). The agreement will restrict competition. **restrict something to something** In future we will restrict class sizes to 20 students. .................................................................................... The cramped living conditions severely restricted the children’s freedom to play. ...................................................................................................... **restrict yourself/somebody to (doing) something** I’m restricting myself to two cigarettes a day. فعل ( verb ) : restrict اسم ( noun ) : restriction صفت ( adjective ) : restrictive = something that is restrictive stops people doing what they want to do = limiting محدود کننده/ restricted قید ( adverb ) : restrictively

Answer 135

**assign** **assign somebody a task/role** I’ve been assigned the task of looking after the new students. **assign somebody to something** Jan’s been assigned to the Asian Affairs Bureau. **assign somebody to do something** Madison was assigned to investigate a balloon accident. **assign somebody something** Assign each student a partner. ..................................................................................................... How much time have you assigned for the meeting? **assign something to something** A code was assigned to each batch of work. ................................................................................................ **assign something to somebody** A personal bodyguard had been assigned to her. **assign somebody something** They assigned me a small room. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : assign ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : assignment ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _ ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 136

**status** These documents have no legal status in Britain. What is your marital status (=are you married or not)? .................................................................................................... **high/low status** low-status jobs Doctors have traditionally enjoyed high social status. **..........................................................................................** **collocation** current status economic status equal status high status legal status low status political status professional status relative status social status socioeconomic status special status status symbols | syn= rank, position, standing

Answer 137

**seek, sought, sought** Do you think the president will seek re-election? **seek refuge/asylum/shelter etc** Thousands of people crossed the border, seeking refuge from the war. **seek revenge/damages/compensation etc** He sought revenge against Surkov for separating him from his wife and son. **seek to do something** Local schools are seeking to reduce the dropout rate. **attention-seeking/publicity-seeking** ................................................................................. If the symptoms persist, seek medical advice. .................................................................................. new graduates seeking employment Attractive woman, 27, seeks male, 25-35, for fun and friendship. **..........................................................................................** **collocation** seek help seek information | syn= look for, search for, try to find ## Footnote In everyday English, people usually say that they are looking for someone or something rather than seeking someone or something:

Answer 138

**traditional** traditional Italian cooking a traditional Irish folk song a traditional method of brewing beer **it is traditional (for somebody) to do something** It is traditional not to eat meat on Good Friday. ...................................................................................... He has a traditional view of women. I went to a very traditional school. traditional family values a traditional way of life (noun) tradition **..........................................................................................** **collocation** cultural tradition literary tradition western tradition traditional approach traditional culture traditional form traditional method traditional practice traditional research traditional society traditional value traditional view | syn= usual, accepted, customary

Answer 139

**considerable** **considerable amount/number etc of something** We’ve saved a considerable amount of money. Michael has already spent considerable time in Barcelona. issues of considerable importance The series has aroused considerable interest. فعل ( verb ) : consider اسم ( noun ) : consideration صفت ( adjective ) : considerable / considerate قید ( adverb ) : considerably / considerately **..........................................................................................** **collocation** (a) considerable amount (of) (a) considerable degree (of) (be of) considerable importance (in) considerable detail (to a) considerable extent considerable attention considerable debate considerable effort considerable evidence considerable influence considerable interest considerable research considerable support considerable variation differ considerably vary considerably | syn= extensive, large, significant

Answer 140

**maximum** The car has a maximum speed of 120 mph. They made maximum use of the resources available. To get the maximum benefit, do the exercises slowly. Display the hologram under a strong light for maximum effect. The plant is operating at maximum capacity. **maximum amount/number etc** Work out the maximum amount you can afford to spend. The award will consist of a lump sum to a maximum value of $5,000. **maximum sentence/penalty/fine etc** She faces a maximum penalty of life in prison. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : maximize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : maximization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : maximum / maximal = as much or as large as possible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : maximally **..........................................................................................** **collocation** maximum duration | syn= most, highest, utmost

Answer 141

**facilitate** facilitate (the) development (of) Computers can be used to facilitate language learning. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : facilitate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : facilitation / facility ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : facilitative ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : facilely | syn= make easy, assist, make possible

Answer 142

**enhance** Good lighting will enhance any room. The publicity has enhanced his reputation. flavor enhancers ✅ فعل ( verb ) : enhance ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enhancement / enhancer ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enhanced ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................................** **collocation** enhance learning enhance performance greatly enhance | syn= improve, increase, add to

Answer 143

**approach** **approach to** practical approach a new approach to teaching languages He decided to adopt a different approach and teach the Bible through story-telling. This book takes an unorthodox approach to art criticism. organizations which take a positive approach to creative thinking **..........................................................................................** **collocation** adopt (an) approach alternative approach analytical approach common approach comprehensive approach critical approach develop (an) approach flexible approach general approach holistic approach integrated approach logical approach methodological approach qualitative approach quantitative approach similar approach standard approach systematic approach take (an) approach theoretical approach traditional approach use (an) approach

Answer 144

**phase** a new drug that is in the experimental phase **phase of** The first phase of renovations should be finished by January. **in phases** The work will be carried out in phases. It’s just a phase he’s going through. .......................................................................... **phase out** Due to changes in technology, music companies phased out record albums and cassette tapes in favor of CDs.

Answer 145

**equipment**

Answer 146

**access** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : access ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : access / accessibility ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accessible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : - **..........................................................................................** **collocation** allow access (to) deny access (to) direct access easy access electronic access equal access free access gain access (to) give access (to) have access (to) internet access limited access online access open access provide access (to) public access ready access unlimited access easily accessible readily accessible

Answer 147

**display** a superb display of African masks Family photographs were displayed on the wall. public display ........................................... Unprovoked displays of aggression cannot be tolerated.

Answer 148

**conclusion** I soon came to the conclusion that she was lying. ............................................................. At the conclusion of the meeting, little progress had been made. فعل ( verb ) : conclude اسم ( noun ) : conclusion صفت ( adjective ) : conclusive / concluding قید ( adverb ) : conclusively **..........................................................................................** **collocation** tentative conclusion= a preliminary conclusion that is subject to further testing and analysis foregone conclusion= a result that can be predicted with certainty. concluding remarks concluding section draw (a) conclusion general conclusion lead to (the) conclusion logical conclusion

Answer 149

**potential** **..........................................................................................** **collocation** potential benefits potential conflict potential customer potential harm potential impact potential problem potential risk potential source potential value full potential great potential have potential potentially dangerous

Answer 150

**authority** Mr Li is a leading authority on Chinese food. ........................................................................... Welsh health authorities face a £13m deficit this year. ..................................................................... Only the president has the authority to declare war. (noun) authority authorization authoritarian authoritarianism (adjective) authoritarian authoritative authorized ≠ unauthorized (verb) authorize (adverb) authoritatively فعل ( verb ) : authorize اجازه رسمی دادن اسم ( noun ) : authority / authoritarian اجازه رسمی یا همون مجوز صفت ( adjective ) : authorized مجاز و مجوز دار / authoritative معتبر و قابل احترام است زیرا شخصی که آن را نوشته اطلاعات زیادی در مورد موضوع دارد قید ( adverb ) : authoritatively **..........................................................................................** **collocation** central authority exercise authority local authority political authority public authority

Answer 151

**confirm** New evidence has confirmed the first witness’s story. ................................................................... Could you confirm the dates we discussed? ✅ فعل ( verb ) : confirm ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : confirmation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : confirmed ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 152

**survey** We conducted a survey of parents in the village. survey data conduct (a) survey national survey recent survey

Answer 153

**exhibition** (noun) exhibition exhibitor exhibit (verb) exhibit

Answer 154

**technical** I didn’t understand all the technical terms. a young player with a lot of technical ability **..........................................................................................** **collocation** technical aspect technical assistance technical detail technical expertise technical issue technical knowledge technical problem technical skill technical support technical term

Answer 155

**differentiate** **differentiate between** It’s important to differentiate between fact and opinion. **differentiate something from something** It’s sometimes hard to differentiate one sample from another. ......................................................................... a policy which differentiates between men and women ✅ فعل ( verb ) : differentiate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : differentiation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : differentiating / differentiated ✅️ قید ( adverb ) :

Answer 156

**residential** (noun) resident residence residency (adjective) resident residential (verb) reside

Answer 157

**corporate** The company is moving its corporate headquarters (=main offices) from New York to Houston. (n) corporation ................................................. A corporation is a legal entity separate from its owners with individual rights and privileges, while a company is a general term for any entity engaging in business practices. Corporations are typically larger, and their owners are not personally liable for debts or contracts, unlike company owners. | = business, commercial

Answer 158

**contradictory** **contradictory messages/statements/demands etc** The public is being fed contradictory messages about the economy. فعل ( verb ) : contradict اسم ( noun ) : contradiction صفت ( adjective ) : contradictory قید ( adverb ) : _ | = conflicting, differing

Answer 159

**conventional** conventional method, product, practice | =traditional, ordinary, standard

Answer 160

**somewhat** **somewhat larger/higher/newer etc** The price is somewhat higher than I expected. Things have changed somewhat since then. **somewhat of** To say that I was surprised is somewhat of an understatement. | = to some extent, slightly

Answer 161

**response** the public’s response to our appeal for help ✅ فعل ( verb ) : respond ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : response / respondent / responsibility / responsiveness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : responsible / responsive ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : responsibly / responsively **..........................................................................................** **collocation** respond appropriately appropriate response emotional response individual response | = reaction, reply

Answer 162

**indication** **indication of** Dark green leaves are a good indication of healthy roots. He gave no indication at all of his own feelings. Could you give me some indication as to when I am likely to receive a reply? **indication (that)** Taking a career history along with you will be a clear indication that you are well organized. Indications are that the situation hasn’t improved much. There is every indication (=there are very clear signs) that it is true. **................................................................** **THESAURUS** **sign [countable]** an event, fact etc that shows that something is happening or that something is true or exists The curtains were still drawn and there was no sign of activity. A score of 80 or more is a sign that you are doing very well. **indication [countable]** a sign. Indication is more formal than sign Recently there have been several indications of improving relations. There was no indication the killings were related to the drug trade. **evidence [uncountable]** facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true, especially something that you are trying to prove Scientists are hoping to find evidence that there was once life on Mars. There was not enough evidence to convict him of the murder. **symptom [countable]** a sign that someone has an illness or that a serious problem exists The first symptoms are tiredness and loss of weight. Is this a symptom of the decay of Western civilization? **indicator [countable]** a sign that shows you what is happening or what is true – used about a process, or about the state or level of something There are a number of indicators of economic slowdown. The tests are considered a good indicator of intelligence. **signal [countable]** a sign that shows that you should do something, or that you have a particular attitude Severe chest pain is a warning signal that cannot be ignored. Legalizing drugs could send the wrong signal to young people. **mark [countable]** a sign, especially that you respect or honour someone People stood in silence as a mark of respect. It was a mark of her popularity that so many colleagues and friends attended the presentation. **..........................................................................................** **collocation** clear indication give (an) indication (of) provide (an) indication (of) | =suggestion, clue ## Footnote formal of **sign**

