list Flashcards
(n,adj) one member or one particular person, rather than to a large group.
فرد، فردی یا انفرادی، منحصر به فرد، جداگانه، به صورت تک تک
individual
* I cant pay attention to individual students in class =من نمی توانم به تک تک دانش اموزان در کلاس توجه کنم.
* We should wash our black and white clothes individually=ما باید لباس های سیاه و سفید خود را جداگانه بشوریم.
* Iranians are great at individual sports such as wrestling =ایرانی ها در ورزش های انفرادی مانند کشتی عالی هستند.
* He is kept in an individual cell=او را در یک سلول انفرادی نگه می دارند.
* Each individual has his or her personality =هر شخص شخصیت خود را دارد.
* Individuals’ rights=حقوق افراد
فعل ( verb ) : individualize / individuate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : individuality / individual / individualism / individualist / individualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : individual / individualist / individualistic / individualized
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : individually
individual
* I cant pay attention to individual students in class =من نمی توانم به تک تک دانش اموزان در کلاس توجه کنم.
* We should wash our black and white clothes individually=ما باید لباس های سیاه و سفید خود را جداگانه بشوریم.
* Iranians are great at individual sports such as wrestling =ایرانی ها در ورزش های انفرادی مانند کشتی عالی هستند.
* He is kept in an individual cell=او را در یک سلول انفرادی نگه می دارند.
* Each individual has his or her personality =هر شخص شخصیت خود را دارد.
* Individuals’ rights=حقوق افراد
فعل ( verb ) : individualize / individuate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : individuality / individual / individualism / individualist / individualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : individual / individualist / individualistic / individualized
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : individually
(n,adj) one member or one particular person, rather than to a large group.
فرد، فردی یا انفرادی، منحصر به فرد، جداگانه، به صورت تک تک
(n) something’s or somebody’s special purpose
(v) to work or operate
عملکرد و کارکرد
function
* the function of the brakes
* I’m so tired today, I can barely function.
* I can’t function properly without a coffee
فعل ( verb ) : function
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : function / functionality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : functional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : functionally
(n) the way that something is built, arranged, or organized.
(v) to arrange or organize in a particular way.
سازه و ساختار، ساختار دادن و ساختار بخشیدن و چارچوب دادن
structure
* using google calendar helps me structure my week.
* solid structure
* how we structure our team.
فعل ( verb ) : structure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : structure / structuralism / structuralist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : structural / structuralist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : structurally
(n) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
محیط (زیست)
environment
* workplace environment
* social media environment
* harm/damage/destroy/polute the environment
* conserve the environment
* the marine/natural environment
* the effect/impact on the environment
فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : environment / environmentalism / environmentalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : environmental
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : environmentally
(n) the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about it
غریزه
instinct
* That is the animal instinct that is found in every human being and which lures people’s body and mind to immoderate search for worldly pleasures.
* For most cottagers and labourers the battle to retain a respectable independence was a basic instinct.
* If one firm is lagging behind another, then the competitive instinct makes that firm devise ways of securing fresh trade.
فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : instinct
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : instinctive / instinctual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : instinctively
(n) something a person does, especially something
that is very good or bad.
عمل
deed
* Whatever his motives, the deed did save a hundred thousand lives.
* the evil consequences of his deed.
* good deeds(collocation)
(n) an event, situation, etc., that people do not understand or cannot explain because they do not know enough about it.
راز ، معما
mystery
* How the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away is/remains a mystery.
* The mystery was solved when the police discovered the murder weapon.
* The book tries to explain some of the mysteries of life.
* remain a mystery(collocation)
* an unsolved mystery(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mystery / mysteriousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mysterious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : mysteriously
function
* the function of the brakes
* I’m so tired today, I can barely function.
* I can’t function properly without a coffee
فعل ( verb ) : function
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : function / functionality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : functional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : functionally
(n) something’s or somebody’s special purpose
(v) to work or operate
عملکرد و کارکرد
(v) to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it
(n) the act of to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it.
(n) the act of getting money or advantage through the dishonest use of political power and influence
پیوند (دادن یا زدن)، اختلاس
graft (sth onto sth)
* Grafting modern research onto Confucian philosophy
* He has had a skin graft on his badly burned arm.
syn=transplant, implant, implantation, replanting
(n) a member of a male religious community that is separated from the outside world
راهب
monk
(n) the speed at which something happens or is done
(n) a single step, or the distance you move when you take a single step
سرعت،قدم
pace
* I can’t keep pace with you.
* I don’t like the pace of modern life.
* Take two paces forwards/backwards.
* The runner collapsed just a few paces from the finish.
* at a leisurely pace or the leisurely pace of (collocation) سرعت آرام
* at a frantic pace or the frantic pace of (collocation) با سرعت زیاد و دیوانه کننده
structure
* using google calendar helps me structure my week.
* solid structure
* how we structure our team.
فعل ( verb ) : structure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : structure / structuralism / structuralist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : structural / structuralist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : structurally
(n) the way that something is built, arranged, or organized.
(v) to arrange or organize in a particular way.
سازه و ساختار، ساختار دادن و ساختار بخشیدن و چارچوب دادن
(v) to receive money, a house, etc. from someone after they have died
(v) to be born with the same physical or mental characteristics as one of your parents or grandparents
(v) to begin to have responsibility for a problem or situation that previously existed or belonged to another person
به ارث بردن
inherit
* All her children will inherit equally.
* Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother.
* When I took on the job of manager, I inherited certain financial problems.
* inherit property/ fortune/ habits/ genes
فعل ( verb ) : inherit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inheritance / inheritor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inheritable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
inherent طبیعی یا اساسی یا ذاتی
heritage میراث(فرهنگی)
اشتباه گرفته نشه
(n) a treatment that helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc ., especially after an illness or treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder
درمان (معمولا روانی یا برای برای توانبخشی)
therapy
radiation therapy/occupational therapy/ speech therapy /group therapy / physical therapy /Psychological /shock /drug therapies
environment
* workplace environment
* social media environment
* harm/damage/destroy/polute the environment
* conserve the environment
* the marine/natural environment
* the effect/impact on the environment
فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : environment / environmentalism / environmentalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : environmental
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : environmentally
(n) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
محیط (زیست)
(n) a feeling of extreme excitement, usually caused by something pleasant
(v) to make someone feel very excited and pleased
هیجان،به هیجان اوردن
thrill
* the thrill of winning a competition
* The 22-year-old swimmer thrilled the world with his performance.
فعل ( verb ) : thrill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : thrill
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : thrilled / thrilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : thrillingly
syn=excitement, pleasure, adventure
(v) training that makes people more willing to obey or more able to control themselves, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the behaviour produced by this training
(v) to punish someone
(v) to teach someone to behave in a controlled way
(n) training that produces obedience or self-control, often in the form of rules and punishments if these are broken, or the obedience or self-control produced by this training
(n)ability to control a mental activity
(n) a particular area of study, esp. a subject studied at a college or university
تربیت (کردن) ، مجازات کردن، نظم(دادن) و انظبات، شاخه علمی
discipline
* parental/military/school discipline
* There should be tougher discipline in schools
* Maintaining classroom discipline (= control of the students) is the first task of every teacher.
* Learning a foreign language requires discipline.
* an academic discipline
* self-discipline(collocation)
syn=control, regulation, restraint
(v) to prevent something from being seen or heard
(v) to make something difficult to discover and understand
(adj) not known to many people
(adj) not clear and difficult to understand or see
نامفهوم، گمنام،پنهان کردن،پوشاندن
obscure
* Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window.
* The sun was obscured by clouds.
* Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.
* an obscure island in the Pacific.
* Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.
* (for some) obscure reasons
✅ فعل ( verb ) : obscure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obscurity / obscurantism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : obscure / obscurantist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : obscurely
syn=unclear, vague, difficult to understand
(n) a feeling of wanting something or someone very much, a strong desire
عطش، اشتیاق، هوس، میل وافر
longing
* He gazed at her, his eyes full of longing.
* a longing for his homeland
فعل( verb ) : long
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : longing
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : longing
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :longingly
syn=desire, wish, want
(v) to state an opinion or claim a right forcefully
(n) To assert is also to behave in a way that shows power, authority, or control
ادعا کردن، بیان کردن نظر
assert
* The companies have asserted that everything they did was appropriate.
* Several members of Congress called upon the president to assert leadership.
فعل ( verb ) : assert
اسم ( noun ) : assertion / assertiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : assertive
قید ( adverb ) : assertively
syn=state, declare, claim
(v) to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse
پادرمیانی کردن، مداخله کردن
intervene
* The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate.
* The minister intervened personally to stop the museum from being closed.
*
(noun) intervention
rapid intervention (collocation) مداخله سریع
foreign/military intervention (collocation)
syn=interference, treatment, interruption
(v) to increase or improve something
(n) an improvement or increase, or an action that causes this
افزایش یا ارتقا(دادن)
boost
* boost profits/prices/rates => The industry has exceeded all expectations for boosting profits and dividends.
* boost exports/sales/trade =>The lower exchange rate is already boosting exports.
* boost confidence/morale => He was elected on a platform to create jobs and boost investor confidence.
* The effect of these policies would be to encourage spending and boost the economy.
* boost production/performance/productivity
* boost sth (by) 20%/50%/100%, etc. The company boosted its dividend nearly 50%.
* boost performance/energy/appearance (collocation)
syn=increase, enhance, improve
instinct
* That is the animal instinct that is found in every human being and which lures people’s body and mind to immoderate search for worldly pleasures.
* For most cottagers and labourers the battle to retain a respectable independence was a basic instinct.
* If one firm is lagging behind another, then the competitive instinct makes that firm devise ways of securing fresh trade.
فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : instinct
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : instinctive / instinctual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : instinctively
(n) the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about it
غریزه
deed
* Whatever his motives, the deed did save a hundred thousand lives.
* the evil consequences of his deed.
* good deeds(collocation)
(n) something a person does, especially something
that is very good or bad.
عمل
(n) an event, situation, etc., that people do not understand or cannot explain because they do not know enough about it.
راز ، معما
mystery
* How the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away is/remains a mystery.
* The mystery was solved when the police discovered the murder weapon.
* The book tries to explain some of the mysteries of life.
* remain a mystery(collocation)
* an unsolved mystery(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mystery / mysteriousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mysterious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : mysteriously
manner
* She stared at me in an accusing manner.
* He was elected in the normal manner.
* It was the manner of her death that stuck in the public’s mind.
* She has a somewhat cold, unfriendly manner.
* He needs to be taught some manners.
(n)the way in which something is done or happens
(n) the usual way in which you behave towards other people, or the way you behave on a particular occasion
(n) polite ways of treating other people and behaving in public
طرز یا روال، رفتار
graft (sth onto sth)
* Grafting modern research onto Confucian philosophy
* He has had a skin graft on his badly burned arm.
syn=transplant, implant, implantation, replanting
(v) to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it
(n) the act of to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it.
(n) the act of getting money or advantage through the dishonest use of political power and influence
پیوند (دادن یا زدن)، اختلاس
monk
(n) a member of a male religious community that is separated from the outside world
راهب
pace
* I can’t keep pace with you.
* I don’t like the pace of modern life.
* Take two paces forwards/backwards.
* The runner collapsed just a few paces from the finish.
* at a leisurely pace or the leisurely pace of (collocation) سرعت آرام
* at a frantic pace or the frantic pace of (collocation) با سرعت زیاد و دیوانه کننده
(n) the speed at which something happens or is done
(n) a single step, or the distance you move when you take a single step
سرعت،قدم
esteem
There has been a drop in public esteem for teachers.
Because of their achievements they were held in (= given) (high) esteem.
Her work is highly esteemed by all her colleagues.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : esteem
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : esteem
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : estimable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
Self - esteem عزت نفس
(n) a feeling of respect for someone, or a good opinion of someone
(v) to respect someone or have a good opinion of them
عزت و احترام و اعتبار (قائل شدن برای کسی)
inherit
* All her children will inherit equally.
* Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother.
* When I took on the job of manager, I inherited certain financial problems.
* inherit property/ fortune/ habits/ genes
فعل ( verb ) : inherit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inheritance / inheritor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inheritable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
inherent طبیعی یا اساسی یا ذاتی
heritage میراث(فرهنگی)
(v) to receive money, a house, etc. from someone after they have died
(v) to be born with the same physical or mental characteristics as one of your parents or grandparents
(v) to begin to have responsibility for a problem or situation that previously existed or belonged to another person
به ارث بردن
therapy
radiation therapy/occupational therapy/ speech therapy /group therapy / physical therapy /Psychological /shock /drug therapies
(n) a treatment that helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc ., especially after an illness or treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder
درمان (معمولا روانی یا برای برای توانبخشی)
devote something/yourself to something/someone
* He devoted his life to serving his family, friends, and neighbors.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
* Over half his speech was devoted to the issue of saving Social Security
✅ فعل ( verb ) : devote
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : devotion /
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : devoted / devotional مربوط به خدمات مذهبی یا استفاده در آن
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : devotedly / devotionally
syn= dedicate
(v) to give all of something, especially your time, effort, or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a person
(v passive) to use a space, area, time, etc. for a particular purpose
وقف کردن،اختصاص دادن
obscure
* Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window.