Answer 163

**innovation** technological innovation فعل ( verb ) : innovate اسم ( noun ) : innovation صفت ( adjective ) : innovative / innovatory قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 164

**method** | = way, technique

Answer 165

**obviously** used to mean that a fact can easily be noticed or understood SYN clearly ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obviousness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : obvious ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : obviously **..........................................................................................** **collocation** obvious difference obvious example obvious point obvious reason become obvious fairly obvious immediately obvious seem obvious | = clearly, noticeably

Answer 166

**presumably** It’s raining, which presumably means that your football match will be cancelled. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : presume ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : presumption ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : presumptive / presumable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : presumably | =most likely, probably

Answer 167

**psychologist** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : psychology / psychologist ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : psychological ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : psychologically | = mental health professional, analyst

Answer 168

**crucial** (adv) crucially crucial difference crucial factor crucial importance crucial part crucial point crucial question crucial role | = necessary, fundamental

Answer 169

**adapt** **adapt something to do something** The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas. **adapt something for somebody** These teaching materials can be adapted for older children. ................................................................................................. The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school. فعل ( verb ) : adapt اسم ( noun ) : adaptation / adaptability صفت ( adjective ) : adaptive / adaptable قید ( adverb ) : adaptively

Answer 170

**approximately** The plane will be landing in approximately 20 minutes. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : approximate = to be close to a particular number / to be similar to but not exactly the same as something ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : approximation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : approximate ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : approximately

Answer 171

**contract** Metal contracts as it cools. The economy has contracted by 2.5% since last year. ................................................................................ Two-thirds of the adult population there have contracted AIDS. ................................................................................... Tyler has agreed a seven-year contract with a Hollywood studio

Answer 172

**establish** The city of Boerne was established by German settlers in the 1840s. Our goal is to establish a new research centre in the North. ......................................................................... **establish relations/links/contact etc (with somebody)** Hungary established diplomatic relations with Chile in 1990. ................................................................................... The police must establish the facts of the case before proceeding. **establish that** The autopsy established that he had been murdered. **establish whether/if** I was never able to establish whether she was telling the truth. **..........................................................................................** **collocation** establish (a) relationship established order established practice established principle (be) clearly established (be) firmly established (be) well established become established long established newly established once established ## Footnote (noun) establishment (adjective) established = already in use or existing for a long period of time/ (verb) establish

Answer 173

**incorporate** **incorporate something into/in something** We’ve incorporated many environmentally friendly features into the design of the building. Our original proposals were not incorporated in the new legislation. (n) incorporation the incorporation of the college into the university

Answer 174

**military** military action military force military power military service

Answer 175

**overall** The overall cost of the exhibition was £400,000. ......................................................................... Williams came fifth overall. ...................................................................... Overall, prices are still rising. **..........................................................................................** **collocation** overall aim overall effect overall level overall performance overall picture overall rate overall structure

Answer 176

**parallel** Social changes in Britain are matched by parallel trends in some other countries.

Answer 177

**preceding** **preceding days/weeks/months/years** income tax paid in preceding years **preceding chapter/paragraph/page etc** the diagram in the preceding chapter ✅ فعل ( verb ) : precede ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : precedent ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : preceding ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : **..........................................................................................** **collocation** take precedence (over) preceding chapter preceding discussion preceding section immediately preceding

Answer 178

**undergo, underwent, undergone** The country has undergone massive changes recently. undergo transformation/treatment/examination/change/surgery

Answer 179

**stressful** (noun) stress (adjective) stressed stressful (verb) stress = to emphasize a statement, fact, or idea

Answer 180

**theory** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : theorize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : theory / theorist ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : theoretical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : theoretically

Answer 181

**analytic or analytical** Police officers and detectives must take an analytic approach to solving crime. **analytic(al) method/techniques/approach/skills** فعل ( verb ) : analyze اسم ( noun ) : analysis / analyst صفت ( adjective ) : analytical / analytic قید ( adverb ) : analytically **..........................................................................................** **collocation** careful analysis comparative analysis conduct (an) analysis critical analysis detailed analysis economic analysis final analysis full analysis further analysis historical analysis qualitative analysis quantitative analysis statistical analysis subsequent analysis systematic analysis textual analysis thematic analysis theoretical analysis use (the) analysis analytical approach analytical tool

Answer 182

**assess** **assess the impact/extent/effectiveness etc of something** a report to assess the impact of advertising on children **assess what/how etc** The technique is being tried in classrooms to assess what effects it may have. **be assessed as something** Many of the adults were assessed as having learning difficulties. ........................................................................................ **be assessed at something** The value of the business was assessed at £1.25 million. فعل ( verb ) : assess اسم ( noun ) : assessment / assessor صفت ( adjective ) : assessable قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................................** **collocation** assess (the) impact (of) assessment process accurate assessment make (an) assessment risk assessment

Answer 183

**discriminating** * Improved labeling of the ingredients and nutritional values of food products has enabled consumers to become more discriminating about their food purchases. * A discriminating collector of art will attend only the best sales in hopes of purchasing high-quality paintings. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : discriminate = to treat a person or group differently from another in an unfair way / to recognize a difference between things = differentiate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : discrimination ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discriminating / discriminatory ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 184

**injured** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : injure = to hurt yourself or someone else ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : injury ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : injured / injurious = causing injury, harm, or damage ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : injuriously

Answer 185

**internal** the threat to internal security They’ve knocked down a couple of internal walls. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : - ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : - ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : internal ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : internally **..........................................................................................** **collocation** internal affairs internal conflict internal control internal market internal organ internal structure | ≠ external

Answer 186

**overlap** One of Jilly’s front teeth overlaps the other. .................................................................................. two great men with overlapping interests ................................................................................ My vacation overlaps with yours.

Answer 187

**period** **..........................................................................................** **collocation** brief period earlier period entire period extended period given period historical period initial period short period whole period

Answer 188

**series** the series of events that led to the outbreak of war

Answer 189

**(in)sufficient** The lack of sufficient jobs is a major reason for urban poverty in developing countries فعل ( verb ) : suffice = to be enough اسم ( noun ) : sufficiency صفت ( adjective ) : sufficient قید ( adverb ) : sufficiently

Answer 190

**transmit** The US Open will be transmitted live via satellite. The system transmits information over digital phone lines. .................................................................. Mathematical knowledge is transmitted from teacher to student ✅ فعل ( verb ) : transmit ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : transmission / transmitter ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : transmissible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **..........................................................................................** **collocation** transmit data transmit information

Answer 191

**volunteers** (noun) transmission transmitter (verb) transmit

Answer 192

**justify** Ministers must appear before Parliament and justify their actions. (noun) justification (adjective) justifiable ≠ unjustifiable justified ≠ unjustified (verb) justify (adverb) justifiably ≠ unjustifiably

Answer 193

**comprise** The house comprises two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room. **be comprised of somebody/something** The committee is comprised of well-known mountaineers.

Answer 194

**guarantee** **guarantee (that)** I guarantee you’ll love this film. **guarantee somebody something** If you send the application form in straight away, I can guarantee you an interview. **guarantee to do something** I cannot guarantee to work for more than a year. ....................................................... All our products are fully guaranteed. **guarantee something against something** The stereo is guaranteed against failure for a year. ............................................................................................... In movies, talent by no means guarantees success. **guarantee that** The built-in thermostat guarantees that the water remains at the same temperature all the time. **be guaranteed to do something** This latest incident is guaranteed to make the situation worse. **be guaranteed something** Even if you complete your training, you aren’t guaranteed a job.

Answer 195

**federal**

Answer 196

**criteria** the criteria we use to select candidates **meet/satisfy/fulfil criteria** objective criteria use criteria criteria for the selection

Answer 197

**complement** John and Bob complemented each other well. .................................................................... **complement to** This wine would be a nice complement to grilled dishes. .......................................................................................... **complement of** Each new cell will carry its full complement of chromosomes. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : complement ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : complement / complementarity ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : complementary ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : complementarily

Answer 198

**imply** Cleo blushed. She had not meant to imply that he was lying. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : imply / implicate = to show or suggest that someone is involved in a crime or dishonest act ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : implication ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : implied = not stated openly, but understood to exist or to be true ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : **..........................................................................................** **collocation** consider (the) implications major implications political implications social implications wider implications

Answer 199

**layer** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : layer = to make a layer of something or put something down in layers ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : layer ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : layered ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -

Answer 200

**regulate** strict rules regulating the use of chemicals in food ........................................................ People sweat to regulate their body heat. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : regulate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : regulation / regulator ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : regulatory ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : - **..........................................................................................** **collocation** regulatory agency regulatory framework

Answer 201

**randomly** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : randomize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : randomness / randomization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : random ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : randomly

Answer 202

**unique** فعل ( verb ) : _ اسم ( noun ) : uniqueness صفت ( adjective ) : unique قید ( adverb ) : uniquely

Answer 203

**predominate** Pine trees predominate in this area of forest. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : predominate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : predominance ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : predominant ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : predominantly

Answer 204

**whereas**

Answer 205

**despite = inspite of**

Answer 206

**chemical** chemical reaction ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : chemistry / chemist / chemical ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : chemical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : chemically | = substance, element, compound

Answer 207

**confine** **confine something to something** The police cadet’s duties were confined to taking statements from the crowd. We confined our study to ten cases. **confine yourself to (doing) something** Owen did not confine himself to writing only one type of poem. ..................................................................................... **confine somebody to something** Any soldier who leaves his post will be confined to barracks (=made to stay in the barracks). **be confined in something** He was allegedly confined in a narrow dark room for two months | = restrict , limit, put in prison ## Footnote (v) confine / (n) confinement / (adj) confined

Answer 208

**label** It says ‘Dry clean’ on the label. .......................................................... Men these days have to avoid attracting the ‘sexist’ label. ................................................................. Label the diagram clearly. **label something sth** The file was labelled ‘Top Secret’. **label something with something** Each bag of seeds is labelled with the grower’s name. ...................................................................... **label somebody/something (as) something** The newspapers had unjustly labelled him a troublemaker.

Answer 209

**extract** You’ll have to have that tooth extracted extract data extract information extract resources | = take out, remove, dig out ## Footnote (noun) extraction extract (verb) extract

Answer 210

**arbitrary** an arbitrary decision the arbitrary arrests of political opponents an arbitrarily chosen number ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : arbitrariness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : arbitrary ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : arbitrarily

Answer 211

**alternative** alternative ways/approach/methods etc alternative music/theatre etc alternative medicine/therapies فعل ( verb ) : - اسم ( noun ) : alternative صفت ( adjective ) : alternative قید ( adverb ) : alternatively **..........................................................................................** **collocation** alternative approach alternative explanation alternative form alternative interpretion alternative means alternative method alternative model alternative solution alternative source alternative strategy alternative view alternative way provide (an) alternative | = option, choice, substitute

Answer 212

**inherent** I’m afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system. Every business has its own inherent risks. (adv) inherently | = inborn, intrinsic, innate

Answer 213

**aid** Foreign aid from many countries poured into the famine area. financial aid ............................................................. Father Poole walked painfully, with the aid of a stick. ......................................................................... an index to aid the reader **aid somebody in/with (doing) something** Mrs Coxen was aided in looking after the children by her niece. .............................................................. Welfare spending aids economic development in three ways. | = assistance, help, support

Answer 214

**proportion** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : proportion = to put something in a particular relationship with something else according to their relative size, amount, position etc ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : proportion ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : proportional = proportionate = something that is proportional to something else is in the correct or most suitable relationship to it in size, amount, importance etc ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : proportionately / proportionally **..........................................................................................** **collocation** (a) great proportion (of) (a) high proportion (of) (a) increasing proportion (of) (a) large proportion (of) (a) significant proportion (of) (a) small proportion (of) (be) directly proportional (to)

Answer 215

**highlight** Your résumé should highlight your skills and achievements. highlight the problem ............................................................. That weekend in Venice was definitely the highlight of our trip. **....................................................................** **THESAURUS** **emphasize** to say strongly or show clearly that a fact, idea etc is especially important * Our company emphasizes the need for good communication between staff. **stress** to emphasize something when you are talking about a subject * Most schools stress the importance of parental involvement in their child’s learning. * He stressed the need for parents to listen to their children. **highlight** to show that something is important, so that people will pay special attention to it * This case highlights the need for tougher laws on gun ownership. * The report highlights the decline in the numbers of native plants and insects. **underline/underscore** to help to show clearly that a fact is true, especially a fact that is already known

Answer 216

**volume** The volume of traffic on the roads has increased dramatically in recent years. the volume of trade ............................................................................... The period from 1940–45 is in volume 9 ......................................................... **(adj) voluminous** 1 a voluminous piece of clothing is very large and loose – often used humorously * a voluminous cloak 2 voluminous books, documents etc are very long and contain a lot of detail * He took voluminous notes during the lecture. 3 a voluminous container is very large and can hold a lot of things * a voluminous suitcase

Answer 217

**diminish** The party’s share of the electorate has diminished steadily. These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain. ......................................................................... Don’t let him diminish your achievements. But that’s not to diminish the importance of his discoveries. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : diminish ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : diminution / diminutive ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : diminutive ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ **diminish the impact/importance/influence**

Answer 218

**input** If the input data specified it, the file will close and the process terminates. Farmers contributed most of the input into the survey. We’ll need input from community nurses.

Answer 219

**expansion** The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems. an expansion in student numbers ............................................................................................ The industry underwent a period of rapid expansion. expand rapidly rapid expansion ✅ فعل ( verb ) : expand ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : expansion ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : expandable / expansive = very large in area, or using a lot of space, or including a lot of information ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : expansively

Answer 220

**conduct** We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food. ......................................................................... Aluminium, being a metal, readily conducts heat. ............................................................................. The Senator’s conduct is being investigated by the Ethics Committee. an inquiry into the conduct of the police **..........................................................................................** **collocation** conduct (a) study conduct (a) survey conduct (an) analysis conduct (an) interview conduct research

Answer 221

**ultimate** ultimate goal/aim/objective etc ......................................................... The ultimate outcome of the experiment cannot be predicted. The ultimate fate of the tribe was even sadder. ....................................................... The Rolling Stones are the ultimate rock and roll band. The female nude is surely the ultimate test of artistic skill. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ultimate ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ultimate ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ultimately

Answer 222

**devote** **devote your time/resources/energy/attention etc to something** He devoted his energies to writing films. **devote yourself to something** She devoted herself full-time to her business. .................................................................... **devote something to something** The meeting will be devoted to health and safety issues. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : devote ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : devotion ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : devoted ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : devotedly

Answer 223

**abandon** How could she abandon her own child? ........................................................................... We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way. Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city. ................................................................... The game had to be abandoned due to bad weather. They abandoned their attempt to recapture the castle. فعل ( verb ) : abandon اسم ( noun ) : abandonment صفت ( adjective ) : abandoned قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 224

**cite** The passage cited above is from a Robert Frost poem. ..................................................... The judge cited a 1956 Supreme Court ruling in her decision. **cite something as something** Several factors have been cited as the cause of the unrest.

Answer 225

**region** **(somewhere) in the region of something** a grant somewhere in the region of £2,500 ........................................................... efforts to bring peace to the region **..........................................................................................** **collocation** regional development regional differences regional variation ✅ فعل ( verb ) : - ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : region , regionalism ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : regional ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : regionally

Answer 226

**prohibitive** The cost of land in Tokyo is prohibitive. ................................................. prohibitive regulations ✅ فعل ( verb ) : prohibit = to say that an action is illegal or not allowed = ban, forbid ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prohibition =the act of saying that something is illegal / an order stopping something ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prohibitive ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : prohibitively

Answer 227

**minimize** Every effort is being made to minimize civilian casualties. ........................................................ We must not minimize the problem of racial discrimination.

Answer 228

**inevitable** A further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable. **it is inevitable (that)** It’s inevitable that doctors will make the occasional mistake. **inevitable consequence/result** Disease was an inevitable consequence of poor living conditions. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inevitability ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inevitable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inevitably | = unavoidable, inescapable

Answer 229

**terminate** The court ruled that the contract must be terminated. a woman’s decision on whether or not to terminate the pregnancy terminate employment/contract/relationship ✅ فعل ( verb ) : terminate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : termination / terminal ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : terminal ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : terminally | = ended, concluded

Answer 230

**adjacent** We stayed in adjacent rooms. **adjacent to** the building adjacent to the library | = next, side by side with

Answer 231

**predict** Sales were five percent lower than predicted. **predict (that)** Newspapers predicted that Davis would be re-elected. **predict whether/what/how etc** It is difficult to predict what the long-term effects of the accident will be. **be predicted to do something** Unemployment is predicted to increase to 700,000 by the end of the year. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : predict ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prediction / predictability / predictor ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : predictable / predictive ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : predictively / predictably make (a) prediction | = anticipate, forecast

Answer 232

**annual** annual conference annual meeting annual rate annual report annual review | = yearly, twelve-month

Answer 233

**outcome** It was impossible to predict the outcome of the election. People who had heard the evidence at the trial were surprised at the outcome. **..........................................................................................** **collocation** achieve (an) outcome affect (the) outcome desired outcome final outcome learning outcome likely outcome negative outcome positive outcome possible outcome | = result, conclusion

Answer 234

**benefit** **benefit of** the benefits of contact lenses **for somebody’s benefit** Could you just explain again for Mark’s benefit? **without the benefit of something** Most motorists manage without the benefit of four-wheel drive. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : benefit ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : benefit ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : beneficial ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : beneficially beneficial effect provide (a) benefit economic benefits potential benefits | = gain, advantage

Answer 235

**virtually** Virtually all the children come to school by bus. He was virtually unknown before running for office. | = (almost, nearly

Answer 236

**nevertheless** What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind. He had no qualifications; nevertheless, he got the job. The new drug was expensive. Nevertheless, it was not very effective.

Answer 237

**occur** A third of accidental deaths occur in the home. The explosion occurred at 5.30 a.m. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : occur ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : occurrence ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : - ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ | = happen, take place)

Answer 238

**duration** The course is of three years’ duration. **for the duration (of something)** The package includes cycle hire for the duration of your holiday.

Answer 239

**expert** Someone is an **expert on** a subject or issue: He’s an expert on the Cold War. ✗Don’t say: He’s an expert of the Cold War. Someone is an **expert in** a field of study or an activity: She’s an expert in family law. ✗Don’t say: She’s an expert of family law.

Answer 240

**commodity**

Answer 241

**utilize** We must consider how best to utilize what resources we have. فعل ( verb ) : utilize اسم ( noun ) : utilization صفت ( adjective ) : utilizable قید ( adverb ) : _ **..............................................................................................** **THESAURUS** **use** to use something for a particular purpose * Do you mind if I use your phone? * They rebuilt the church using local stone. * We use a range of different methods. **make use of something** to use something that is available to you * Staff can make use of a wide range of facilities. * She made full use of her contacts within the organization. **employ formal** to use a particular method or skill in order to achieve something * The surgeons employed a new technique. * They employed every means at their disposal (=every available method). **utilize formal** to use something that is available to you, for a practical purpose * The company has developed a new way to utilize solar energy. * a better way of utilizing the space **exploit** to use something as fully and effectively as possible, or to use something that will give you an advantage over your opponent * The country’s natural resources have not yet been fully exploited. * He was quick to exploit any weakness in his opponent’s argument. **apply** to use something such as a method, idea, or system in a particular situation * New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process. * I wanted to apply the things that I had learned on the course.

Answer 242

**aware** The prime minister was aware of the decline in his popularity. (noun) awareness **..........................................................................................** **collocation** acutely aware = به شدت آگاه است become aware fully aware increasingly aware keenly aware = کاملا آگاه make aware well aware greater awareness growing awareness increase awareness increased awareness increasing awareness public awareness raise awareness

Answer 243

**precise** precise definition precise nature ✅ فعل ( verb ) : - ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (im)precision ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (im)precise ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (im)precisely

Answer 244

**ensure یا insure** facilities to ensure the safety of cyclists **ensure (that)** The hospital tries to ensure that people are seen quickly.