* The sun was obscured by clouds.
* Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.
* an obscure island in the Pacific.
* Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.
* (for some) obscure reasons
✅ فعل ( verb ) : obscure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obscurity / obscurantism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : obscure / obscurantist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : obscurely
syn=unclear, vague, difficult to understand
(v) to prevent something from being seen or heard
(v) to make something difficult to discover and understand
(adj) not known to many people
(adj) not clear and difficult to understand or see
نامفهوم، گمنام،پنهان کردن،پوشاندن
thrill
* the thrill of winning a competition
* The 22-year-old swimmer thrilled the world with his performance.
فعل ( verb ) : thrill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : thrill
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : thrilled / thrilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : thrillingly
syn=excitement, pleasure, adventure
(n) a feeling of extreme excitement, usually caused by something pleasant
(v) to make someone feel very excited and pleased
هیجان،به هیجان اوردن
discipline
* parental/military/school discipline
* There should be tougher discipline in schools
* Maintaining classroom discipline (= control of the students) is the first task of every teacher.
* Learning a foreign language requires discipline.
* an academic discipline
* self-discipline(collocation)
syn=control, regulation, restraint
(v) training that makes people more willing to obey or more able to control themselves, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the behaviour produced by this training
(v) to punish someone
(v) to teach someone to behave in a controlled way
(n) training that produces obedience or self-control, often in the form of rules and punishments if these are broken, or the obedience or self-control produced by this training
(n)ability to control a mental activity
(n) a particular area of study, esp. a subject studied at a college or university
تربیت (کردن) ، مجازات کردن، نظم(دادن) و انظبات، شاخه علمی
longing
* He gazed at her, his eyes full of longing.
* a longing for his homeland
فعل( verb ) : long
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : longing
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : longing
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :longingly
syn=desire, wish, want
(n) a feeling of wanting something or someone very much, a strong desire
عطش، اشتیاق، هوس، میل وافر
assert
* The companies have asserted that everything they did was appropriate.
* Several members of Congress called upon the president to assert leadership.
فعل ( verb ) : assert
اسم ( noun ) : assertion / assertiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : assertive
قید ( adverb ) : assertively
syn=state, declare, claim
(v) to state an opinion or claim a right forcefully
(n) To assert is also to behave in a way that shows power, authority, or control
ادعا کردن، بیان کردن نظر
intervene
* The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate.
* The minister intervened personally to stop the museum from being closed.
*
(noun) intervention
rapid intervention (collocation) مداخله سریع
foreign/military intervention (collocation)
syn=interference, treatment, interruption
(v) to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse
پادرمیانی کردن، مداخله کردن
boost
* boost profits/prices/rates => The industry has exceeded all expectations for boosting profits and dividends.
* boost exports/sales/trade =>The lower exchange rate is already boosting exports.
* boost confidence/morale => He was elected on a platform to create jobs and boost investor confidence.
* The effect of these policies would be to encourage spending and boost the economy.
* boost production/performance/productivity
* boost sth (by) 20%/50%/100%, etc. The company boosted its dividend nearly 50%.
* boost performance/energy/appearance (collocation)
syn=increase, enhance, improve
(v) to increase or improve something
(n) an improvement or increase, or an action that causes this
افزایش یا ارتقا(دادن)
(v) to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement
(n) a feeling of happiness
(v) make someone feel happier
تشویق کردن،خوشحالی، خوشحال کردن
cheer (up)
* Everyone cheered as the winners received their medals.
* The victory in the by-election has brought great cheer to the Liberal Democrats.
* She went shopping to cheer herself up.
* people might be able to learn how to make themselves more satisfied with and cheerful about their lives.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : cheer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cheer / cheering / cheerfulness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cheerful / cheering
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cheerfully / cheerily
sym=happiness, joy
cheer (up)
* Everyone cheered as the winners received their medals.
* The victory in the by-election has brought great cheer to the Liberal Democrats.
* She went shopping to cheer herself up.
* people might be able to learn how to make themselves more satisfied with and cheerful about their lives.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : cheer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cheer / cheering / cheerfulness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cheerful / cheering
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cheerfully / cheerily
sym=happiness, joy
(v) to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement
(n) a feeling of happiness
(v) make someone feel happier
تشویق کردن،خوشحالی، خوشحال کردن
(adj)deeply engaged, interested
(adj)strongly affected by something
درگیرشدن،غرق در کاری شدن،عمیقا تحت تاثیر یک احساس یا موقعیت قرار گرفتن
gripped
* Do you ever find yourself so completely gripped by what you are doing that you lose track of time?
* This trial has gripped the whole nation
* The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand.
* He will do anything to keep his grip on power.
* gripping movie/series/TV shows/ drama(collocation) جذاب و گیرا
grip=(v,n)to hold very tightly/(v)to keep someone’s attention completely/(n)control over something or someone
syn=engross, be absorbed in,affected,
(v)to take something in, especially gradually
(v)to take up someone’s attention completely
(v)to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them
جذب کردن،توجه کسی رو به طور کامل جذب کردن، فهمیدن و یادگرفتن چیزی کاملا
absorb
* Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
* The project has absorbed her for several years.
* a basketball player absorbed in perfecting a shot
* It’s hard to absorb so much information.
فعل ( verb ) : absorb
اسم ( noun ) : absorption
صفت ( adjective ) : absorbable / absorbed / absorbing
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)energetically and with strong feelings
(v)angrily or in a frightening or attacking manner
شدیداً و قویاً (از نظر احساس یا خشنی)
fiercely
* She’s fiercely competitive/independent
* a violinist fiercely concentrating on a piece of music.
* the army clashed fiercely with militants
اسم ( noun ) : fierceness
صفت ( adjective ) : fierce
قید ( adverb ) : fiercely
(v,n)to feel a continuous but not very sharp pain in a part of your body
(v)to want to do or have something very much
درد خفیف مداوم (داشتن)،میل شدید به چیزی داشتن
ache
* His muscles might have ached during his most memorable races
* she ached for his touch
فعل ( verb ) : ache
اسم ( noun ) : ache
صفت ( adjective ) : aching / achy
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)to burst into small pieces, making a loud noise and causing damage
(v)to suddenly increase greatly in number, amount, or degree
منفجر شدن، افزایش یافتن انفجاری
explode
* A bomb exploded at one of the capital’s busiest railway stations this morning.
* The population has exploded in the last ten years.
* Explosion of feeling(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : explode
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : explosion / explosive
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : explosive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : explosively
(v)to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with a feeling or problem
(v passive,adj)unable to act or think in the usual way
غلبه کردن ، مغلوب (شدن) (پسیو)
overcome
* to overcome difficulties /obstacles /problems /resistance
* Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class.
* They were overcome by fumes from the fire and had to be carried out of their houses.
* Overcome with/by emotion, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes.
* he might have felt overcome with tiredness.
(n,adj)a person who is well educated and interested in serious ideas
(adj)relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas
روشن فکر و متفکر، فکری
intellectual
* She was too much of an intellectual to find popular movies interesting.
* He was among the political and intellectual leaders of his time.
* intellectual development(collocation)
* intellectual stimulation(collocation) محرک فکری
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intellectualize در مورد چیزی به شکلی جدی و پیچیده فکر کنید یا صحبت کنید، به خصوص به جای ابراز احساسات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intellect توانایی درک چیزها و تفکر هوشمندانه/ intellectualism / intellectualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intellectual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intellectually
(v)to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction
(v)to move slowly on water or in the air
(حرکت یا تغییر کردن تدریجی،رانش(حرکت کردن در حال شناور بودن و معلق بودن
drift
* there was a drift to the towns
* He stopped rowing and let the boat drift.
(v)to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way
(v)to face someone in a threatening way, as though you are going to attack the person
مواجه شدن و رو به رو شدن، مقابله کردن
confront
A growing body of research supports the notion that by confronting and meeting challenges, anyone can create flow in their life.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : confront
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : confrontation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : confrontational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n)the state of being stretched tight.
(n)mental or emotional strain
کشش، تنش، استرس
tension
* the parachute keeps the cable under tension as it drops
* a mind which is affected by stress or tension cannot think as clearly
✅ فعل ( verb ) : tense
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tension
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tense
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : tensely
(n)the feeling of being happy and satisfied with your life because you are doing interesting , useful, or important things
(n)the act of doing something that you promised or agreed to do
اساس رضایت درونی،تحقق(دستیابی به چیزی که مورد نظر، توافق شده، وعده داده شده یا پیش بینی شده است.)، الوعده وفا کردن(انجام کار قول داده شده)
fulfillment
* Workaholics can only find fulfillment in their work.
* Morales said that owning his own home was the fulfillment of a dream.
* People are wondering if they will ever see the fulfillment of the government’s campaign pledges.
* a sense of fulfillment
fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective/wish
fulfil a promise/pledge
✅ فعل ( verb ) : fulfill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : fulfillment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : fulfilled / fulfilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n)an eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced
(n)the reason why you want to do something
انگیزه و اشتیاق،دلیل و انگیزه از اینکه کسی می خواهد کاری را انجام دهد
motivation
* He’s a bright enough student - he just lacks motivation.
* There seems to be a lack of motivation among the employees.
* What was the motivation for the attack?
* The motivation behind the decision is the desire to improve our service to our customers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : motivate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : motivation / motive دلیلی که کسی را وادار به انجام کاری می کند، به خصوص وقتی این دلیل باشد پنهان نگه داشته شد / motivator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : motivated / motivational / motive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
gripped
* Do you ever find yourself so completely gripped by what you are doing that you lose track of time?
* This trial has gripped the whole nation
* The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand.
* He will do anything to keep his grip on power.
* gripping movie/series/TV shows/ drama(collocation) جذاب و گیرا
grip=(v,n)to hold very tightly/(v)to keep someone’s attention completely/(n)control over something or someone
syn=engross, be absorbed in,affected,
(adj)deeply engaged, interested
(adj)strongly affected by something
درگیرشدن،غرق در کاری شدن،عمیقا تحت تاثیر یک احساس یا موقعیت قرار گرفتن
بدین ترتیب
از این رو
در نتیجه
thus,
hence,
consequently
absorb
* Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
* The project has absorbed her for several years.
* a basketball player absorbed in perfecting a shot
* It’s hard to absorb so much information.
فعل ( verb ) : absorb
اسم ( noun ) : absorption
صفت ( adjective ) : absorbable / absorbed / absorbing
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)to take something in, especially gradually
(v)to take up someone’s attention completely
(v)to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them
جذب کردن،توجه کسی رو به طور کامل جذب کردن، فهمیدن و یادگرفتن چیزی کاملا
(adj)nervous or confused because you are worried about something
(adj)unable to concentrate because one is preoccupied by something worrying or unpleasant.
پریشان، حواس پرت
distracted
Tania seems very distracted at the moment - I think she’s worried about her brother.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distract
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distraction / distractor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distracting / distracted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : distractedly
(adj)having little value or importance
کم اهمیت یا کم ارزش
trivial
* Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter.
* I don’t know why he gets so upset about something so trivial.
* trivial task/matter (collocation)
(n)a period between two events or times
(n)the space between two points
وقفه ، فاصله (زمانی)
interval
* We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
* The plants should be spaced at six-inch intervals.
* brief interval(collocation)
(n)a period between two events or times
(n)the space between two points
وقفه ، فاصله (زمانی)
interval
* We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
* The plants should be spaced at six-inch intervals.
* brief interval(collocation)
fiercely
* She’s fiercely competitive/independent
* a violinist fiercely concentrating on a piece of music.
* the army clashed fiercely with militants
اسم ( noun ) : fierceness
صفت ( adjective ) : fierce
قید ( adverb ) : fiercely
(v)energetically and with strong feelings
(v)angrily or in a frightening or attacking manner
شدیداً و قویاً (از نظر احساس یا خشنی)
ache
* His muscles might have ached during his most memorable races
* she ached for his touch
فعل ( verb ) : ache
اسم ( noun ) : ache
صفت ( adjective ) : aching / achy
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v,n)to feel a continuous but not very sharp pain in a part of your body
(v)to want to do or have something very much
درد خفیف مداوم (داشتن)،میل شدید به چیزی داشتن
explode
* A bomb exploded at one of the capital’s busiest railway stations this morning.