Answer 245

**clarify** **clarify issues/a statement/matters etc** Could you clarify one or two points for me? Reporters asked him to clarify his position (=say exactly what his beliefs are) on welfare reform. **clarify how/what etc** The report aims to clarify how these conclusions were reached. فعل ( verb ) : clarify / clear اسم ( noun ) : clarification / clarity / clearance / clearness صفت ( adjective ) : clear قید ( adverb ) : clearly / clear = away from something, or out of the way

Answer 246

**discrete** The change happens in a series of discrete steps. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : discreteness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discrete ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : discretely

Answer 247

**fluctuate** **fluctuate between** Prices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40. **fluctuate around** The number of children in the school fluctuates around 100. Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year. (noun) fluctuation (verb) fluctuate

Answer 248

**transporting = transportation(american) = transport(british)** The cost of transporting produce to market must be added to the final cost that consumers pay. transport(ation) system, public transport(ation) **means/mode/form of transportation** (noun) transport = a system or method for carrying passengers or goods from one place to another/ transportation / transporter (verb) transport = to take goods, people etc from one place to another in a vehicle

Answer 249

**insert** **insert something in/into/between something** His hand shook slightly as he inserted the key into the lock. .......................................................................... **insert something in/into/between something** His manager inserted a new clause into his contract. Insert your comments in the space below.

Answer 250

**export - exportation** **export of** a ban on the export of toxic waste **for export** bales of cloth for export to the continent ........................................... Wheat is one of the country’s main exports. .............................................. ** export something (from somebody) to somebody** The company exports tuna to the US. **An “export” is an item that is sent abroad. “Exportation” is the process of sending items abroad, but the word “export” often can be used for the process as well.**

Answer 251

**sector** **sector of** the agricultural sector of the economy public/private sector

Answer 252

**secure** Boyd’s goal secured his team’s place in the Cup Final. **secure a deal/contract** ................................................................. Troops were sent to secure the border. **secure something against somebody/something** ................................ his position as party leader was less than secure Data encryption provides a secure way of transmitting data over the Internet (noun) security ≠ insecurity (adjective) secure ≠ insecure (verb) secure (adverb) securely ≠ insecurely

Answer 253

**attain** More women are attaining positions of power. .................................. Share prices attained a high of $3.27. After a year she had attained her ideal weight. فعل ( verb ) : attain اسم ( noun ) : attainment صفت ( adjective ) : attainable قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 254

**sustain** She found it difficult to sustain the children’s interest. the policies necessary to sustain economic growth ........................................ Two of the firefighters sustained serious injuries. Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage. فعل ( verb ) : sustain اسم ( noun ) : sustenance = food that people or animals need in order to live / sustainability صفت ( adjective ) : sustainable = able to continue without causing damage to the environment یا able to continue for a long time قید ( adverb ) : sustainably

Answer 255

**capable** a strong capable woman The company isn’t capable of handling an order that large. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : capability ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : capable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : capably

Answer 256

**mutually** mutually acceptable/beneficial/convenient etc mutually exclusive **..........................................................................................** **collocation** mutual recognition mutual support mutual trust mutual understanding mutually exclusive

Answer 257

**site** the site of the air crash

Answer 258

**adequate** The standard of his work is barely adequate. فعل ( verb ) : _ اسم ( noun ) : adequacy صفت ( adjective ) : adequate قید ( adverb ) : adequately

Answer 259

**exploit** Western petroleum companies are working with local companies to exploit the opportunities for oil production around the Caspian Sea. Developing countries need to find ways to exploit their natural resources for the good of their own people. **economic exploitation, sexual exploitation** exploit the opportunities exploit their natural resources ✅ فعل ( verb ) : exploit ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exploit / exploitation / exploiter ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exploitable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -

Answer 260

**anticipate** anticipate changes/developments/problems/ difficulties (noun) anticipation (adjective) anticipatory anticipated ≠ unanticipated (verb) anticipate

Answer 261

**supplement** vitamins and other dietary supplements **supplement to** The payments are a supplement to his usual salary. فعل ( verb ) : supplement اسم ( noun ) : supplement / supplementation صفت ( adjective ) : supplementary / supplemental قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 262

**enable** **enable somebody/something to do something** The loan enabled Jan to buy the house. There are plans to enlarge the runway to enable jumbo jets to land.

Answer 263

**subordinate** **subordinate somebody/something to somebody/ something** Why subordinate your wishes to those of your family? ......................................................................... a subordinate officer **subordinate to** Women were subordinate to men. These aims were subordinate to the main aims of the mission ✅ فعل ( verb ) : subordinate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : subordinate = someone who has a lower position and less authority than someone else in an organization/ subordination ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : subordinate ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 264

**reluctance** Wells finally agreed, but with reluctance. **reluctance to do something** a reluctance to share information ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reluctance ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reluctant ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : reluctantly **be reluctant to get involved**

Answer 265

**immigrate** His father and mother immigrated when he was two. (noun) immigration ≠ emigration immigrant ≠ emigrant (verb) immigrate ≠ emigrate

Answer 266

**inclination** My natural inclination was to say no. **inclination to do something** Neither of my children showed the slightest inclination to follow me into journalism. Teachers simply do not have the time or the inclination to investigate these matters. ..................................................................................... **inclination to do something** an inclination to see everything in political terms **inclination to/towards** She’s troubled by her son’s inclination toward atheism. **by inclination** Bart was a romantic by inclination. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : incline ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inclination ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inclined ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ be inclined to agree/think/believe etc be inclined to do something/inclined to something be/feel inclined (to do something)

Answer 267

**validate** The Supreme Court has validated the lower court’s interpretation of the law. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : validate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : validity اعتبار / validation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : valid ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : validly valid argument/ equally valid

Answer 268

**quote** a quote from the minister’s speech ...................................... She quoted from a newspaper article. ## Footnote (noun) quotation quote (adj) quotable (verb) quote

Answer 269

**license** **be licensed to do something** a restaurant which is licensed to sell alcohol The vaccine has been licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration. (noun) licence licensee (adjective) licensed (verb) license ............................................................... In American English, the noun is spelled the same as the verb—license. But in British English, the noun is spelled licence

Answer 270

**notion** misguided notions of male superiority

Answer 271

**mature** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : mature ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : maturity / maturation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mature / maturational ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : maturely

Answer 272

**implication** The law bans organized protests and, by implication, any form of opposition. ........................................................ **implication of** What are the implications of these proposals? This election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democracy. **consider/discuss/examine the implications** His talk will examine the wider implications of the Internet revolution. **practical/financial/political etc implications**

Answer 273

**oddness** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : oddity = a strange or unusual person or thing, or a strange quality in someone or something/ oddness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : odd ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : oddly

Answer 274

**specify** Payments will be made for a specified number of months. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : specify ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : specification / specificity / specifics ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : specific / specifiable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : specifically ......................................................... specific area, specific aspect, specific case, specific characteristic, specific context, specific example, specific factor, specific feature, specific focus, specific form, specific function, specific information, specific issue, specific knowledge, specific meaning, specific needs, specific problem, specific purpose, specific question, specific reference, specific sense, specific type, culturally specific, historically specific, (be) specifically designed (to, for)

Answer 275

**domain** **outside/within the domain of something/somebody** This problem is outside the domain of medical science. Looking after the house was viewed as a woman’s domain.

Answer 276

**investment** foreign investment, private investment, foreign investor (noun) investment investor (verb) invest

Answer 277

**collapse** the roof collapsed on top of me ........................................................... he collapsed from loss of blood | = fall down, cave in, give way ## Footnote (noun) collapse (adjective) collapsible (verb) collapse

Answer 278

**core** The core of the book focuses on the period between 1660 and 1857. Debt is at the core of the problem. core area, core element, core issue, core skills, core value, central core | = main, primary, central

Answer 279

**framework** **framework of/for** This paper provides a framework for future research. conceptual framework, institutional framework, legal framework, regulatory framework, theoretical framework

Answer 280

**constraint** impose constraints **constraint on** Constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans. the constraints of family life **financial/environmental/political etc constraints** There have been financial and political constraints on development. **impose/place constraints on somebody/something** constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizes فعل ( verb ) : constrain اسم ( noun ) : constraint صفت ( adjective ) : constrained قید ( adverb ) : _ ............................................................................................................ **constrain** to stop someone from doing what they want to do SYN restrict to limit something SYN restrict | = limitation, restraint, restriction

Answer 281

**explicit** The contrast could not have been made more explicit. make explicit, state explicitly ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : explicitness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : explicit ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : explicitly

Answer 282

**denote** Crosses on the map denote villages. this mark denotes purity and quality the level of output per firm is denoted by X ✅ فعل ( verb ) : denote ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : denotation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : denotational ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ | = stand for, represent, symbolize

Answer 283

**assure** **assure somebody that** Her doctor has assured us that she’ll be fine. The document is genuine, I can assure you. **assure somebody of something** The dealer had assured me of its quality. ........................................................................ Excellent reviews have assured the film’s success. **assure somebody (of) something** A win on Saturday will assure them of promotion to Division One. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : assure ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : assurance ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : assured ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : assuredly | = guarantee, make certain, ensure

Answer 284

**subsidy** trade/agricultural etc subsidies international disagreement over trade subsidies (noun) subsidy subsidization (adjective) subsidized (verb) subsidize

Answer 285

**assemble** A large crowd had assembled outside the American embassy. He looked around at the assembled company (=all the people who had come there). She had assembled a collection of her favourite songs. .......................................................... The aircraft will continue to be assembled in France. (noun) assembly assemblage (verb) assemble

Answer 286

**construct** There are plans to construct a new road bridge across the river. **construct something from/of/in something** skyscrapers constructed entirely of concrete and glass ✅ فعل ( verb ) : construct ✅ اسم ( noun ) : construction / construct = an idea formed by combining several pieces of information or knowledge / constructor ✅ صفت ( adjective ) : constructive / constructional ✅ قید ( adverb ) : constructively

Answer 287

**margin** Someone had scribbled a note in the margin. ................................................. by a wide/narrow/significant etc margin .............................................................. Margins are low and many companies are struggling. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : marginalize = to make a person or a group of people unimportant and powerless in an unfair way ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : margin / marginal / marginalia / marginalization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : marginal ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : marginally

Answer 288

**philosophy** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : philosophize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : philosophy / philosophizing / philosopher ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : philosophical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : philosophically

Answer 289

**integration** the integration of data from other surveys ........................... The family unit is supported by its integration into a wider social network. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : integrate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : integration / integrity ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : integrated / integral ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : integrally

Answer 290

**practitioner** medical/legal practitioner a practitioner of alternative medicine ...................................................... one of golf’s most experienced practitioners practitioner of a practitioner of Taoist philosophy ✅ فعل ( verb ) : practice ( practise ) ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : practice / practitioner / practicality / practicability / practical / practicableness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : practical / practiced ( practised ) / practicing ( practising ) / practicable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : practically / practicably

Answer 291

**refined** refined sugar/oil/petroleum .................... a refined way of speaking (noun) refinement refinery (adjective) refined ≠ unrefined (verb) refine = to improve a method, plan, system etc by gradually making slight changes to it / to make a substance purer using an industrial process

Answer 292

**orient** **be oriented to/towards/around something/somebody** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : orient ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : orientation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : oriented ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ sexual orientation

Answer 293

**contrary** on the contrary/quite the contrary evidence/statements etc to the contrary Two contrary views emerged. The men shouted contrary orders.