* The population has exploded in the last ten years.
* Explosion of feeling(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : explode
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : explosion / explosive
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : explosive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : explosively
(v)to burst into small pieces, making a loud noise and causing damage
(v)to suddenly increase greatly in number, amount, or degree
منفجر شدن، افزایش یافتن انفجاری
overcome
* to overcome difficulties /obstacles /problems /resistance
* Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class.
* They were overcome by fumes from the fire and had to be carried out of their houses.
* Overcome with/by emotion, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes.
* he might have felt overcome with tiredness.
(v)to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with a feeling or problem
(v passive,adj)unable to act or think in the usual way
غلبه کردن ، مغلوب (شدن) (پسیو)
intellectual
* She was too much of an intellectual to find popular movies interesting.
* He was among the political and intellectual leaders of his time.
* intellectual development(collocation)
* intellectual stimulation(collocation) محرک فکری
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intellectualize در مورد چیزی به شکلی جدی و پیچیده فکر کنید یا صحبت کنید، به خصوص به جای ابراز احساسات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intellect توانایی درک چیزها و تفکر هوشمندانه/ intellectualism / intellectualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intellectual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intellectually
(n,adj)a person who is well educated and interested in serious ideas
(adj)relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas
روشن فکر و متفکر، فکری
drift
* there was a drift to the towns
* He stopped rowing and let the boat drift.
(v)to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction
(v)to move slowly on water or in the air
(حرکت یا تغییر کردن تدریجی،رانش(حرکت کردن در حال شناور بودن و معلق بودن
confront
A growing body of research supports the notion that by confronting and meeting challenges, anyone can create flow in their life.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : confront
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : confrontation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : confrontational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way
(v)to face someone in a threatening way, as though you are going to attack the person
مواجه شدن و رو به رو شدن، مقابله کردن
tension
* the parachute keeps the cable under tension as it drops
* a mind which is affected by stress or tension cannot think as clearly
✅ فعل ( verb ) : tense
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tension
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tense
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : tensely
(n)the state of being stretched tight.
(n)mental or emotional strain
کشش، تنش، استرس
fulfillment
* Workaholics can only find fulfillment in their work.
* Morales said that owning his own home was the fulfillment of a dream.
* People are wondering if they will ever see the fulfillment of the government’s campaign pledges.
* a sense of fulfillment
fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective/wish
fulfil a promise/pledge
✅ فعل ( verb ) : fulfill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : fulfillment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : fulfilled / fulfilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n)the feeling of being happy and satisfied with your life because you are doing interesting , useful, or important things
(n)the act of doing something that you promised or agreed to do
اساس رضایت درونی،تحقق(دستیابی به چیزی که مورد نظر، توافق شده، وعده داده شده یا پیش بینی شده است.)، الوعده وفا کردن(انجام کار قول داده شده)
motivation
* He’s a bright enough student - he just lacks motivation.
* There seems to be a lack of motivation among the employees.
* What was the motivation for the attack?
* The motivation behind the decision is the desire to improve our service to our customers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : motivate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : motivation / motive دلیلی که کسی را وادار به انجام کاری می کند، به خصوص وقتی این دلیل باشد پنهان نگه داشته شد / motivator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : motivated / motivational / motive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n)an eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced
(n)the reason why you want to do something
انگیزه و اشتیاق،دلیل و انگیزه از اینکه کسی می خواهد کاری را انجام دهد
amusement
* I play the piano just for my own amusement
* For the children’s amusement, Elizabeth helped them put on a play.
فعل ( verb ) : amuse
اسم ( noun ) : amusement
صفت ( adjective ) : amusing / amused
قید ( adverb ) : amusingly
(n)the feeling of being entertained or made to laugh
(n)something that entertains you, or the state of being amused by something that entertains you
سرگرمی
thus,
hence,
consequently
بدین ترتیب
از این رو
در نتیجه
(adj)imaginary
تخیلی
fictional
(n) fiction تخیل
distracted
Tania seems very distracted at the moment - I think she’s worried about her brother.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distract
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distraction / distractor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distracting / distracted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : distractedly
(adj)nervous or confused because you are worried about something
(adj)unable to concentrate because one is preoccupied by something worrying or unpleasant.
پریشان، حواس پرت
trivial
* Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter.
* I don’t know why he gets so upset about something so trivial.
* trivial task/matter (collocation)
(adj)having little value or importance
کم اهمیت یا کم ارزش
interval
* We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
* The plants should be spaced at six-inch intervals.
* brief interval(collocation)
(n)a period between two events or times
(n)the space between two points
وقفه ، فاصله (زمانی)
peer
* Do you think it’s true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers?
(n)a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group
هم سن و سال، هم تا
(n)a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group
هم سن و سال، هم تا
peer
* Do you think it’s true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers?
(n)information about reactions to a product, a person’s performance of a task, etc. which is used as a basis for improvement.
بازخورد
feedback
* have feedback (from sb)=> Have you had any feedback from customers about the new soap?
* give sb feedback (on/about sth)=> The client has given us some feedback on the design.
* positive/negative feedback
* constructive feedback(collocation)
ریه
lung
lung
ریه
(v) to make a great effort to achieve something (to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties)
سخت تلاش کردن برای چیزی
strive/strove/striven
* Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to.
* In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
try to take action in order to do something that you may not be able to do
* I tried to explain what was wrong.
* He tries hard in class, but he’s finding the work difficult.
attempt to try to do something, especially something difficult. Attempt is more formal than try and is used especially in written English
* Any prisoner who attempts to escape will be shot.
* He was attempting to climb one of the world’s highest mountains.
make an effort to do something to try to do something, when you find this difficult
* It is worth making an effort to master these skills.
* She made a big effort to be nice to him.
struggle to try very hard to do something that is very difficult, especially for a long time
* She’s still struggling to give up smoking.
* Many of these families are struggling to survive.
strive formal to try very hard to achieve something
* The company must constantly strive for greater efficiency.
endeavour British English, endeavor American English formal to try hard to do something
* Each employee shall endeavour to provide customers with the best service possible.
syn=make a great effort
(adj) worth the time, money, or effort spent; of value or importance.
ارزشمند
worthwhile
* She considers teaching a worthwhile career.
* These moments are when the body or mind is voluntarily stretched to its limits in order to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.
* worthwhile exercise/investment project (collocation)
(v) to grow(for plants or animals) or develop well, or be successful (for example, by making a lot of money or developing quickly)
شکوفا شدن،رشد کردن
flourish
The school created an environment where its students could flourish.
The effective advertisements helped the new store to flourish.
(n)the state of being successful and a condition in which a person or community is doing well financially
رونق(از نظر مالی)،رفاه مالی
prosperity
* It is sometimes difficult for people to maintain their prosperity once they retire and lose their steady income.
* The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity.
* economic/future prosperity(collocation)
فعل ( verb ) : prosper
اسم ( noun ) : prosperity
صفت ( adjective ) : prosperous
قید ( adverb ) : prosperously
………………………………………………………………………………
prosper if people or businesses prosper, they grow and develop in a successful way, especially by becoming rich or making a large profit
* Businesses across the state are prospering.
(ir)relevant
* The student wrote about personal debt in America because she thought it was a valuable and relevant topic.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : relevance
صفت ( adjective ) : relevant
قید ( adverb ) : relevantly
(adj) related to a subject or to something happening or being discussed
مربوط
pollution
* Coal is a relatively cheap source of energy, but it causes excessive pollution.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pollute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pollution / pollutant = a substance that makes air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty, and is caused by cars, factories etcآلاینده / polluter آلوده کننده
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : polluted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n)things that make the environment dirty
آلودگی
clinic
If the latter require dentures, they can obtain them free through the local authority dental clinic
(n) a building, often part of a hospital, to which people can go for medical care or advice relating to a particular condition
کلینیک(محل درمان یک نوع بیماری یا مشکل)
outlook (on)
Many doctors believe that having a positive mental outlook can lead to better physical health.
optimistic/positive/negative/pessimist outlook (collocation)
(n) a person’s point of view or general attitude toward life.
دیدگاه و نگرش کلی نسبت به زندگی
dispute
* They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions.
* in dispute with The unions are in dispute with management over pay.
* a pay/legal/trade/border/budget/trade/bitter/ political/legal/domestic dispute(collocation)
* dispute with/over/between (collocation)
* be in dispute (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dispute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dispute / disputation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disputable / disputatious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : disputably
syn=disagreement, disagree, argue, arguement
(n) an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border
(v) to disagree with something that someone says and argue about (something)
مخالفت (کردن) ، بحث (کردن)
divorce
طلاق
foster
* foster something in someone = I’m trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children.
* Would you consider fostering a child?
* foster child/parent/mother/father(collocation)
* foster good relations/economic growth/a sense of / an interest in (collocation)
* The Ryder Cup golf competition was originally created to foster good relations between Britain and the United States.
* The central bank cut interest rates in an attempt to foster economic growth.
* A country’s flag and national song are symbols that can help foster a sense of unity among citizens of that country
* They were discussing the best way to foster democracy and prosperity in the former communist countries.
syn=encourage
(v) to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings
(v) to take care of a child, usually for a limited time, without being the child’s legal parent
(adj) used to refer to someone or something connected with the care of children, usually for a limited time, by someone who is not the child’s legal parent
تقویت کردن(تشویق به توسعه یا رشد کردن)،سرپرستی کودکی را پذیرفتن
Conservation
* energy/water conservation(collocation)
* nature/environmental/wildlife conservation (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : conserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conservation / conservancy / conserve / conservatory / conservator / conservative / conservatism / conservationist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conservatively
syn=protection
(n) prevention of wasteful use of a resource.
(n)preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment and of wildlife.
حفاظت(محیط زیست،حیات وحش و ..) ، حفظ (منابع)
attitude (towards sb/sth)
* He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.
* He seems to have undergone a change in/of attitude recently, and has become much more cooperative.
(n)a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this
نگرش،رفتار
priority
a top/number one/first/high/clear priority(collocation)
identify/set/establish priorities(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prioritize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : priority / prioritization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n)something that is considered more important than other matters
اولویت
vice
* Smoking is considered a dangerous vice by most doctors
* The chief of police said that he was committed to wiping out vice in the city.
* vice-president
(n) criminal activities that involve sex or drugs
(n) a bad habit
(n) a bad or immoral quality in a person, or bad or immoral behavior
(prefix)used as part of the title of particular positions. The person who holds one of these positions is next below in authority to the person who holds the full position and can act for them
عادت بد یا فعالیت غیرقانونی(رذیلت) ، معاون
dictate
* When working in groups, don’t let one strong student dictate what all of the rest of you should do.
* Don’t let past actions dictate the choices you make in the future.
* dictate policy/term/treatment
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dictate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dictator / dictatorship / dictation / dictate
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dictatorial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dictatorially
(v)to control or influence something, or to tell people exactly what they must do
به زور تحمیل و تحکیم کردن اینکه کی باید چیکار کنه
engagement
* Novels that have interesting characters and unpredictable plots are more likely to encourage the engagement of their readers.
* Britain has a long history of engagement with the rest of the world.
* she’d broken off her engagement to Paul
* a dinner engagement
✅ فعل ( verb ) : engage
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : engagement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : engaged / engaging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : engagingly
(n) involvement with something or some activity, usually because it is interesting or important
(n) a formal agreement to get married.
(n) an arrangement to do something or go somewhere at a fixed time.
درگیرکاری شدن ، نامزدی، قرار (ملاقات)
pursue
* It takes a great deal of effort and training to pursue the dream of winning an Olympic medal.
* Is it right for people to pursue their happiness at the expense of others
* the officer pursued the van
* pursue a career/goal/dream/solution(collocation)
* pursuing the matter(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pursue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pursuit / pursuer / pursuance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : pursuant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : pursuant
(v)to work hard in order to achieve or get something
(v)follow or chase (someone or something).
دنبال کردن یا تعقیب کردن، تلاش برای دستیابی به چیزی، پی چیزی رو گرفتن
strive/strove/striven
* Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to.
* In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
try to take action in order to do something that you may not be able to do
* I tried to explain what was wrong.
* He tries hard in class, but he’s finding the work difficult.
attempt to try to do something, especially something difficult. Attempt is more formal than try and is used especially in written English
* Any prisoner who attempts to escape will be shot.
* He was attempting to climb one of the world’s highest mountains.
make an effort to do something to try to do something, when you find this difficult
* It is worth making an effort to master these skills.
* She made a big effort to be nice to him.
struggle to try very hard to do something that is very difficult, especially for a long time
* She’s still struggling to give up smoking.
* Many of these families are struggling to survive.
strive formal to try very hard to achieve something
* The company must constantly strive for greater efficiency.
endeavour British English, endeavor American English formal to try hard to do something
* Each employee shall endeavour to provide customers with the best service possible.
syn=make a great effort
(v) to make a great effort to achieve something (to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties)
سخت تلاش کردن برای چیزی
worthwhile
* She considers teaching a worthwhile career.
* These moments are when the body or mind is voluntarily stretched to its limits in order to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.
* worthwhile exercise/investment project (collocation)
(adj) worth the time, money, or effort spent; of value or importance.
ارزشمند
flourish
The school created an environment where its students could flourish.
The effective advertisements helped the new store to flourish.
(v) to grow(for plants or animals) or develop well, or be successful (for example, by making a lot of money or developing quickly)
شکوفا شدن،رشد کردن
prosperity
* It is sometimes difficult for people to maintain their prosperity once they retire and lose their steady income.
* The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity.
* economic/future prosperity(collocation)
فعل ( verb ) : prosper
اسم ( noun ) : prosperity
صفت ( adjective ) : prosperous
قید ( adverb ) : prosperously
………………………………………………………………………………
prosper if people or businesses prosper, they grow and develop in a successful way, especially by becoming rich or making a large profit
* Businesses across the state are prospering.
(n)the state of being successful and a condition in which a person or community is doing well financially
رونق(از نظر مالی)،رفاه مالی
(adj) related to a subject or to something happening or being discussed
مربوط
(ir)relevant
* The student wrote about personal debt in America because she thought it was a valuable and relevant topic.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : relevance
صفت ( adjective ) : relevant
قید ( adverb ) : relevantly
(n)things that make the environment dirty
آلودگی
pollution
* Coal is a relatively cheap source of energy, but it causes excessive pollution.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pollute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pollution / pollutant = a substance that makes air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty, and is caused by cars, factories etcآلاینده / polluter آلوده کننده
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : polluted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a building, often part of a hospital, to which people can go for medical care or advice relating to a particular condition
کلینیک(محل درمان یک نوع بیماری یا مشکل)
clinic
If the latter require dentures, they can obtain them free through the local authority dental clinic
(n) a person’s point of view or general attitude toward life.
دیدگاه و نگرش کلی نسبت به زندگی
outlook (on)
Many doctors believe that having a positive mental outlook can lead to better physical health.
optimistic/positive/negative/pessimist outlook (collocation)
(n) an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border
(v) to disagree with something that someone says and argue about (something)
مخالفت (کردن) ، بحث (کردن)
dispute
* They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions.
* in dispute with The unions are in dispute with management over pay.
* a pay/legal/trade/border/budget/trade/bitter/ political/legal/domestic dispute(collocation)
* dispute with/over/between (collocation)
* be in dispute (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dispute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dispute / disputation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disputable / disputatious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : disputably
syn=disagreement, disagree, argue, arguement
طلاق
divorce
(v) to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings
(v) to take care of a child, usually for a limited time, without being the child’s legal parent
(adj) used to refer to someone or something connected with the care of children, usually for a limited time, by someone who is not the child’s legal parent
تقویت کردن(تشویق به توسعه یا رشد کردن)،سرپرستی کودکی را پذیرفتن
foster
* foster something in someone = I’m trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children.
* Would you consider fostering a child?
* foster child/parent/mother/father(collocation)
* foster good relations/economic growth/a sense of / an interest in (collocation)
* The Ryder Cup golf competition was originally created to foster good relations between Britain and the United States.
* The central bank cut interest rates in an attempt to foster economic growth.
* A country’s flag and national song are symbols that can help foster a sense of unity among citizens of that country
* They were discussing the best way to foster democracy and prosperity in the former communist countries.
syn=encourage
(n) prevention of wasteful use of a resource.
(n)preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment and of wildlife.
حفاظت(محیط زیست،حیات وحش و ..) ، حفظ (منابع)
Conservation
* energy/water conservation(collocation)
* nature/environmental/wildlife conservation (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : conserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conservation / conservancy / conserve / conservatory / conservator / conservative / conservatism / conservationist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conservatively
syn=protection
(n)a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this
نگرش،رفتار
attitude (towards sb/sth)
* He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.
* He seems to have undergone a change in/of attitude recently, and has become much more cooperative.
(n)something that is considered more important than other matters
اولویت
priority
a top/number one/first/high/clear priority(collocation)
identify/set/establish priorities(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prioritize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : priority / prioritization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n) criminal activities that involve sex or drugs
(n) a bad habit
(n) a bad or immoral quality in a person, or bad or immoral behavior
(prefix)used as part of the title of particular positions. The person who holds one of these positions is next below in authority to the person who holds the full position and can act for them
عادت بد یا فعالیت غیرقانونی(رذیلت) ، معاون
vice
* Smoking is considered a dangerous vice by most doctors
* The chief of police said that he was committed to wiping out vice in the city.
* vice-president
(v)to control or influence something, or to tell people exactly what they must do
به زور تحمیل و تحکیم کردن اینکه کی باید چیکار کنه
dictate
* When working in groups, don’t let one strong student dictate what all of the rest of you should do.
* Don’t let past actions dictate the choices you make in the future.
* dictate policy/term/treatment
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dictate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dictator / dictatorship / dictation / dictate
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dictatorial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dictatorially
(n) involvement with something or some activity, usually because it is interesting or important
(n) a formal agreement to get married.
(n) an arrangement to do something or go somewhere at a fixed time.
درگیرکاری شدن ، نامزدی، قرار (ملاقات)
engagement
* Novels that have interesting characters and unpredictable plots are more likely to encourage the engagement of their readers.
* Britain has a long history of engagement with the rest of the world.
* she’d broken off her engagement to Paul
* a dinner engagement
✅ فعل ( verb ) : engage
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : engagement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : engaged / engaging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : engagingly
(v)to work hard in order to achieve or get something
(v)follow or chase (someone or something).
دنبال کردن یا تعقیب کردن، تلاش برای دستیابی به چیزی، پی چیزی رو گرفتن
pursue
* It takes a great deal of effort and training to pursue the dream of winning an Olympic medal.
* Is it right for people to pursue their happiness at the expense of others
* the officer pursued the van
* pursue a career/goal/dream/solution(collocation)
* pursuing the matter(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pursue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pursuit / pursuer / pursuance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : pursuant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : pursuant
(n) a strong desire to achieve something
جاه طلبی
ambition
* The president’s ambition to lower energy use in the country by 10 percent within fifteen years seemed impossible.
* A common childhood ambition is to become a professional sports star, but very few people fulfill this dream.
* lack the ambition
* nursed the ambition رویا پردازی
* fulfill her childhood ambition
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : ambition / ambitiousness
صفت ( adjective ) : ambitious
قید ( adverb ) : ambitiously
ambition
* The president’s ambition to lower energy use in the country by 10 percent within fifteen years seemed impossible.
* A common childhood ambition is to become a professional sports star, but very few people fulfill this dream.
* lack the ambition
* nursed the ambition رویا پردازی
* fulfill her childhood ambition
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : ambition / ambitiousness
صفت ( adjective ) : ambitious
قید ( adverb ) : ambitiously
(n) a strong desire to achieve something
جاه طلبی
(v)to make something continue without changing and maintaining it in its original or existing state
حفظ و نگاه داشتن چیزی(جلوگیری از تغییر آن)
preserve
* The company has proposed freezing pay in order to preserve jobs.
* The movie star avoided reporters’ questions about her family in order to preserve her family’s privacy.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : preserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : preservation / preserve / preservative / preservationist / preserver
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : preservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
1
be founded on
* The American government is founded on the principle of a balance of power between the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court.
* Their friendship was founded on a shared interest in poetry and literature.
found
1- past form of find=> به معنای پیدا کردن
2- به معنای تاسیس کردن و تشکیل دادن
(v) based on/upon something
بر اساس چیزی پایه گذاری و بنا شده
1
vastly
* The Sahara Desert is vastly larger than the deserts of North and South America and Australia.
* The director’s new movie is vastly different from anything he has made before.
* vastly different(collocation)
* vast majority/amount/number
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vastness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vast وسیع
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vastly
(adv) very much
بسیار(زیاد)
preserve
* The company has proposed freezing pay in order to preserve jobs.
* The movie star avoided reporters’ questions about her family in order to preserve her family’s privacy.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : preserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : preservation / preserve / preservative / preservationist / preserver
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : preservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)to make something continue without changing and maintaining it in its original or existing state
حفظ و نگاه داشتن چیزی(جلوگیری از تغییر آن)
spoil
* One bad apple in a basket can spoil all of the rest if it is not removed.
* Don’t let a bad experience in the morning spoil the rest of your day
* When I’m feeling miserable I go shopping and spoil myself - a couple of new dresses always make me feel better.
* spoil the view/the party/any chance of
(v)to have a bad effect on something, so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful, etc.(diminish or destroy the value or quality of)
(v) to treat someone very or too well, especially by being extremely generous
خراب کردن یا فاسد کردن، لوس کردن
rural
* Rural life is often thought to be less stressful than city life.
* Farming is the most common job in rural areas of the state.
* rural areas/communities/life/population
روستایی
(v) based on/upon something
بر اساس چیزی پایه گذاری و بنا شده
be founded on
* The American government is founded on the principle of a balance of power between the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court.
* Their friendship was founded on a shared interest in poetry and literature.
found
1- past form of find=> به معنای پیدا کردن
2- به معنای تاسیس کردن و تشکیل دادن
drugstore/pharmacy/chemist
داروخانه
per se
it is not these facts per se that are important
(adv) by or of itself
به خودی خود، به تنهایی
(adv) very much
بسیار(زیاد)
vastly
* The Sahara Desert is vastly larger than the deserts of North and South America and Australia.
* The director’s new movie is vastly different from anything he has made before.
* vastly different(collocation)
* vast majority/amount/number
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vastness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vast وسیع
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vastly
سیاره
planet
tongue
زبان
articulation
* A good singer needs to have good articulation
* the articulation of vowels and consonants
* the leg articulation
articulate بیان کردن
* to express your ideas or feelings in words / having or showing the ability to speak fluently and coherently
* * Many people are unable to articulate the unhappiness they feel
(n) the act of making a sound or of speaking words( in which you pronounce words)
(n)a joint that allows movement
بیان (عمل تولید صدا یا گفتن کلمات)، مفصل
rhythm
* making the articulation of a wide range of sounds and rhythms possible
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rhythm
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rhythmic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : rhythmically
(n) a regular, repeated pattern of sound or movement
ریتم
jewelry
جواهرات، جواهر فروشی
indiscriminate
* an indiscriminate terrorist attack on civilians
* The indiscriminate use of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.
* indiscriminate use/attacks/killing/violence/bombing etc (collocation)
(adj) an action that is done without thinking about the harm it might cause
بی حساب وکتاب و بی هدف و از روی بی فکری، نسنجیده
(v)to have a bad effect on something, so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful, etc.(diminish or destroy the value or quality of)
(v) to treat someone very or too well, especially by being extremely generous
خراب کردن یا فاسد کردن، لوس کردن
spoil
* One bad apple in a basket can spoil all of the rest if it is not removed.
* Don’t let a bad experience in the morning spoil the rest of your day
* When I’m feeling miserable I go shopping and spoil myself - a couple of new dresses always make me feel better.
* spoil the view/the party/any chance of
biological
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : biology
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : biological
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : biologically
(adj) related to the scientific study of living things
زیستی
starvation
20 million people face starvation unless a vast emergency aid program is launched.
on the verge of starvation.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : starve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : starvation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : starved / starving
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the state of having no food for a long period, often causing death
گرسنگی شدید
(n)common sense
(adj) common-sense
* Use your common sense for once!
* a common-sense approach to education
(adj)sensible or practical
(n) the ability to behave in a sensible way and make practical decisions
عقل سلیم
روستایی
rural
* Rural life is often thought to be less stressful than city life.
* Farming is the most common job in rural areas of the state.
* rural areas/communities/life/population
(v) to deal with a difficult problem
مقابله کردن با، تکل زدن
tackle
* Many international organizations are trying to tackle the issue of poor health around the world.
* To avoid sunburn, it is good to tackle sun cream on your skin several times a day.
* tackle a crisis/question/problem/issue (collocation)
* tackle unemployment/crime (collocation)
tackle
* Many international organizations are trying to tackle the issue of poor health around the world.
* To avoid sunburn, it is good to tackle sun cream on your skin several times a day.
* tackle a crisis/question/problem/issue (collocation)
* tackle unemployment/crime (collocation)
(v) to deal with a difficult problem
مقابله کردن با، تکل زدن
داروخانه
drugstore/pharmacy/chemist
(adv) by or of itself
به خودی خود، به تنهایی
per se
it is not these facts per se that are important
presence
* She was overawed by the presence of so many people.