Answer 294

**external** information from external sources ............................................. , external affairs ✅ فعل ( verb ) : externalize = to express feelings, especially bad feelings, such as anger ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : - ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : external ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : externally external environment, external factors, external forces, external influences, external source, external threat, external world

Answer 295

**bias** political/gender/racial etc bias bias against/towards/in favour of

Answer 296

**ministry** the Ministry of Agriculture

Answer 297

**portion** The rent on his portion of the apartment was $500 a month. ................................................ Do you have any children’s portions? large portion, significant portion, small portion

Answer 298

**bulk** the great bulk of a building **the bulk (of something)** = the main or largest part of something The bulk of consumers are based in towns.

Answer 299

**levy** **levy a tax/charge/fine etc (on something)** a new tax levied on all electrical goods .......................................................... **levy on** He wants to impose a levy on landfill waste.

Answer 300

**coincide** **coincide with** His entry to the party coincided with his marriage. When our vacations coincided, we often holidayed together. **planned/timed/arranged to coincide** The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book. فعل ( verb ) : coincide اسم ( noun ) : coincidence صفت ( adjective ) : coincident / coincidental قید ( adverb ) : coincidentally | = happened at the same time, overlapped

Answer 301

**ethics** professional/business/medical ethics ✅ فعل ( verb ) : ethicize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ethic= a general idea or belief that influences people’s behaviour and attitudes / ethics ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ethical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ethically ethical consideration, ethical dilemma, ethical issue, ethical principle, ethical problem, ethical question | = principles, beliefs

Answer 302

**priority** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : prioritize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : priority / prior / prioritization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prior ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : priorly first priority, give priority (to), high priority, low priority

Answer 303

**advocate** **advocate for American English** Those who advocate for doctor-assisted suicide say the terminally ill should not have to suffer ..................................... **advocate of** She’s a passionate advocate of natural childbirth. **advocate for** an advocate for the disabled ✅ فعل ( verb ) : advocate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : advocate / advocacy ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : _ ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ | =supporte, promote

Answer 304

**compatible** compatible with Stephen’s political views often weren’t compatible with her own. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : compatibility ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : compatible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : compatibly | = well-matched, consistent

Answer 305

**infrastructure** | = basic system, organization

Answer 306

**output** Output is up 30% on last year. manufacturing/industrial/agricultural etc output Korea’s agricultural output | =production, yield

Answer 307

**finite** the Earth’s finite resources | = fixed, limited

Answer 308

**legislation** It is a very important piece of legislation. **legislation on** the legislation on abortion **legislation to do something** new legislation to protect children **introduce/bring in legislation** The government is bringing in legislation to combat this problem. **under new/existing/current etc legislation** The company can be prosecuted under the new legislation. فعل ( verb ) : legislate اسم ( noun ) : legislation / legislator / legislature صفت ( adjective ) : legislative قید ( adverb ) : _ introduce legislation, national legislation, proposed legislation, legislative measures, legislative powerو enacted legislation

Answer 309

**qualitative** a qualitative analysis/study a qualitative study of educational services qualitative research qualitative analysis, qualitative approach, qualitative data, qualitative method, qualitative research, qualitative study, qualitatively different **(adv) qualitatively**

Answer 310

**forthcoming** -She has a part in a forthcoming movie. ............................... If more money is not forthcoming, the theater will have to close. ................................................................................. The charity has been very forthcoming about its finances.

Answer 311

**behalf** on behalf of somebody on someone's behalf

Answer 312

**colleagues = coworkers**

Answer 313

**compound** man-made organic compounds **compound of** Sulphur dioxide is a compound of sulphur and oxygen. Teaching is a compound of several different skills. Brush on a damp-proofing compound. .............................................................................. **compound a problem/difficulty etc** Helmut’s problems were compounded by his lack of concentration.

Answer 314

**comprehensive** comprehensive review/study/survey/account comprehensive account, comprehensive approach, comprehensive overview, comprehensive review, comprehensive system ✅ فعل ( verb ) : comprehend ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : comprehension / comprehensiveness / comprehensibility / comprehensive ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : comprehensive / comprehensible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : comprehensively / comprehensibly

Answer 315

**deduce** **deduce that** From her son’s age, I deduced that her husband must be at least 60. **deduce from** What did Darwin deduce from the presence of these species? (noun) deduction (adjective) deducible deductive (verb) deduce

Answer 316

**empirical** empirical data, empirical evidence, empirical investigation, empirical research, empirical study, empirical support, empirical work ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : empiricism / empiricist ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : empirical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : empirically

Answer 317

**journal** the British Medical Journal academic journal, international journal, online journal, publish (a) journal, scholarly journal .............................................. He decided to keep a journal. (noun) journal journalism journalist journalese (adjective) journalistic

Answer 318

**liberal** a more liberal attitude towards sexuality I had quite liberal parents. ...................................................... a liberal supply of drinks **liberal with** If only they were as liberal with their cash (noun) liberal liberalism liberalization (adjective) liberal (verb) liberalize (adverb) liberally

Answer 319

**mediate** **mediate between** UN officials mediated between the rebel fighters and the government. The former president has agreed to mediate the peace talks. **mediate in** The court was set up to mediate in civil disputes. ........................................................... Exercise may mediate the effects of a bad diet. (noun) mediation mediator (verb) mediate

Answer 320

**restrain** **restrain somebody from doing something** I had to restrain her from running out into the street. He had to be restrained from using violence. .............................................. Renwick restrained a feeling of annoyance. **restrain yourself (from doing something)** She could barely restrain herself from hitting him. ..................................... Price rises should restrain consumer spending. (noun) restraint (adjective) restrained ≠ unrestrained (verb) restrain ................................................................................ **restraint** 1- calm sensible controlled behaviour, especially in a situation when it is difficult to stay calm SYN self-control * The police were praised for their restraint in handling the demonstrators. * **show/exercise restraint** * He urged the millions of protesters to exercise restraint. 2- a rule or principle that limits what people can do * **restraint on** * Opposition politicians have called for restraints on public spending. * The government has imposed restraints on corporate mergers. 3-physical force that is used to hold someone back, especially because they are likely to be violent * Sometimes police officers have to use physical restraint to control dangerous prisoners.

Answer 321

**statistics** statistical analysis, statistical data, statistical information, statistical method, statistical significance, statistical technique, statistical test, statistically significant, descriptive statistics, official statistics, use statistics (noun) statistic statistician (adjective) statistical (adverb) statistically

Answer 322

**summarize** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : summarize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : summary / summarization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : summary ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : summarily brief summary, present (a) summary, provide (a) summary, useful summary

Answer 323

**compile** The document was compiled by the Department of Health **compile something from/for something** The report was compiled from a survey of 5,000 households. (noun) compilation compiler (verb) compile

Answer 324

**equate** **equate something with something** Most people equate wealth with success.

Answer 325

**guidelines** a new set of guidelines for teachers **guideline on** guidelines on the employment of children **draw up/issue guidelines**

Answer 326

**identical** four identical houses **identical to/with** Nutritionally, infant formulas are almost identical to breast milk. The ingredients are identical with those of competing products. **identical in** The sisters were identical in appearance and character. (adverb) identically

Answer 327

**infer** **infer something from something** A lot can be inferred from these statistics. **infer that** From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her killer. (noun) inference (adjective) inferential (verb) infer (adverb) inferentially

Answer 328

**Notwithstanding** Notwithstanding differences, there are clear similarities in all of the world’s religions. Fame and fortune notwithstanding, Donna never forgot her hometown. I didn't like it. Notwithstanding, I remained calm

Answer 329

**pursue** pursue a goal/aim/objective/career/policies/interests/further education .................................. Briggs ran across the field with one officer pursuing him. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : pursue ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pursuit / pursuer ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ✅️ قید ( adverb ) :

Answer 330

**reveal** He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency. a test that can reveal a teacher’s hidden skills **reveal (that)** He revealed that he had been in prison twice before. **reveal yourself (as/to be something)** The violinist revealed himself as a talented interpreter of classical music. .................................................................... The curtain opened to reveal the grand prize. فعل ( verb ) : reveal اسم ( noun ) : revelation صفت ( adjective ) : revealing / revelatory قید ( adverb ) : revealingly

Answer 331

**straightforward** **relatively/quite/fairly straightforward** Installing the program is relatively straightforward. This area of law is far from straightforward (=complicated). **straightforward matter/task/process etc** For someone who can’t read, shopping is by no means a straightforward matter. fairly straightforward, relatively straightforward ## Footnote (noun) straightforwardness (adjective) straightforward (adverb) straightforwardly

Answer 332

**substitute** Germany brought on a substitute at half time. a sugar substitute ........................................................ **substitute something for something** The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream. .............................................. **substitute for** Bill substituted for Larry, who was off sick. ## Footnote (noun) substitute substitution (verb) substitute

Answer 333

**survive** فعل ( verb ) : survive اسم ( noun ) : survival / survivability / survivor صفت ( adjective ) : survivable / surviving قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 334

**undertake** **undertake a task/a project/research/a study/work/activity etc** Dr Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary.

Answer 335

**interval**

Answer 336

**radical** radical change, radical critique, radical differences, radical transformation, radically different ✅ فعل ( verb ) : radicalize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : radicalism / radical / radicalization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : radical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : radically

Answer 337

**vehicle** a description of the stolen vehicle ................................................. The 1936 Olympics were used as a vehicle for Nazi propaganda. ‘Eastern Eye’ is an important vehicle for Black British opinion. (adjective) vehicular

Answer 338

**constitute** We must redefine what constitutes a family. .................................. Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract. The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.