* He’s usually quite polite in my presence.
(n) the existence of someone or something in a particular place
حضور
(n) the existence of someone or something in a particular place
حضور
presence
* She was overawed by the presence of so many people.
* He’s usually quite polite in my presence.
(adv) representing something important
symbolically
* It is important symbolically for this museum to be in the right location.
* symbolic gesture/act (collocation)
* symbolic significance/importance (collocation)
* symbolic value
✅ فعل ( verb ) : symbolize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : symbol / symbolization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : symbolic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : symbolically
بصورت نمادین
symbolically
* It is important symbolically for this museum to be in the right location.
* symbolic gesture/act (collocation)
* symbolic significance/importance (collocation)
* symbolic value
✅ فعل ( verb ) : symbolize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : symbol / symbolization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : symbolic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : symbolically
(adv) representing something important
بصورت نمادین
زبان
tongue
(n) the act of making a sound or of speaking words( in which you pronounce words)
(n)a joint that allows movement
بیان (عمل تولید صدا یا گفتن کلمات)، مفصل
articulation
* A good singer needs to have good articulation
* the articulation of vowels and consonants
* the leg articulation
articulate بیان کردن
* to express your ideas or feelings in words / having or showing the ability to speak fluently and coherently
* * Many people are unable to articulate the unhappiness they feel
(n) a regular, repeated pattern of sound or movement
ریتم
rhythm
* making the articulation of a wide range of sounds and rhythms possible
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rhythm
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rhythmic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : rhythmically
جواهرات، جواهر فروشی
jewelry
(adj) an action that is done without thinking about the harm it might cause
بی حساب وکتاب و بی هدف و از روی بی فکری، نسنجیده
indiscriminate
* an indiscriminate terrorist attack on civilians
* The indiscriminate use of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.
* indiscriminate use/attacks/killing/violence/bombing etc (collocation)
(n) the place or situation in which something begins to exist
منشا یا خواستگاه
origin
✅ فعل ( verb ) : originate شروع به وقوع یا وجود کردن، نشات گرفتن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : origin / original / originality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : original
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : originally
originate from
* A lot of our medicines originate from tropical plants.
originate in
* Many Christmas traditions originated in Germany.
originate with
* The idea originated with the ancient Greek philosophers.
originate as
* The town originated as a small fishing port.
origin
✅ فعل ( verb ) : originate شروع به وقوع یا وجود کردن، نشات گرفتن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : origin / original / originality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : original
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : originally
originate from
* A lot of our medicines originate from tropical plants.
originate in
* Many Christmas traditions originated in Germany.
originate with
* The idea originated with the ancient Greek philosophers.
originate as
* The town originated as a small fishing port.
(n) the place or situation in which something begins to exist
منشا یا خواستگاه
(adj) related to the scientific study of living things
زیستی
biological
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : biology
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : biological
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : biologically
(n) the state of having no food for a long period, often causing death
گرسنگی شدید
starvation
20 million people face starvation unless a vast emergency aid program is launched.
on the verge of starvation.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : starve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : starvation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : starved / starving
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj)sensible or practical
(n) the ability to behave in a sensible way and make practical decisions
عقل سلیم
(n)common sense
(adj) common-sense
* Use your common sense for once!
* a common-sense approach to education
(n) the area at the back of your mouth and inside your neck
گلو
throat
The singer complained of a sore throat after Wednesday’s show.
throat
The singer complained of a sore throat after Wednesday’s show.
(n) the area at the back of your mouth and inside your neck
گلو
chamber
* The heart has four chambers.
* gas/torture chamber
* Meetings of the council are held in the council chamber.
(n) an enclosed space, especially in your body or inside a machine
(n) a room used for a special purpose, especially an unpleasant one
محفظه(فضای خالی بسته)، اتاق، تالار
cave
(n) a big hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the ground
غار
1
multiple
Baxter was rushed to the hospital with multiple stab wounds.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : multiply
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : multiplication / multiplicity / multiple / multiplier
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : multiple / multiplicative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : multiplicatively
syn= several, numerous, a lot of
(adj) many, or involving many things, people, events etc
چندین، چندگانه
verbal
* Our apartment lease is really just a verbal agreement.
فعل ( verb ) : verbalize بیان کردن چیزی با کلمات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : verb
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : verbal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : verbally
syn= oral, spoken, voiced
(adj) spoken rather than written
کلامی - زبانی
ancient
syn= prehistoric, very old, early
باستانی
uniquely
* Thus, it cannot classify any uniquely human trait as an adaptation.
* a way of life that was uniquely British
* a unique opportunity
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : uniqueness
صفت ( adjective ) : unique
قید ( adverb ) : uniquely
syn= individually, distinctively, exclusively
(adv)in a way that is different from anything or anyone else
بطور منحصر به فرد
possess
* Different workers possess different skills.
* He no longer possessed the power to frighten her.
* Those states are the countries that possess nuclear weapons
* possess an ability
✅ فعل ( verb ) : possess
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : possession / possessive / possessiveness / possessor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : possessive / possessed / possessory / possessable ( possessible )
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : possessively
syn= own, have, belong to
(v)to have or own something, or to have a particular quality, ability, or skill
have داشتن، در اختیار داشتن، فرمال
(n) an enclosed space, especially in your body or inside a machine
(n) a room used for a special purpose, especially an unpleasant one
محفظه(فضای خالی بسته)، اتاق، تالار
chamber
* The heart has four chambers.
* gas/torture chamber
* Meetings of the council are held in the council chamber.
carve
* carve something out of/from something
* carve something on/in/into something
carved
(v) to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc.
حکاکی کردن
(n) a big hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the ground
غار
cave
intriguing
* She has a really intriguing personality.
* The magazine carries an intriguing mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intrigue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intrigue
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intriguing / intrigued
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intriguingly
intrigue
* 1- مجذوب خود کردن(چون عجیب یا مرموز به نظر می رسد)
* * Other people’s houses always intrigued her.
* * I was intrigued by his slow, deliberate way of talking and the serious look in his eyes.
* 2- دسیسه کردن، توطئه چیدن
* * While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him.
* * political intrigue
(adj) very interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected
چیزی که به خاطر عجیب بودنش بسیار جالب باشد
deliberate
* He accused her of writing deliberate untruths.
* The jury deliberated for two days before reaching a verdict.
* deliberate on/about/over
* deliberate act
فعل ( verb ) : deliberate
اسم ( noun ) : deliberation
صفت ( adjective ) : deliberate
قید ( adverb ) : deliberately
syn= on purpose planned intentional
(adj) (of an action or a decision) intentional or planned, often with the result of being harmful to someone
(v) to think or talk seriously and carefully about something before making a decision.
آگاهانه و سنجیده ، عمدی ، سنجیدن و ارزیابی کردن
stereotype
* racial/sexual/cultural/gender/old/traditional/ common/negative stereotype
* racist stereotypes in the media
* stereotype of =>women who don’t fit the stereotype of the good mother
* stereotype about=> stereotypes about the elderly
فعل ( verb ) : stereotype
اسم ( noun ) : stereotype
صفت ( adjective ) : stereotypical
قید ( adverb ) : stereotypically
(n) a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like. they are often unfair or untrue
(v) to have a set idea about what a particular type of person is like, especially an idea that is wrong
باورهای رایج و کلیشه ای (رفتار قالبی) (کردن)
crude
* Many people have the impression that early humans were crude people.
* a crude wooden bridge
* crude workmanship
……………………………………………………………………
* a crude joke
* crude oil
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : crudeness / crude / crudity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : crude
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : crudely
(adj) simple and not skilfully done or made
(adj) rude and offensive
(adj) oil from rocks underground in a natural state that has not yet been treated
اولیه و بدوی، مبتذل و رکیک ، خام
manipulate
* manipulate people/children/the media/data
* This open area can be manipulated to change the air flow and the sounds this air makes as it passes
✅ فعل ( verb ) : manipulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : manipulation / manipulator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : manipulative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly
(n) to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving or influencing them
دستکاری کردن، تحت کنترل خود درآوردن
ink
(n) a colored liquid that you use for writing, printing, or drawing
(n) a black liquid in sea creatures such as octopus and squid
(v) to put ink on something or to sign an agreement
جوهر
flavor
* I prefer this one because it has more flavour.
* Critics claim the building would destroy the flavor of the neighborhood.
* The stories have a strong regional flavour.
* the extracts give a flavour of the content and tone of the conversation
✅ فعل ( verb ) : flavor
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : flavor / flavoring
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : flavored / flavorful / flavorless
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the quality or feature that makes something have a particular style or character
(n) the particular taste of a food or drink
طعم ، کیفیت یا ویژگی های مشخصه
perception
* We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.
* These photographs will affect people’s perceptions of war.
* drugs that alter perception
* sensory perceptions
فعل ( verb ) : perceive = to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
اسم ( noun ) : perception / perceptiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : perceptive / perceptible
قید ( adverb ) : perceptively / perceptibly
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
The main difference between perspective, outlook, and perception is that perspective is more about how one sees or understands something, outlook is more about how one feels or anticipates something, and perception is more about how one processes or interprets something. Perspective is also more focused on the external or objective aspects of a situation, outlook is more focused on the internal or subjective aspects of a situation, and perception is more focused on the sensory or cognitive aspects of a situation.
(n) the way you think about something and your idea of what it is like
(n) the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing, etc.
تصور یا برداشت یک فرد از چیزی ، دریافت اطلاعت از طریق حواس
bolt
* I closed the window and drew the bolt
* The house next to ours was struck by a bolt of lightning.
(n) the metal bar that you slide across a door or window to lock it
(n) lightning that appears as a white line in the sky
پیچ، آزرخش
refined
* refined sugar/oil/petroleum/copper/foods/products
* a refined way of speaking
* Laser surgery has become much more refined over the last decade.
* highly refined theories
فعل ( verb ) : refine
اسم ( noun ) : refinement
صفت ( adjective ) : (un)refined
قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………………………….
The main difference between refine, filter, and purify is that refine implies a process of improvement or enhancement, filter implies a process of separation or removal, and purify implies a process of cleansing or sanitizing. Refine, filter, and purify can also have different degrees of effectiveness, depending on the method and the material.
(adj) has been made pure by removing other substances from it
(adj) polite, well educated, or belonging to a high social class
(adj) improved(method, plan, system etc) because of many small changes that have been made to make it more effective
پالایش شده و تصفیه شده،اصلاح شده(رفتار)، بهبود یافتن
(adj) many, or involving many things, people, events etc
چندین، چندگانه
multiple
Baxter was rushed to the hospital with multiple stab wounds.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : multiply
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : multiplication / multiplicity / multiple / multiplier
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : multiple / multiplicative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : multiplicatively
syn= several, numerous, a lot of
(adj) spoken rather than written
کلامی - زبانی
verbal
* Our apartment lease is really just a verbal agreement.
فعل ( verb ) : verbalize بیان کردن چیزی با کلمات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : verb
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : verbal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : verbally
syn= oral, spoken, voiced
باستانی
ancient
syn= prehistoric, very old, early
(adv)in a way that is different from anything or anyone else
بطور منحصر به فرد
uniquely
* Thus, it cannot classify any uniquely human trait as an adaptation.
* a way of life that was uniquely British
* a unique opportunity
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : uniqueness
صفت ( adjective ) : unique
قید ( adverb ) : uniquely
syn= individually, distinctively, exclusively
(v)to have or own something, or to have a particular quality, ability, or skill
have داشتن، در اختیار داشتن، فرمال
possess
* Different workers possess different skills.
* He no longer possessed the power to frighten her.
* Those states are the countries that possess nuclear weapons
* possess an ability
✅ فعل ( verb ) : possess
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : possession / possessive / possessiveness / possessor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : possessive / possessed / possessory / possessable ( possessible )
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : possessively
syn= own, have, belong to
primary
* The primary goal of the space flight was to recover a satellite.
* the primary stages of development.
* primary purpose/aim/objective (collocation)
* sth be of primary importance.در درجه اول اهمیت قرار داشتن (collocation)
* primary concern/ reason/ source of income/ duty/ role /responsibility /consideration /focus /problem (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prime
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prime / primer / primitive / primitiveness / primitivism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prime / primal / primitive / primary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : primally / primitively / primarily
syn=chief, major, main
(adj) more important than anything else; main
(adj) happening first
(v) to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc.
حکاکی کردن
carve
* carve something out of/from something
* carve something on/in/into something
carved حکاکی شده
syn= cut, scratched, shaped
1
explore
* Venice is a wonderful city to explore.
* explore the possibility=> They are exploring the possibility of collaborating on a new project.
* explore your options=> At this point we are just exploring our options.
* explore avenues or explore all avenues (بررسی برای پیدا کردن راهی برای انجام کاری)=> Scientists are exploring multiple avenues to develop the most effective vaccine. = explore ways
* explore an issue=> The course will explore these management issues in detail.
* explore an idea=> Computers allow children to easily explore an idea, and be more experimental.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : explore
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exploration / explorer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exploratory
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to discuss or think about something carefully
(v) to search a place and discover things about it
بررسی کردن و سر درآوردن از موضوعی، اکتشاف کردن
(adj) very interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected
چیزی که به خاطر عجیب بودنش بسیار جالب باشد
intriguing
* She has a really intriguing personality.
* The magazine carries an intriguing mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intrigue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intrigue
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intriguing / intrigued
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intriguingly
intrigue
* 1- مجذوب خود کردن(چون عجیب یا مرموز به نظر می رسد)
* * Other people’s houses always intrigued her.
* * I was intrigued by his slow, deliberate way of talking and the serious look in his eyes.
* 2- دسیسه کردن، توطئه چیدن
* * While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him.
* * political intrigue
1
(adj) (of an action or a decision) intentional or planned, often with the result of being harmful to someone
(v) to think or talk seriously and carefully about something before making a decision.
آگاهانه و سنجیده ، عمدی ، سنجیدن و ارزیابی کردن
deliberate
* He accused her of writing deliberate untruths.
* The jury deliberated for two days before reaching a verdict.
* deliberate on/about/over
* deliberate act
فعل ( verb ) : deliberate
اسم ( noun ) : deliberation
صفت ( adjective ) : deliberate
قید ( adverb ) : deliberately
syn= on purpose planned intentional
(n) a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like. they are often unfair or untrue
(v) to have a set idea about what a particular type of person is like, especially an idea that is wrong
باورهای رایج و کلیشه ای (رفتار قالبی) (کردن)
stereotype
* racial/sexual/cultural/gender/old/traditional/ common/negative stereotype
* racist stereotypes in the media
* stereotype of =>women who don’t fit the stereotype of the good mother
* stereotype about=> stereotypes about the elderly
فعل ( verb ) : stereotype
اسم ( noun ) : stereotype
صفت ( adjective ) : stereotypical
قید ( adverb ) : stereotypically
(adj) simple and not skilfully done or made
(adj) rude and offensive
(adj) oil from rocks underground in a natural state that has not yet been treated
اولیه و بدوی، مبتذل و رکیک ، خام
crude
* Many people have the impression that early humans were crude people.
* a crude wooden bridge
* crude workmanship
……………………………………………………………………
* a crude joke
* crude oil
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : crudeness / crude / crudity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : crude
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : crudely
(v) to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly
(n) to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving or influencing them
دستکاری کردن، تحت کنترل خود درآوردن
manipulate
* manipulate people/children/the media/data
* This open area can be manipulated to change the air flow and the sounds this air makes as it passes
✅ فعل ( verb ) : manipulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : manipulation / manipulator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : manipulative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a colored liquid that you use for writing, printing, or drawing
(n) a black liquid in sea creatures such as octopus and squid
(v) to put ink on something or to sign an agreement
جوهر
ink
(n) the quality or feature that makes something have a particular style or character
(n) the particular taste of a food or drink
طعم ، کیفیت یا ویژگی های مشخصه
flavor
* I prefer this one because it has more flavour.
* Critics claim the building would destroy the flavor of the neighborhood.
* The stories have a strong regional flavour.
* the extracts give a flavour of the content and tone of the conversation
✅ فعل ( verb ) : flavor
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : flavor / flavoring
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : flavored / flavorful / flavorless
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the way you think about something and your idea of what it is like
(n) the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing, etc.
تصور یا برداشت یک فرد از چیزی ، دریافت اطلاعت از طریق حواس
perception
* We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.
* These photographs will affect people’s perceptions of war.
* drugs that alter perception
* sensory perceptions
فعل ( verb ) : perceive = to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
اسم ( noun ) : perception / perceptiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : perceptive / perceptible
قید ( adverb ) : perceptively / perceptibly
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
The main difference between perspective, outlook, and perception is that perspective is more about how one sees or understands something, outlook is more about how one feels or anticipates something, and perception is more about how one processes or interprets something. Perspective is also more focused on the external or objective aspects of a situation, outlook is more focused on the internal or subjective aspects of a situation, and perception is more focused on the sensory or cognitive aspects of a situation.
(n) the metal bar that you slide across a door or window to lock it
(n) lightning that appears as a white line in the sky
پیچ، آزرخش
bolt
* I closed the window and drew the bolt
* The house next to ours was struck by a bolt of lightning.
(adj) has been made pure by removing other substances from it
(adj) polite, well educated, or belonging to a high social class
(adj) improved(method, plan, system etc) because of many small changes that have been made to make it more effective
پالایش شده و تصفیه شده،اصلاح شده(رفتار)، بهبود یافتن
refined
* refined sugar/oil/petroleum/copper/foods/products
* a refined way of speaking
* Laser surgery has become much more refined over the last decade.
* highly refined theories
فعل ( verb ) : refine
اسم ( noun ) : refinement
صفت ( adjective ) : (un)refined
قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………………………….
The main difference between refine, filter, and purify is that refine implies a process of improvement or enhancement, filter implies a process of separation or removal, and purify implies a process of cleansing or sanitizing. Refine, filter, and purify can also have different degrees of effectiveness, depending on the method and the material.
(v,n) continuous, low, humming sound such as the one a bee makes
(n)a lot of activity, noise, and excitement
همهمه، شایعه، وزوز کردن
buzz
* I can hear an insect buzzing.
* My phone buzzed at five in the morning and woke me.
* a classroom buzzing with activity
buzz
* I can hear an insect buzzing.
* My phone buzzed at five in the morning and woke me.
* a classroom buzzing with activity
(v,n) continuous, low, humming sound such as the one a bee makes
(n)a lot of activity, noise, and excitement
همهمه، شایعه، وزوز کردن
personality
* The show is hosted by a popular TV personality.
* TV/radio/sports personality
* one of the most well-liked TV personalities
* Despite their different personalities, they became the best of friends.
* Unfortunately, the illness can lead to changes in personality.
(n) someone who is very famous and often appears in the newspapers, on television etc, especially an entertainer or sports person
(n) someone’s character, especially the way the person behaves toward others
شخصیت(افراد یا تلویزیونی و …)
inspiration
* He has always been a source of inspiration for me.
* draw/take/derive/get inspiration from something
* She draws inspiration from mythology and folk stories.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : inspire
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inspiration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inspiring / inspired / inspirational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inspirationally / inspiringly
(n) a good idea about what you should do, write, say, etc., especially an idea that you get suddenly
(n) a person, experience, place, etc., that gives you new ideas for how to do something
الهام
2
revival
* A revival of the timber industry is needed.
* There has been a revival of interest in Picasso’s work.
* the recent revival in medieval music
* Senior economists believe that market liberalism is leading to a revival of the economy.
* revival of interest in sth/
* economic revival/ revival in the economy
* spark/lead to a revival Prices at the top end of the market adjusted last year, leading to a revival in recent months.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : revive / revivify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : revival / revivalism / revivalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : revivalist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= resumption, renewal
(n) when something becomes active or strong again
(n) a process in which something starts to grow, develop, or become successful again
(n) when something becomes popular again
(n) a new production of a play that has not been performed in a long time
احیا،دوباره معروف و ترند شدن ، ریمیک یک نمایشنامه
frequent
* it is more frequent among women and lefthanders
* more/less frequent
* Her headaches are becoming less frequent.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : frequent
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : frequency
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : frequent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : frequently
syn= repeated, regular
(adj) happening or doing something often
مکرر و تکراری ، رایج و متداول
1
wobbly
* green wobbly lines
* The wobbly leg on the chair caused the woman to fall off and hit her head.
(v)wobble
to (cause something to) shake or move from side to side in a way that shows poor balance
syn= shaky, unstable
(adj) moving unsteadily from side to side
لرزان، لق
2
seep
seep into/through/down etc
Blood seeped down his leg.
seep away/into/through/out etc
His tension was seeping away
Pesticides are seeping out of farmland and into the water supply.
(n) seepage
syn= leak, flow slowly
(v) to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something
به آرامی جاری شدن، نشت یا تراوش کردن
sniff
He sniffed his socks to see if they needed washing.
She sniffed at her glass of wine before tasting it.
syn= smell, breathe in
(n,v) a quick breath in through the nose to smell something, or to stop liquid in the nose from coming out
بو کشیدن یا فرت فرت کردن
abnormality
genetic/congenital abnormalities
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : abnormality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : abnormal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : abnormally
syn= irregularity, imperfection, anomally
(n) something not normal, usually in the body
ناهنجاری
1
(adj) relating to the ability to hear
شنوایی
auditory
Conversely a child who is weak in visual perceptions can be helped to use auditory and verbal skills to comprehend other children.
syn= hearing, audio, acoustic
acoustic(relating to sound and the way people hear things)
bubbly
bubbly personality/ character/ person/ people/ girl/ women
(adj) (especially of a woman or girl) attractively full of energy and enthusiasm
syn= cheerful, full-of-life
شاد و سرزنده
simultaneous
* There were several simultaneous explosions in different cities.
* simultaneous with=>The withdrawal of British troops should be simultaneous with that of US forces.
* The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and radio.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : simultaneity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : simultaneous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : simultaneously
(adj) happening or being done at exactly the same time
syn= at the same time, all at once
همزمان
1
portrayal
* the newspapers’ portrayal of Islamic culture
* His latest movie is a grim portrayal of wartime suffering.
* She won a Best Actress award for her portrayal of the title character in “Erin Brockovich”.
* accurate/realistic etc portrayal
✅ فعل ( verb ) : portray
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : portrayal / Portrait
* The writer portrays life in a small village at the turn of the century.
(n) the way that someone or something is described or represented in a painting, film, book, or other artistic work
syn= representation, description
تصویر یا توصیف، نقش آفرینی
1
spontaneously
* My spontaneous reaction was to run away.
* She laughed spontaneously.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : spontaneity
صفت ( adjective ) : spontaneous
قید ( adverb ) : spontaneously
(adv) in a way that is natural, often sudden, and not planned or forced
sym= without planning, suddenly
فی البداهه، به طور خودکار، ناخودآگاه ، خود جوش
(n) someone who is very famous and often appears in the newspapers, on television etc, especially an entertainer or sports person
(n) someone’s character, especially the way the person behaves toward others
شخصیت(افراد یا تلویزیونی و …)
personality
* The show is hosted by a popular TV personality.
* TV/radio/sports personality
* one of the most well-liked TV personalities
* Despite their different personalities, they became the best of friends.
* Unfortunately, the illness can lead to changes in personality.
1
prominent
* a prominent Russian scientist
* (play) a prominent part/role (in something)
* prominent place/position(=can easily be seen or noticed)
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prominence
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prominent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : prominently
* Her photo was prominently displayed on his desk.
(adj) very well known and important
syn= famous, well-known
برجسته
1
clash
clash with
clash over/on
Police have clashed with demonstrators again today.
Democrats clashed with Republicans in a heated debate.
The two men have clashed over the report’s conclusions.
I like red and orange together, though lots of people think they clash.
personality clash =when two people don’t like each other تضاد شخصیتی
(v) to fight or argue
(v) to be in conflict because of very different ideas, beliefs, or opinions
(v) to look bad together, as with colors or designs
دعوا کردن و درگیرشدن یا بحث کردن ،تضاد و مغایرت داشتن
resume
Normal services will be resumed in the spring.
فعل ( verb ) : resume
اسم ( noun ) : resumption
صفت ( adjective ) : resumptive
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to start an activity again after stopping, pause or being interrupted
از سر گرفتن
renewal
* a renewal of the recent conflict
* Spring is a time of renewal.
* the renewal of our annual licence
* Mark’s contract comes up for renewal at the end of this year.
فعل ( verb ) : renew
اسم ( noun ) : renewal
صفت ( adjective ) : renewable / renewed
قید ( adverb ) : _
تجدید(آغازِ دوباره) ، تمدید
(n) when an activity, situation, or process begins again after a period when it had stopped
(n) when you make an agreement or official document continue for a further period of time after it ends
تجدید(آغازِ دوباره) ، تمدید
alien
* the alien environment of the city
* be alien to somebody=> a way of life that is totally alien to us
* alien cultures
* illegal aliens=illegal immigrants
* alien beings from another planet
(adj) very different from what you are used to, especially in a way that is difficult to understand or accept = strange
(adj) belonging to another country or race = foreign
(adj,n) relating to creatures from another world
(n)someone who is not a legal citizen of the country they are living or working in
بیگانه
(n) a good idea about what you should do, write, say, etc., especially an idea that you get suddenly
(n) a person, experience, place, etc., that gives you new ideas for how to do something
الهام
inspiration
* He has always been a source of inspiration for me.