Answer 339

**civil** civil war/disturbance/unrest etc (=fighting etc between different groups of people living in the same country) → civil liberty, civil rights

Answer 340

**proceed** The government was determined to proceed with the election. Before proceeding further, we must define our terms. adopt (a) procedure, describe (a) procedure, follow (a) procedure, use (a) procedure, legal proceedings ✅ فعل ( verb ) : proceed ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : procedure / proceeding = an event or a series of things that happen ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : procedural ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : procedurally

Answer 341

**revolution** **revolution in** In the last ten years there has been a revolution in education. **social/cultural/sexual etc revolution** the biggest social revolution we have had in this country the sexual revolution of the 1960s ........................................... the French Revolution of 1789 ✅ فعل ( verb ) : revolve / revolutionize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : revolution / revolutionary ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : revolutionary ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 342

**violation** human rights violations **violation of** a violation of international law **in violation of something** Troops crossed the border in violation of the agreement. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : violate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : violation / violence / violator ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : violent ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : violently

Answer 343

**exceed** Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week. His performance exceeded our expectations. ............................................... He was fined for exceeding the speed limit. The riot police had exceeded their authority. (adv) exceedingly

Answer 344

**ideological** (noun) ideology ideologue (adjective) ideological (adverb) ideologically

Answer 345

**interpret** They spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me. ................................................................ interpret something as something His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : interpret ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : interpretation / interpreter ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : interpretable / interpretative / interpretive ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : interpretively interpret data, correct interpretation, historical interpretation, literal interpretation, alternative interpretion

Answer 346

**author** (adj) authorial

Answer 347

**grant** Britain could grant Spain’s request. I would love to be able to grant her wish. **grant somebody something** The council have granted him permission to build on the site. **grant something to somebody** A licence to sell alcohol was granted to the club. **grant that (=used in prayers)** Grant that we may know your presence and love. ............................................................. The university gets a government grant. Anyone wishing to apply for a grant should write to the Treasurer. **grant of** a grant of £50,000 **grant from** These studios are funded by a grant from the Kress Foundation.

Answer 348

**commentary** Commentary is by Tom Ferris. commentary on We’ll be bringing you full commentary on the game between Notts and Brescia. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : commentate / comment ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : commentary / commentator ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ✅️ قید ( adverb ) :

Answer 349

**subsequent** These skills were passed on to subsequent generations. subsequent pages of the book **subsequent to something** events that happened subsequent to the accident subsequent analysis, subsequent chapter, subsequent development, subsequent study, subsequent work | = later, following, consequent ## Footnote (adverb) subsequently

Answer 350

**cease** **cease to do something** He ceased to be a member of the association. The things people will do for charity never cease to amaze me (=I am always surprised by them). **cease doing something** the decision to cease using CFCs in packaging The rain ceased and the sky cleared. **cease trading/production/operations etc (=stop operating a business)** The company ceased production at their Norwich plant last year. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : cease ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cessation = a pause or stop ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ceaseless ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ceaselessly | In everyday English, people usually use stop rather than cease: ## Footnote = stop, finish, conclude

Answer 351

**classical**

Answer 352

**induce** induce somebody to do something Nothing would induce me to vote for him again. | (noun) inducement (verb) induce ## Footnote =to cause, provoke,

Answer 353

**compute و calculate** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : compute ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : computer / computation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : computational ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : computationally

Answer 354

**format**

Answer 355

**principal** His principal reason for making the journey was to visit his family. Teaching is her principal source of income. the principal character in the book

Answer 356

**implicit** **implicit criticism/threat/assumption** Her words contained an implicit threat. His statement is being seen as implicit criticism of the work of research laboratories. (noun) explicitness (adjective) explicit ≠ implicit (adverb) explicitly ≠ implicitly (adjective) implicit ≠ explicit (adverb) implicitly ≠ explicitly

Answer 357

**objective** He vowed to achieve certain objectives before the end of his presidency. the best way to accomplish your objectives ............................................... **objective assessment/measurement/description etc** It’s hard to give an objective opinion about your own children. Scientists need to be objective when doing research. **purely/totally/completely objective** the importance of a completely objective, independent press objective criteria, objective reality, achieve (an) objective, key objective, learning objective, meet (an) objective, primary objective, set (an) objective, strategic objective, scientific objectivity

Answer 358

**ambiguous** The language in the Minister’s statement is highly ambiguous. His role in the affair is ambiguous. فعل ( verb ) : _ اسم ( noun ) : ambiguity صفت ( adjective ) : ambiguous قید ( adverb ) : ambiguously

Answer 359

**file** The contracts are filed alphabetically. **file something under something** I looked to see if anything was filed under my name. **file something away** The handbooks are filed away for future reference. ....................................................... file a complaint/lawsuit/petition etc (against somebody) filed complaints in court

Answer 360

**draft** I read the first draft and thought it was very good. All parties eventually approved the final draft (=finished form) of the peace treaty. .......................................................................... Eva’s busy drafting her speech for the conference.

Answer 361

**clause** A confidentiality clause was added to the contract. lawmakers have drafted noise control clauses into new laws.

Answer 362

**credit** Most new cars are bought on credit. .............................. Credit for this win goes to everybody in the team. **take/claim/deserve etc (the) credit** **to somebody’s credit**

Answer 363

**grade** The best grades of tea are expensive. ..................... He got a grade A in maths. ........................ My brother is in sixth grade. ............................. grade something according to something Pencils are graded according to softness.

Answer 364

**correspond** She stopped corresponding with him after the death of her mother. ................................................................ **correspond to** The French ‘baccalauréate’ exam roughly corresponds to English A levels. **correspond closely/exactly/precisely to something** The description of these events corresponds closely to other accounts written at the time. ............................................................. The two halves of the document did not correspond. **correspond with/to** The numbers correspond to points on the map. فعل ( verb ) : correspond اسم ( noun ) : correspondence مکاتبات / correspondent خبرنگار یا نامه نویس صفت ( adjective ) : corresponding قید ( adverb ) : correspondingly

Answer 365

**route** **route to/from** What’s the best route to Cambridge? **take/follow a route (=use a route)** ............................................................................... **route to** the surest route to disaster Kennedy arrived at the same conclusion by a different route.

Answer 366

**deviation** deviation from deviation from the normal procedure deviations in sleep patterns فعل ( verb ) : deviate = to change what you are doing so that you are not following an expected plan, idea, or type of behaviour * The plane had to deviate from its normal flight path. اسم ( noun ) : deviation / deviant / deviance / deviancy صفت ( adjective ) : deviant قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 367

**parameter** The inquiry has to stay within the parameters laid down by Congress. The mechanic found that the engine was running within its normal parameters. | = limits, restrictions

Answer 368

**integral** Vegetables are an **integral part/element** of our diet. integral to Statistics are integral to medical research. (adjective) integral (adverb) integrally | = essential, fundamental

Answer 369

**albeit** He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation. Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly. | = although, even though

Answer 370

**consultation** they improved standards in consultation with consumer representatives ........................................... A follow-up consultation was arranged for two weeks’ time. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : consult ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : consultation / consultant / consultancy / consulting ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : consultative / consulting ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 371

**amend** The law was amended to include women. The defendant later amended his evidence. ‘Steve stole it – or rather borrowed it, ’ he amended. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : amend ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : amendment ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : amendatory اصلاحی / amendable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ | = modified, revised

Answer 372

**distort** Tall buildings can distort radio signals. ................................................... His account was badly distorted by the press. .................................................. an expensive subsidy which distorts the market ✅ فعل ( verb ) : distort ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distortion ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distorted ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ | = unclear, changed from the norm

Answer 373

**preliminary** the **preliminary stages** of the competition a preliminary draft **preliminary to** The discussions were preliminary to preparing a policy paper. | = initial, introductory

Answer 374

**convinced** Molly agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : convince متقاعد کردن ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conviction ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : convinced / convincing ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : convincingly

Answer 375

**protocol** protocol forbids the prince from making any public statement in his defence | = procedure, set of rules

Answer 376

**equivalent** **equivalent to** a qualification which is equivalent to a degree I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling. ................... The word has no equivalent in English. **equivalent of** He had drunk the equivalent of 15 whiskies. | = comparable, equal ## Footnote (noun) equivalence equivalent (adjective) equivalent (adv) equivalently

Answer 377

**consent** no change may be made without the consent of all the partners .................................................... **consent to sth** Her father reluctantly consented to the marriage. **consent to do something** He rarely consents to do interviews. (noun) consent, consensus=a general agreement(an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts) (adjective) consensual , consenting (verb) consent

Answer 378

**tense** tense situation/atmosphere/moment etc Marion spoke, eager to break the tense silence. ................................................................... Is anything wrong? You look a little tense. (noun) tenseness tension (adjective) tense (verb) tense (adverb) tensely | = nervous, worried

Answer 379

**formulate** **formulate a policy/plan/strategy etc** He formulated Labour Party education policy in 1922. **formulate an idea/theory** Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : formulate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : formula / formulation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : formulaic ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : | =devise

Answer 380

**brief** We stopped by Alice’s house for a brief visit. Let’s keep this conversation brief; I have a plane to catch. **a brief period/moment/spell etc** Greene spent a brief time at Cambridge.

Answer 381

**channel** **channel something into something** Most of his energy was channeled into writing and lecturing. **channel something to somebody** Profits are channelled to conservation groups. **channel something through something** The famine relief money was channelled through the UN.

Answer 382

**chart** George Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were two surveyors sent from England to chart the border between the Maryland and Pennsylvania colonies

Answer 383

**component** companies that make electronic components for computer products **component of** each component of their work **key/major/important etc component** Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.

Answer 384

**generate** a useful technique for generating new ideas The program would generate a lot of new jobs. **generate revenue/profits/income etc** Tourism generates income for local communities. **generate excitement/interest/support etc** The project generated enormous interest. (noun) generator (adjective) generative (verb) generate (adverb) generatively

Answer 385

**incidence** **incidence of** Why did the incidence of heroin use continue to climb? **high/low etc incidence** Smokers had the highest incidence of colds.

Answer 386

**inhibit** An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning. ...................................... **inhibit somebody from doing something** Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views. | (noun) inhibition (adjective) inhibited (verb) inhibit

Answer 387

**integrity** **personal/professional/political etc integrity** a man of great moral integrity ................................................................... the territorial integrity of the country

Answer 388

**shift** Joe listened, shifting uncomfortably from one foot to another. the shift from one type of economic system to another For the United States, World War I marked a shift from isolationism to international engagement.