* draw/take/derive/get inspiration from something
* She draws inspiration from mythology and folk stories.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : inspire
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inspiration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inspiring / inspired / inspirational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inspirationally / inspiringly
(n) when something becomes active or strong again
(n) a process in which something starts to grow, develop, or become successful again
(n) when something becomes popular again
(n) a new production of a play that has not been performed in a long time
احیا،دوباره معروف و ترند شدن ، ریمیک یک نمایشنامه
revival
* A revival of the timber industry is needed.
* There has been a revival of interest in Picasso’s work.
* the recent revival in medieval music
* Senior economists believe that market liberalism is leading to a revival of the economy.
* revival of interest in sth/
* economic revival/ revival in the economy
* spark/lead to a revival Prices at the top end of the market adjusted last year, leading to a revival in recent months.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : revive / revivify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : revival / revivalism / revivalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : revivalist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= resumption, renewal
(adj) happening or doing something often
مکرر و تکراری ، رایج و متداول
frequent
* it is more frequent among women and lefthanders
* more/less frequent
* Her headaches are becoming less frequent.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : frequent
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : frequency
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : frequent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : frequently
syn= repeated, regular
(adj) moving unsteadily from side to side
لرزان، لق
wobbly
* green wobbly lines
* The wobbly leg on the chair caused the woman to fall off and hit her head.
(v)wobble
to (cause something to) shake or move from side to side in a way that shows poor balance
syn= shaky, unstable
(v) to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something
به آرامی جاری شدن، نشت یا تراوش کردن
seep
seep into/through/down etc به آرامی جاری شدن
Blood seeped down his leg.
seep away/into/through/out etc نشت یا تراوش کردن
His tension was seeping away
Pesticides are seeping out of farmland and into the water supply.
(n) seepage
syn= leak, flow slowly
(n,v) a quick breath in through the nose to smell something, or to stop liquid in the nose from coming out
بو کشیدن یا فرت فرت کردن
sniff
He sniffed his socks to see if they needed washing.
She sniffed at her glass of wine before tasting it.
syn= smell, breathe in
(n) something not normal, usually in the body
ناهنجاری
abnormality
genetic/congenital abnormalities
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : abnormality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : abnormal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : abnormally
syn= irregularity, imperfection
auditory
Conversely a child who is weak in visual perceptions can be helped to use auditory and verbal skills to comprehend other children.
syn= hearing, audio, acoustic
acoustic(relating to sound and the way people hear things)
(adj) relating to the ability to hear
شنوایی
(adj) (especially of a woman or girl) attractively full of energy and enthusiasm
شاد و سرزنده
bubbly
bubbly personality/ character/ person/ people/ girl/ women
syn= cheerful, full-of-life
(adj) happening or being done at exactly the same time
همزمان
simultaneous
* There were several simultaneous explosions in different cities.
* simultaneous with=>The withdrawal of British troops should be simultaneous with that of US forces.
* The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and radio.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : simultaneity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : simultaneous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : simultaneously
syn= at the same time, all at once
(n) the way that someone or something is described or represented in a painting, film, book, or other artistic work
تصویر یا توصیف، نقش آفرینی
portrayal
* the newspapers’ portrayal of Islamic culture
* His latest movie is a grim portrayal of wartime suffering.
* She won a Best Actress award for her portrayal of the title character in “Erin Brockovich”.
* accurate/realistic etc portrayal
✅ فعل ( verb ) : portray به تصویر کشیدن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : portrayal / Portrait
* The writer portrays life in a small village at the turn of the century.
syn= representation, description
(adv) in a way that is natural, often sudden, and not planned or forced
فی البداهه، به طور خودکار، ناخودآگاه ، خود جوش
spontaneously
* My spontaneous reaction was to run away.
* She laughed spontaneously.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : spontaneity
صفت ( adjective ) : spontaneous
قید ( adverb ) : spontaneously
sym= without planning, suddenly
1
disillusioned
* disillusioned by/with
* became disillusioned
* As she grew older, Laura became increasingly disillusioned with politics.
* I was disillusioned when i met him for the first time because I had thought he was tall and well
فعل ( verb ) : disillusion
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : disillusionment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disillusioned
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) disappointed and unhappy because of discovering the truth about something or someone that you liked or respected, or lost your belief that someone is good, or that an idea is right
sym= disappointed, depressed
سرخورده و مایوس (چون که باورت یا چیزی اونطوری که فکر میکردی نبوده)
(adj) disappointed and unhappy because of discovering the truth about something or someone that you liked or respected, or lost your belief that someone is good, or that an idea is right
سرخورده و مایوس (چون که باورت یا چیزی اونطوری که فکر میکردی نبوده)
disillusioned
* disillusioned by/with
* became disillusioned
* As she grew older, Laura became increasingly disillusioned with politics.
* I was disillusioned when i met him for the first time because I had thought he was tall and well
فعل ( verb ) : disillusion
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : disillusionment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disillusioned
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
sym= disappointed, depressed
(adj) very well known and important
برجسته
prominent
* a prominent Russian scientist
* (play) a prominent part/role (in something)
* prominent place/position(=can easily be seen or noticed)
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prominence
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prominent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : prominently
* Her photo was prominently displayed on his desk.
syn= famous, well-known
(v) to fight or argue
(v) to be in conflict because of very different ideas, beliefs, or opinions
(v) to look bad together, as with colors or designs
دعوا کردن و درگیرشدن یا بحث کردن ،تضاد و مغایرت داشتن
clash
clash with
clash over/on
Police have clashed with demonstrators again today.
Democrats clashed with Republicans in a heated debate.
The two men have clashed over the report’s conclusions.
I like red and orange together, though lots of people think they clash.
personality clash =when two people don’t like each other تضاد شخصیتی
(v) to start an activity again after stopping, pause or being interrupted
از سر گرفتن
resume
Normal services will be resumed in the spring.
فعل ( verb ) : resume
اسم ( noun ) : resumption
صفت ( adjective ) : resumptive
قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) when an activity, situation, or process begins again after a period when it had stopped
(n) when you make an agreement or official document continue for a further period of time after it ends
تجدید(آغازِ دوباره) ، تمدید
renewal
* a renewal of the recent conflict
* Spring is a time of renewal.
* the renewal of our annual licence
* Mark’s contract comes up for renewal at the end of this year.
فعل ( verb ) : renew
اسم ( noun ) : renewal
صفت ( adjective ) : renewable / renewed
قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) very different from what you are used to, especially in a way that is difficult to understand or accept = strange
(adj) belonging to another country or race = foreign
(adj,n) relating to creatures from another world
(n)someone who is not a legal citizen of the country they are living or working in
بیگانه
alien
* the alien environment of the city
* be alien to somebody=> a way of life that is totally alien to us
* alien cultures
* illegal aliens=illegal immigrants
* alien beings from another planet
1
(v) to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse
(v) to make someone angry or annoyed = irritate
aggravate
* Their money problems were further aggravated by a rise in interest rates.
* Building the new road will only aggravate the situation.
* What really aggravates me is the way she won’t listen.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggravate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggravation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggravated / aggravating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : aggravatingly
aggravation
علاوه بر نون معانی بالا، معنی زیر را هم میدهد
* trouble or difficulty
* * I’ve been getting a lot of aggravation at work recently.
* * I don’t need any more aggravation today.
* * I’d complain to the manager but it’s not worth the aggravation.
………………………………………………………………..
aggregate
(v) to be a particular amount when added together
* Sheila’s earnings from all sources aggregated £100,000.
(v) to put different amounts, pieces of information etc together to form a group or a total
* A wife’s income is no longer aggregated with that of her husband.
(n) the total after a lot of different figures or points have been added together
* The smaller minorities got an aggregate of 1,327 votes.
* In the aggregate (=as a group or in total), women outlive men by 7 or more years.
aggravate
* Their money problems were further aggravated by a rise in interest rates.
* Building the new road will only aggravate the situation.
* What really aggravates me is the way she won’t listen.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggravate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggravation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggravated / aggravating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : aggravatingly
aggravation
علاوه بر نون معانی بالا، معنی زیر را هم میدهد
* trouble or difficulty
* * I’ve been getting a lot of aggravation at work recently.
* * I don’t need any more aggravation today.
* * I’d complain to the manager but it’s not worth the aggravation.
(v) to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse
(v) to make someone angry or annoyed = irritate
1
alert
* Taking notes is one of the best ways to stay alert in lectures.
* Jack was as mentally alert as a man half his age.
* The school immediately alerted the police.
* campaigns to alert the public to the dangers of HIV.
* a bomb/fire/terrorist etc alert
* be alert to something
* stay / mentally alert
* alert somebody to something آگاه کردن از خط
فعل ( verb ) : alert
اسم ( noun ) : alert / alertness
صفت ( adjective ) : alert
قید ( adverb ) : alertly
(adj) giving all your attention to what is happening, being said etc
(adj) able to think quickly and clearly
(v) to officially warn someone about a problem or danger so that they are ready to deal with it
(v) to make someone realize something important or dangerous
(n) a warning to be ready for possible danger
هوشیار، خبر و هشدار دادن(تا آماده مقابله با آن باشد)، آگاه کردن از خطر
(adj) giving all your attention to what is happening, being said etc
(adj) able to think quickly and clearly
(v) to officially warn someone about a problem or danger so that they are ready to deal with it
(v) to make someone realize something important or dangerous
(n) a warning to be ready for possible danger
هوشیار، خبر و هشدار دادن(تا آماده مقابله با آن باشد)، آگاه کردن از خطر
alert
* Taking notes is one of the best ways to stay alert in lectures.
* Jack was as mentally alert as a man half his age.
* The school immediately alerted the police.
* campaigns to alert the public to the dangers of HIV.
* a bomb/fire/terrorist etc alert
* be alert to something
* stay / mentally alert
* alert somebody to something آگاه کردن از خط
فعل ( verb ) : alert
اسم ( noun ) : alert / alertness
صفت ( adjective ) : alert
قید ( adverb ) : alertly
(v) to practise a play, a piece of music, etc. in order to prepare it for public performance
(v) to practise something that you plan to say to someone
(v) to repeat an opinion that has often been expressed before(a story or an argument), they repeat it with all the details(state (a list of points that have been made many times before)).
تمرین کردن برای نمایش عمومی یا چیزی که برنامه داری بگی یا سخنرانی کنی
معنی دیگه فرمالش= تکرار نظری که اغلب قبلاً بیان شده است،وقتی کسی یک داستان یا بحثی را تکرار می کند، آن را با تمام جزئیات تکرار می کند
rehearse
* think we need to rehearse the first scene again.
* rehearse for=>The band was rehearsing for their world tour.
* She had carefully rehearsed her resignation speech.
* These are arguments that I’ve heard rehearsed at meetings many times before.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : rehearse
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rehearsal
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rehearsed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
rehearse
* think we need to rehearse the first scene again.
* rehearse for=>The band was rehearsing for their world tour.
* She had carefully rehearsed her resignation speech.
* These are arguments that I’ve heard rehearsed at meetings many times before.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : rehearse
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rehearsal
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rehearsed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to practise a play, a piece of music, etc. in order to prepare it for public performance
(v) to practise something that you plan to say to someone
(v) to repeat an opinion that has often been expressed before(a story or an argument), they repeat it with all the details(state (a list of points that have been made many times before)).
تمرین کردن برای نمایش عمومی یا چیزی که برنامه داری بگی یا سخنرانی کنی
معنی دیگه فرمالش= تکرار نظری که اغلب قبلاً بیان شده است،وقتی کسی یک داستان یا بحثی را تکرار می کند، آن را با تمام جزئیات تکرار می کند
provisional
* a provisional government
* We accept provisional bookings by phone.
(adv) provisionally
The meeting has been provisionally arranged for the end of May.
difference between temporary and provisional
temporary=> چیزی که موقت هست و وابسته به چیزی نیست و صرفا گذرا است یا مدت طولانی مورد نیاز نیست
provisional=> چیزی که موقته چون مشروط و وابسته به چیزهای دیگست
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Provisional means something that is arranged or done for the present, especially until a permanent or more suitable arrangement is made. It implies that something is subject to change or confirmation in the future.
Temporary means something that is lasting or intended to last or be used only for a short time; not permanent. It implies that something has a definite end or limit in time.
(adj) for the present time but likely or able to be changed in the future
موقت،فرمال تمپورری
1
trim
* trim something away/off
* Pete was trimming the lawn around the roses.
* I have my hair trimmed every six weeks.