Answer 389

**spherical** (noun) sphere (adjective) spherical

Answer 390

**thereby** **thereby doing something** He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote. The Black Death killed about a third of Europe's population, thereby creating a labor shortage and strengthening the position of working people. ............................................... **whereby** که به موجب آن(که از این طریق) **by means of which or according to which** a proposal whereby EU citizens would be allowed to reside anywhere in the EU

Answer 391

**visualize** I tried to visualize the house while he was describing it. **visualize somebody doing something** Somehow I can’t visualize myself staying with this company for much longer. **visualize how/what etc** It’s hard to visualize how these tiles will look in our bathroom. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : visualize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : visualization ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : visual ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : visually

Answer 392

**accumulate** It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth. .......................................... Fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs فعل ( verb ) : accumulate اسم ( noun ) : accumulation صفت ( adjective ) : accumulative قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 393

**convert** modernization has converted the country from a primitive society to a near-industrial one You have to convert the distances from miles to kilometers. Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants convert sunlight into food.

Answer 394

**detect** Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early. **difficult/impossible/easy/possible etc to detect** **detect a change/difference** Dan detected a change in her mood. **detect a note of sarcasm/irony/excitement etc** Do I detect a note of sarcasm in your voice? ✅ فعل ( verb ) : detect ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : detection / detective / detector ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : detectable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 395

**enormous** an enormous bunch of flowers an enormous amount of money The team made an enormous effort. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enormity ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enormous ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : enormously

Answer 396

**implement** **implement a policy/plan/decision etc** We have decided to implement the committee’s recommendations in full. | (noun) implementation (verb) implement

Answer 397

**inspect** I got out of the car to inspect the damage. Police inspected the scene and interviewed all the staff. **inspect something for something** The police will inspect the venue for safety. | (noun) inspection inspector (verb) inspect

Answer 398

**medicine** Medicines should be kept out of the reach of children. Have you been taking your medicine? a medicine bottle **(n) medication** = a drug or another form of medicine that you take to prevent or to treat an illness; treatment involving drugs The doctor prescribed medication for his condition. She is on medication for depression **(adj) medicinal** دارویی .................................................................... **(v) medicate** دارو دادن - مداوا کردن **medicate somebody (with something)** Resist the temptation to medicate your child with over-the-counter remedies. **medicate somebody for something** He is being medicated for high blood pressure. **medicate something** Sometimes we medicate the symptoms without fixing the underlying problem.

Answer 399

**minimal** The storm caused only minimal damage The cost to taxpayers would be minimal. This is a practical course, with only a minimal amount of theory.

Answer 400

**monitor** Patients who are given the new drug will be asked to monitor their progress. The government is monitoring the situation closely. The temperature is carefully monitored. **monitor what/how etc** We need a better system for monitoring what is going on.

Answer 401

**option** choose the cheapest options for supplying energy ✅ فعل ( verb ) : option ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : option ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : optional ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : optionally

Answer 402

**uniformity** There seems to be no uniformity among the various systems.

Answer 403

**committed** The party has a core of committed supporters. **committed to** We are fully committed to Equal Opportunity policies. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : commit ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : commitment ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : committed ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _ ........................................................................................... **commit** to do something wrong or illegal * Women commit fewer crimes than men. * **commit murder/rape/arson/suicide/adultery etc** * Brady committed a series of brutal murders. pledge or bind (a person or an organization) to a certain course or policy * they were reluctant to commit themselves to an opinion

Answer 404

**registration** **registration of** the registration of motor vehicles Student registration (=for a course of study) starts the first week in September. The registration fee is $75. (noun) register registration registry (verb) register

Answer 405

**ignorance** Excuse my ignorance, but how does it actually work? **ignorance of** our ignorance of the true situation **in ignorance** I would have remained in ignorance if Shaun hadn’t mentioned it. **ignorance about** public fear and ignorance about AIDS فعل ( verb ) : ignore اسم ( noun ) : ignorance صفت ( adjective ) : ignorant قید ( adverb ) : ignorantly

Answer 406

**resolution** she kept her resolution not to see Anne any more ....................................................... **pass/adopt/approve a resolution** The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority. a resolution calling for a ban on dumping nuclear waste They have failed to comply with the resolution. ....................................................... **resolution of** a forum for the resolution of commercial disputes ✅ فعل ( verb ) : resolve ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : resolution ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ✅️ قید ( adverb ) :

Answer 407

**accommodate** He bought a huge house to accommodate his library. The ballroom can accommodate 400 people. ............................................................. The island was used to accommodate child refugees. .............................................................. We’ve made every effort to accommodate your point of view. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : accommodate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : accommodation ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accommodating ✅️ قید ( adverb ) :

Answer 408

**compensate** Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate. **compensate for** Her intelligence more than compensates for her lack of experience. ......................................................................... the government’s promise to compensate victims of the flood **compensate somebody for something** The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings. فعل ( verb ) : compensate اسم ( noun ) : compensation صفت ( adjective ) : compensatory قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 409

**suspend** Sales of the drug will be suspended until more tests are completed. Talks between the two countries have now been suspended. ................................... The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out. suspend somebody from something Dave was suspended from school for a week. .............................................. **suspend something from something** A large light was suspended from the ceiling. **suspend something by something** He was suspended by his feet and beaten with metal bars. | (noun) suspension (verb) suspend

Answer 410

**recovery** **make a full/good/remarkable etc recovery** Ann made a quick recovery from her operation. Hopes of economic recovery are fading. | (noun) recovery (verb) recover

Answer 411

**enforcement** law enforcement the strict enforcement of environmental regulations ✅ فعل ( verb ) : enforce ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enforcement / enforcer ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enforced / enforceable ✅️ قید ( adverb ) :

Answer 412

**pose** **pose a threat/danger/risk/ problem/ difficulty** Officials claim the chemical poses no real threat. **pose something to/for somebody/something** The events pose a challenge to the church’s leadership. Rising unemployment is posing serious problems for the administration.

Answer 413

**irrelevant** We’re focussing too much on irrelevant details. Students viewed Latin as boring and irrelevant. **largely/totally/completely etc irrelevant** His age is completely irrelevant if he can do the job. **irrelevant to** The defendant’s lawyer argued that his past offenses were irrelevant to this case. ## Footnote (noun) relevance ≠ irrelevance (adjective) relevant ≠ irrelevant (adverb) relevantly ≠ irrelevantly

Answer 414

**financial** فعل ( verb ) : finance = to provide money, especially a lot of money, to pay for something SYN fund اسم ( noun ) : finance = the management of money by governments, large organizations etc یا money provided by a bank or other institution to help buy or do something SYN funding=funds / financing صفت ( adjective ) : financial قید ( adverb ) : financially

Answer 415

**welfare** Our only concern is the children’s welfare. ............................. **welfare benefits/services/programmes etc** the provision of education and welfare services The company’s welfare officer deals with employees’ personal problems. **welfare recipients**

Answer 416

**appendix** (noun) appendix (verb) append ......................................... **append** to add something to a piece of writing * **append to** * The results of the client survey are appended to this document.

Answer 417

**automatic** an automatic weapon an automatic gearbox My camera is fully automatic. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : automate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : automat / automatic / automation / automatism / automaton ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : automatic ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : automatically

Answer 418

**displace** Coal has been displaced by natural gas as a major source of energy. immigrants who displace US workers in the job market ............................................................ Fifty thousand people have been displaced by the fighting. ## Footnote (noun) displacement (adjective) displaced (verb) displace

Answer 419

**incentive** As an added incentive, there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team. **create/provide/give somebody an incentive** Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills. **incentive to do something** Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically. **economic/financial/tax etc incentives** a recycling drive backed with financial incentives | = encouragement motivation reason

Answer 420

**prime** Smoking is the prime cause of lung disease. Our prime concern is providing jobs for all young school leavers. He was named as the prime suspect in the murder investigation. Good management is of prime importance in business. .............................................. prime rib of beef prime agricultural land The hotel is in a prime location overlooking the valley. | = major chief principal

Answer 421

**rational** | = reasonable logical sensible ## Footnote (noun) rationality ≠ irrationality rationale rationalism rationalist rationalization (adjective) rational ≠ irrational rationalist (verb) rationalize (adverb) rationally ≠ irrationally

Answer 422

**restore** **restore something to something** The government promises to restore the economy to full strength. She was hoping that the Mediterranean climate would restore her to full health. The National Guard was called in to restore order (=make people stop fighting and breaking the law) when riots broke out. initiatives to restore peace in the Middle East **restore (diplomatic) relations with somebody** Vietnam restored diplomatic relations with South Korea on December 22. **restore somebody’s sight/hearing (=make someone who cannot hear or who is blind, hear or see again)** | = reestablish return bring back ## Footnote (noun) restoration restorer (verb) restore

Answer 423

**scheme** The money will be used for teacher training schemes. a pension scheme **scheme for** schemes for two new cross-city lines **scheme to do something** a new scheme to boost exports .......................................................................... There is a considerable difference in how the British and Americans use the word scheme. In British English, the typical meaning is "an official plan intended to help people in some way." Unfortunately, the National Health Insurance scheme of 1911 did not cover all workers. * In American English, scheme has a much more negative meaning: "an intelligent plan, especially to do something bad or illegal." Mr. Young came up with a scheme to pass phony checks. | = method system plan

Answer 424

**scope** **scope of** the need to define the scope of the investigation measures to limit the scope of criminals’ activities **beyond/outside/within the scope of something** A full discussion of that issue is beyond the scope of this book. **widen/broaden/extend etc the scope of something** Let us extend the scope of the study to examine more factors. **narrow/limit etc the scope of something** The court’s ruling narrowed the scope of the affirmative action program. **limited/wider etc in scope** His efforts were too limited in scope to have much effect

Answer 425

**invoke** a painting that invokes images of the Rocky Mountains During his speech, he invoked the memory of Harry Truman.

Answer 426

**physically** She is young and physically fit. Do you find him physically attractive? I felt physically sick at the thought. children who have been physically abused | (adjective) physical (adverb) physically

Answer 427

**publish** we publish practical reference books

Answer 428

**intelligence** To be good at the game, you need a reasonable level of intelligence. **high/low intelligence** John showed high intelligence from an early age. ................................ According to our intelligence, further attacks were planned. **intelligence operations/sources/reports etc** Intelligence sources denied the reports. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intelligence / intelligibility ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intelligent / intelligible ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intelligently / intelligibly

Answer 429

**submit** **submit an application/claim/proposal etc** All applications must be submitted by Monday. ......................................... **submit to** Derek has agreed to submit to questioning. ## Footnote (noun) submission submissiveness (adjective) submissive (verb) submit (adverb) submissively

Answer 430

**abstract** **abstract idea/concept etc** the ability to translate abstract ideas into words By the age of seven, children are capable of thinking in abstract terms. Human beings are the only creatures capable of abstract thought (=thinking about ideas). ................................................................ an abstract of her speech

Answer 431

**paradigm** **paradigm of** the basic paradigm of the family tree ........................................ **paradigm of** Pius XII remained the paradigm of what a pope should be. | (noun) paradigm (adjective) paradigmatic (adverb) paradigmatically

Answer 432

**focus** **focus on** He needs to focus more on his career. **focus your attention/mind/efforts on something** She tried to focus her mind on her work. **focus (somebody’s) mind/attention (on something) (=make people give their attention to something)** We need to focus public attention on this issue.

Answer 433

**context** **political/social/historical etc context** the political context of the election **place/put/see etc something in context** To appreciate what these changes will mean, it is necessary to look at them in context. **in the context of something** These incidents are best understood in the broader context of developments in rural society. The meaning of ‘mad’ depends on its context. ## Footnote (noun) context (adjective) contextual (verb) contextualize (adverb) contextually

Answer 434

**sequence** **in a ... sequence** The questions should be asked in a logical sequence. Be careful to perform the actions in the correct sequence. **in sequence** Number them in sequence, 1,2, 3 etc. **out of sequence** The chapters may be studied out of sequence. | (noun) sequence sequencing (adjective) sequential (verb) sequence (adver

Answer 435

**reverse** **reverse a decision/verdict/policy etc** The decision was reversed on appeal. **reverse a trend/process/decline etc** More changes are required to reverse the trend towards centralised power. .................................................................................. **quite/just/precisely/exactly the reverse** I didn’t mean to insult her – quite the reverse (=in fact, I meant to praise her). I owe you nothing. If anything, the reverse is true (=you owe me). ............................................................ **reverse order/situation/process etc** The results were read out in reverse order (=with the worst first and the best last).

Answer 436

**coherent** they failed to develop a coherent economic strategy ........................................... the arts could be systematized into one coherent body of knowledge ✅ فعل ( verb ) : cohere ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : coherence / coherency / cohesion / cohesiveness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : coherent / cohesive ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : coherently | = clear, reasoned

Answer 437

**funding** College directors have called for more government funding. | (noun) fund refund funding (adjective) funded (verb) fund refund

Answer 438

**erode** The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas. The rocks have gradually eroded away. ........................................................................ Our personal freedom is being gradually eroded away. Repeated exam failure had eroded her confidence. | (noun) erosion (verb) erode ## Footnote = wear away, eat into

Answer 439

**migrate** as autumn arrives, the birds migrate south فعل ( verb ) : migrate اسم ( noun ) : migration صفت ( adjective ) : migratory قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 440

**institute** research institutes **institute of/for** the Institute for Space Studies | = organization, association

Answer 441

**previously** Almost half the group had previously been heavy smokers. **two days/three years etc previously (=two days, three years etc before)** Six months previously he had smashed up his car. | (adjective) previous (adverb) previously ## Footnote = formerly, up to that time

Answer 442

**investigation** The investigation continued for nearly three years. investigation into The authorities are planning to launch a full-scale investigation into the crash. investigation of Baker demanded an investigation of the district attorney’s office. a criminal investigation ✅ فعل ( verb ) : investigate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : investigation / investigator ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : investigative / investigatory ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 443

**intrinsic** the intrinsic interest of the subject **intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something** There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it more suitable for women. **intrinsic to** Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management. (adjective) intrinsic (adverb) intrinsically | = (natural, fundamental

Answer 444

**revise** The college has revised its plans because of local objections. We have revised our estimates of population growth. **revise something upwards/downwards** Forecasts of economic growth are being revised downwards. ................................. I’ve got to revise my geography. revise for She’s revising for her history exam.

Answer 445

**successive** The team has had five successive victories. Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue. The Japanese economy peaked in the early 1990s, but then it became increasingly troubled in successive years (noun) success succession successor (adjective) successful ≠ unsuccessful successive (verb) succeed (adverb) successfully ≠ unsuccessfully | = subsequent, following

Answer 446

**simulate** a machine that simulates conditions in space Interviews can be simulated in the classroom. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : simulate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : simulation / simulator ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : simulated ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 447

**scenario** Imagine a scenario where only 20% of people have a job. **possible/likely/plausible scenario** Under a likely scenario, world population will double by 2050. a possible scenario **worst-case/nightmare scenario (=the worst possible situation)** The worst-case scenario was that he would have to have an operation.

Answer 448

**aggregate** **aggregate of** The smaller minorities got an aggregate of 1,327 votes. In the aggregate (=as a group or in total), women outlive men by 7 or more years. .............................................................. Sheila’s earnings from all sources aggregated £100,000. ............................................................. A wife’s income is no longer aggregated with that of her husband. ............................................................ Her aggregate income from stocks, bonds, and property rental was over $4,000 per month. The conglomerate reported an aggregate loss of 1.2 billion Australian dollars. Analysts expect aggregate earnings of the top 500 companies to be down 1%. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggregate ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggregate / aggregation / aggregator ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggregate ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 449

**analogy** **analogy with/to/between** analogies between human and animal behaviour **draw/make an analogy (=make a comparison)** She drew an analogy between childbirth and the creative process. **by analogy with** Dr Wood explained the movement of light by analogy with (=using the analogy of) the movement of water. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : analogize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : analogy / analogue ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : analogous / analogue ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _

Answer 450

**concurrently** journal articles published concurrently with the exhibition Because his prison sentences run concurrently, he could be free in two years. ................................................................... **concurrent** (adj) existing or happening at the same time * The exhibition reflected concurrent developments abroad. (adj) in agreement * **concurrent with** * My opinions are concurrent with yours. ........................................................................ **concur** (v) to agree with someone or have the same opinion as them * **concur with** * The committee largely concurred with these views. (v) to happen at the same time SYN coincide * **concur to do something** * Everything concurred to produce the desired effect. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : concur ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : concurrence / concurrency ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : concurrent ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : concurrently

Answer 451

**hypothesis** Support for the hypothesis that Earth was round came partly from astronomical observations made possible by the telescope. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : hypothesize ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : hypothesis ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : hypothetical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : hypothetically

Answer 452

**likewise** Nanny put on a shawl and told the girls to do likewise. The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.

Answer 453

**logical** ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : logic ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : logical ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : logically

Answer 454

**phenomenon** **phenomenon of** the growing phenomenon of telecommuting Homelessness is not a new phenomenon. **natural/historical/social etc phenomenon** Language is a social and cultural phenomenon.

Answer 455

**prospect** **prospect of doing something** I see no prospect of things improving here. There is every prospect (=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week. **prospect for** There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector. **prospect that** There’s a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup.

Answer 456

**release** The criminal was released from jail after serving his prison sentence

Answer 457

**conceive** It is difficult to conceive of the vastness of the universe. ...................................................... the dam project was originally conceived in 1977 ........................................................... fertility treatment for women who have difficulty conceiving ل ( verb ) : conceive اسم ( noun ) : conception صفت ( adjective ) : conceivable = able to be believed or imagined قید ( adverb ) : conceivably

Answer 458

**temporary** | (adjective) temporary (adverb) temporarily

Answer 459

**unify** Strong support for the war has unified the nation. His music unifies traditional and modern themes. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : unify ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : unification ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : unified / unifying ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : unifyingly

Answer 460

**circumstances** The Soviet Union had been forced by circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi Germany. I can’t imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal. **in ... circumstances** The rules can only be waived in exceptional circumstances. **under ... circumstances** Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances.

Answer 461

**commence** Work will commence on the new building immediately. Your first evaluation will be six months after you commence employment. **commence with** The course commences with a one week introduction to Art Theory. **commence doing something** The planes commenced bombing at midnight. | (noun) commencement (verb) commence

Answer 462

**coordinate** The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety. ## Footnote (noun) coordination coordinator (adjective) coordinated ≠ uncoordinated (verb) coordinate

Answer 463

**definite** It’s impossible for me to give you a definite answer. We need to record sufficient data to enable definite conclusions to be reached. He’d shown definite signs of resigning himself to the situation. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : define ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : definition / definite / definiteness / definitude / definement ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : definite / definitive / definable / defining ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : definitely / definitively / definably

Answer 464

**depress** The thought of taking the exam again depressed him. It depresses me that nobody seems to care. .............................................. Several factors combined to depress the American economy. ............................. Depress the clutch fully. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : depress ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : depression / depressive / depressant = داروی آرام بخش ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : depressed / depressing / depressive ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : depressingly

Answer 465

**hierarchy** a rigid social hierarchy She worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become president. | (noun) hierarchy (adjective) hierarchical (adverb) hierarchically

Answer 466

**imposing** an imposing building He’s a tall, quietly spoken, but imposing figure. When it was built, the Empire State Building was a singularly imposing structure, but now it is one among many tall skyscrapers in New York City. Although Mt. Everest is higher, K2, on the China-Pakistan border, is one of the most imposing mountaineering challenges in the world.

Answer 467

**intervene** **intervene in** The police don’t usually like to intervene in disputes between husbands and wives. The army will have to intervene to prevent further fighting. | (noun) intervention (verb) intervene

Answer 468

**positive** Successful students often mirror their parents' positive attitudes toward education. The patient showed a positive response to the experimental medicine.

Answer 469

**offset** Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers. **offset something against something** He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax. The drop in oil prices was completely offset by the new tax; therefore, the price of gasoline to the consumer remained the same. In the quest to feed the world, improvements in crop yields have been partially offset by an increase in population.

Answer 470

**ratio** The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in water is 2:1, thus the formula H20. In 2001, the ratio of women's weekly earnings compared to men's was 76 percent, up from 63 percent in 1979.

Answer 471

**react** The country reacted to the sudden increase in the number of immigrants by closing its borders. In order to best help their patients, medical personnel must learn not to react emotionally to their patient's condition, however distressing ## Footnote (noun) reaction reactor reactionary overreaction (adjective) reactionary reactive (verb) react overreact

Answer 472

**immense** There is still an **immense amount of** work to be done. The benefits **are immense**. a project **of immense importance** To my immense relief, he didn’t notice my mistake. ✅ فعل ( verb ) : _ ✅️ اسم ( noun ) : immensity / immenseness ✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : immense ✅️ قید ( adverb ) : immensely