* The government’s plan to trim spending included cuts to the higher education budget.
* We need to trim costs by £500m.
* The bill would trim the number of immigrants to the US.
* trim something from/off something
* The company trimmed £46,000 from its advertising budget.
(v) to make something tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it
(v) to reduce a number, amount, or the size of something
کاهش دادن(تعداد،مقدار،سایز)،چیدن و اصلاح کردن
prompt
* The cold weather has prompted a rush to travel websites to book warm-weather vacations.
* What prompted you to buy that suit?
* The physical and mental health problems experienced by retired NFL football players has prompted a congressional investigation into football brain injuries.
* The reformation of the rock band after so many years prompted the question “Why did they break up in the first place?”
* Concerns about pedestrian safety prompted the city council’s decision to put up new traffic lights at the corner of Lincoln Avenue and Broad Street.
* * Prompt action/ payment/ response
* prompted a investigation/question/decision
(adv) promptly سریعا
(v) cause something to happen or be done(to cause someone to say or do something)
(v) to make someone decide to say or do something
(adj) done quickly, immediately, or at the right time
باعث چیزی شدن یا وا داشتن، سریع
hobby
* take up a hobby
interest
something that you are interested in and like doing or talking about
* Her interests were the same as most young girls – pop music, boys and clothes.
* pastime (especially written)
* something that you do because it is enjoyable or interesting*
Gardening was her mother’s favourite pastime.
* In England talking about the weather is a national pastime (=something that a lot of people in a country do).
passion
something that you feel extremely interested in and care a lot about
* Football was his passion.
* For the French, food is a passion.
pursuit (formal)
an activity that you spend time doing – used especially in the following phrases
* The hills and lakes are used for a variety of outdoor pursuits.
* Her son wasn’t really interested in academic pursuits.
* Mountaineering, golfing, and fishing were among his leisure pursuits
(n) an activity that you enjoy, and that you like to spend time doing when you are not working
laboratory
آزمایشگاه
(adj) for the present time but likely or able to be changed in the future
موقت،فرمال تمپورری
provisional
* a provisional government
* We accept provisional bookings by phone.
(adv) provisionally
The meeting has been provisionally arranged for the end of May.
difference between temporary and provisional
temporary=> چیزی که موقت هست و وابسته به چیزی نیست و صرفا گذرا است یا مدت طولانی مورد نیاز نیست
provisional=> چیزی که موقته چون مشروط و وابسته به چیزهای دیگست
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Provisional means something that is arranged or done for the present, especially until a permanent or more suitable arrangement is made. It implies that something is subject to change or confirmation in the future.
Temporary means something that is lasting or intended to last or be used only for a short time; not permanent. It implies that something has a definite end or limit in time.
enthusiasm
✅ فعل ( verb ) : enthuse about/over صحبت کردن در مورد چیزی با علاقه یا هیجان
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enthusiasm / enthusiastعلاقه مند,طرفدار
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enthusiastic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : enthusiastically
have enthusiasm
He never had much enthusiasm for work.
show enthusiasm
The younger children showed little enthusiasm for the game.
lose (your) enthusiasm
The diet started well, but I lost enthusiasm after a while.
arouse/generate enthusiasm formal (=make people feel enthusiastic)
The changes to the timetable failed to arouse enthusiasm amongst the staff.
little /great/much/considerable/ enormous/tremendous enthusiasm
boundless/unbounded enthusiasm (formal) (=very great)
I’d like to thank the design team for their boundless enthusiasm.
youthful enthusiasm (=enthusiasm that is typical of young people)
with/without enthusiasm
The proposal has been greeted with enthusiasm by both parties.
(be) full of enthusiasm (=very enthusiastic)
He entered politics full of enthusiasm, but that gradually disappeared.
be bursting/bubbling with enthusiasm (=be very excited and enthusiastic)
Andrea’s voice was bubbling with enthusiasm when she told John her plans.
a lack of enthusiasm
My lack of enthusiasm for his suggestion made him angry.
(n) a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness to be involved in it
(n) an activity or subject that someone is very interested in
اشتیاق
constructive
constructive criticism/ critic/ approach/ advice/ actions/feedback dialogue/discussion/ meeting
(adj) useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results
سازنده
(v) to make something tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it
(v) to reduce a number, amount, or the size of something
کاهش دادن(تعداد،مقدار،سایز)،چیدن و اصلاح کردن
trim
* trim something away/off
* Pete was trimming the lawn around the roses.
* I have my hair trimmed every six weeks.
* The government’s plan to trim spending included cuts to the higher education budget.
* We need to trim costs by £500m.
* The bill would trim the number of immigrants to the US.
* trim something from/off something
* The company trimmed £46,000 from its advertising budget.
habit
eating/annoying/nervous habits
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : habit
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : habitual = doing something from habit, and unable to stop doing it
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : habitually عادتاً
habitual criminal/offender
habitual drinker/smoker/gambler
(n) something that you do regularly or usually, often without thinking about it because you have done it so many times before
عادت
speculate
* She refused to speculate.
* speculate on/about (why/what etc)
* Jones refused to speculate about what might happen.
* speculate that
* Some analysts speculated that jobs will be lost.
* speculate in/on
* He speculated in stocks.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : speculate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : speculation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : speculative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : speculatively
(v) to guess about the possible causes or effects of something or answers to a question, without knowing all the facts or details
(v) to buy goods, property, shares in a company etc, hoping that you will make a large profit when you sell them
حدس و گمان کردن، سرمایه گذاری با امید سود بالا
deprivation
* social/economic/emotional/sensory/nutrition deprivation
* deprivation of …..
فعل ( verb ) : deprive
اسم ( noun ) : deprivation
صفت ( adjective ) : deprived
قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
محرومیت ، فقدان
temper or temperament
quick/bad/fiery/ bad/terrible temper
have a temper
be in a temper
control/keep your temper
lose your temper (=become angry)
(n) the way you feel at a particular time, especially when you feel angry
(n) a tendency to become angry suddenly or easily
خلق و خو
(v) cause something to happen or be done(to cause someone to say or do something)
(v) to make someone decide to say or do something
(adj) done quickly, immediately, or at the right time
باعث چیزی شدن یا وا داشتن، سریع
prompt
* The cold weather has prompted a rush to travel websites to book warm-weather vacations.
* What prompted you to buy that suit?
* The physical and mental health problems experienced by retired NFL football players has prompted a congressional investigation into football brain injuries.
* The reformation of the rock band after so many years prompted the question “Why did they break up in the first place?”
* Concerns about pedestrian safety prompted the city council’s decision to put up new traffic lights at the corner of Lincoln Avenue and Broad Street.
* * Prompt action/ payment/ response
* prompted a investigation/question/decision
(adv) promptly سریعا
prune
* She spent the afternoon pruning roses.
* The plan for the next financial year is to prune 25% off the budget.
* The company is pruning staff in order to reduce costs.
* The original version of the text has been pruned quite a bit.
if you prune something such as a piece of writing, you make it shorter by removing parts of it that are needed or wanted
to prune an organization, its expenditure, or the jobs it provides means to make it smaller by reducing it in size, or by reducing the amount of money it spends.
(v) to cut off branches from a tree, bush, or plant, especially so that it will grow better in the future
(v) to get rid of something you do not need or want, especially in order to reduce size or cost
هرس کردن، کاهش دادن و اصلاح کردن و چیدن
leisure
* leisure time
* a leisure activity/interest
* leisure pursuits formal (=leisure activities)
* a leisure centre/complex (=a place where you can play sports etc)
* leisure facilities (=different places where you can play sports etc)
* the leisure industry/sector
* a leisure group (=a group of companies in the leisure industry)
(n) the time when you are not working or studying and can relax and do things you enjoy
اوقات فراغت
circuit
* an electrical/electronic circuit
* The microprocessor is an integrated circuit that processes all information in the computer.
* If all of the connections in a circuit are not intact, then the electrical current will be stopped on its way through the circuit.
(n) a path that forms a circle around an area, or a journey along this path
(n) the complete circle that an electric current travels
پیست مسابقه دایره ای، مدار، چرخه ای یا دوره ای
executive
* a high-ranking/senior/top executive مدیراجرایی ارشد
* Chief Executive مدیر اجرایی
* executive body/committee etc (=a group of people who have the power to make decisions)
* Susan wasn’t willing to wait for the others to make up their minds, so she made an executive decision to order pizza and garlic bread for dinner.
* In some countries, the office of the president holds executive power, while in others the president is mainly a figurehead, and real power belongs to the
* prime minister.
* National emergencies such as floods, tornados, and wildfires require prompt executive action to ensure the quick arrival of needed supplies.
* executive skills
* executive cars
* an executive suite یک مجموعه اجرایی
* advertising/marketing/oil executive
* company/corporate/industry executives
* a financial/sales executive
* The executive functions of the company were carried out by a group of managers who set plans and policies for all of the employees.
* The kings and queens of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are all heads of state, but none of them have any executive powers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : execute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : execution / executive / executioner / executor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : executive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) someone in a high position, especially in business, who makes decisions and puts them into action
(adj) concerned with making decisions and ensuring that decisions are carried out
اجرایی ، مدیر اجرایی
caution
✅ فعل ( verb ) : caution
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : caution / cautiousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cautionaryهشدار دهنده / cautious محتاط
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cautiously
caution (somebody) against something
Business leaders are cautioning against hasty action that would hamper flexibility.
caution (somebody) that
Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace process.
caution somebody to do something
He cautioned them to avoid the forest at night.
advise caution (also counsel caution formal)
We advise caution if you are buying a property overseas.
exercise caution (=be careful)
Travellers are advised to exercise caution while travelling in remote areas.
proceed with caution
You should always proceed with caution in financial matters.
treat something with caution
The results of the survey should be treated with caution.
great caution
Exercise great caution when handling toxic waste.
extreme caution
Bears can be dangerous and walkers should proceed with extreme caution.
the utmost caution
You are advised to take the utmost caution when buying a second-hand car.
due caution formal (=the carefulness that is necessary)
An over-confident driver may overtake without due caution.
(v) to warn someone that something might be dangerous or difficult
(n) a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful
(n) the quality of being very careful to avoid danger or risks
(take) precaution اقدام پیشگیرانه
هشدار دادن ، هشدار، احتیاط
translate
if one thing translates into another, the second thing happens as a result of the first
* translate (something) into something
* A small increase in local spending will translate into a big rise in property tax.
* These rates translate into a return of 8.5% for dollar investors.
* translate into=> So how does this theory translate into practical policy?
* translate well to=> The ways of working that he had learned at college did not translate well (= were not suitable) to the world of business.
Ordinary people are hoping that the recent economic recovery will translate into more jobs.
A raise in pay doesn’t always translate into more spending money, as much of it ends up going to taxes
✅ فعل ( verb ) : translate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : translation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : translatable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to change written or spoken words into another language
(v) the second thing happens as a result of the first
(v) to change something into a new form, especially to turn a plan into something real
(v) to mean the same as something else
ترجمه کردن، به چیزی منجر شدن، تبدیل کردن
crew
crew member
a TV/film/camera/movie/stage crew
(n) a group of people with special skills who work together( spescially on a ship or plane or for a tv/movie production)
خدمه
battery
flat (British English)/ dead( American English) battery (=with no more electricity in it)
باتری
(n) an activity that you enjoy, and that you like to spend time doing when you are not working
سرگرمی
hobby سرگرمی
* take up a hobby
interest علاقه
something that you are interested in and like doing or talking about
* Her interests were the same as most young girls – pop music, boys and clothes.
* pastime (especially written) سرگرمی
* something that you do because it is enjoyable or interesting*
Gardening was her mother’s favourite pastime.
* In England talking about the weather is a national pastime (=something that a lot of people in a country do).
passion شور و علاقه
something that you feel extremely interested in and care a lot about
* Football was his passion.
* For the French, food is a passion.
pursuit (formal) فعالیت
an activity that you spend time doing – used especially in the following phrases
* The hills and lakes are used for a variety of outdoor pursuits.
* Her son wasn’t really interested in academic pursuits.
* Mountaineering, golfing, and fishing were among his leisure pursuits
آزمایشگاه
laboratory
mission
* the first manned space mission to Mars
* US troops taking part in the peacekeeping mission
* rescue mission
(n) an important job that involves traveling somewhere
(n) any work that someone believes it is their duty to do
ماموریت
accent
regional accent
لهجه
tablet
vitamin/sleeping/indigestion etc tablet
(n) a small round hard piece of medicine which you swallow = pill
(n) a piece of stone or other hard material used for writing, esp. in ancient times
(n) sheets paper that have been fastened together at one edge, used for writing or drawing; a pad:
لوح یا صفحه، قرص، تبلت
