list Flashcards
(n,adj) one member or one particular person, rather than to a large group.
فرد، فردی یا انفرادی، منحصر به فرد، جداگانه، به صورت تک تک
individual
* I cant pay attention to individual students in class =من نمی توانم به تک تک دانش اموزان در کلاس توجه کنم.
* We should wash our black and white clothes individually=ما باید لباس های سیاه و سفید خود را جداگانه بشوریم.
* Iranians are great at individual sports such as wrestling =ایرانی ها در ورزش های انفرادی مانند کشتی عالی هستند.
* He is kept in an individual cell=او را در یک سلول انفرادی نگه می دارند.
* Each individual has his or her personality =هر شخص شخصیت خود را دارد.
* Individuals’ rights=حقوق افراد
فعل ( verb ) : individualize / individuate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : individuality / individual / individualism / individualist / individualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : individual / individualist / individualistic / individualized
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : individually
individual
* I cant pay attention to individual students in class =من نمی توانم به تک تک دانش اموزان در کلاس توجه کنم.
* We should wash our black and white clothes individually=ما باید لباس های سیاه و سفید خود را جداگانه بشوریم.
* Iranians are great at individual sports such as wrestling =ایرانی ها در ورزش های انفرادی مانند کشتی عالی هستند.
* He is kept in an individual cell=او را در یک سلول انفرادی نگه می دارند.
* Each individual has his or her personality =هر شخص شخصیت خود را دارد.
* Individuals’ rights=حقوق افراد
فعل ( verb ) : individualize / individuate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : individuality / individual / individualism / individualist / individualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : individual / individualist / individualistic / individualized
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : individually
(n,adj) one member or one particular person, rather than to a large group.
فرد، فردی یا انفرادی، منحصر به فرد، جداگانه، به صورت تک تک
(n) something’s or somebody’s special purpose
(v) to work or operate
عملکرد و کارکرد
function
* the function of the brakes
* I’m so tired today, I can barely function.
* I can’t function properly without a coffee
فعل ( verb ) : function
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : function / functionality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : functional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : functionally
(n) the way that something is built, arranged, or organized.
(v) to arrange or organize in a particular way.
سازه و ساختار، ساختار دادن و ساختار بخشیدن و چارچوب دادن
structure
* using google calendar helps me structure my week.
* solid structure
* how we structure our team.
فعل ( verb ) : structure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : structure / structuralism / structuralist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : structural / structuralist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : structurally
(n) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
محیط (زیست)
environment
* workplace environment
* social media environment
* harm/damage/destroy/polute the environment
* conserve the environment
* the marine/natural environment
* the effect/impact on the environment
فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : environment / environmentalism / environmentalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : environmental
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : environmentally
(n) the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about it
غریزه
instinct
* That is the animal instinct that is found in every human being and which lures people’s body and mind to immoderate search for worldly pleasures.
* For most cottagers and labourers the battle to retain a respectable independence was a basic instinct.
* If one firm is lagging behind another, then the competitive instinct makes that firm devise ways of securing fresh trade.
فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : instinct
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : instinctive / instinctual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : instinctively
(n) something a person does, especially something
that is very good or bad.
عمل
deed
* Whatever his motives, the deed did save a hundred thousand lives.
* the evil consequences of his deed.
* good deeds(collocation)
(n) an event, situation, etc., that people do not understand or cannot explain because they do not know enough about it.
راز ، معما
mystery
* How the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away is/remains a mystery.
* The mystery was solved when the police discovered the murder weapon.
* The book tries to explain some of the mysteries of life.
* remain a mystery(collocation)
* an unsolved mystery(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mystery / mysteriousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mysterious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : mysteriously
function
* the function of the brakes
* I’m so tired today, I can barely function.
* I can’t function properly without a coffee
فعل ( verb ) : function
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : function / functionality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : functional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : functionally
(n) something’s or somebody’s special purpose
(v) to work or operate
عملکرد و کارکرد
(v) to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it
(n) the act of to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it.
(n) the act of getting money or advantage through the dishonest use of political power and influence
پیوند (دادن یا زدن)، اختلاس
graft (sth onto sth)
* Grafting modern research onto Confucian philosophy
* He has had a skin graft on his badly burned arm.
syn=transplant, implant, implantation, replanting
(n) a member of a male religious community that is separated from the outside world
راهب
monk
(n) the speed at which something happens or is done
(n) a single step, or the distance you move when you take a single step
سرعت،قدم
pace
* I can’t keep pace with you.
* I don’t like the pace of modern life.
* Take two paces forwards/backwards.
* The runner collapsed just a few paces from the finish.
* at a leisurely pace or the leisurely pace of (collocation) سرعت آرام
* at a frantic pace or the frantic pace of (collocation) با سرعت زیاد و دیوانه کننده
structure
* using google calendar helps me structure my week.
* solid structure
* how we structure our team.
فعل ( verb ) : structure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : structure / structuralism / structuralist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : structural / structuralist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : structurally
(n) the way that something is built, arranged, or organized.
(v) to arrange or organize in a particular way.
سازه و ساختار، ساختار دادن و ساختار بخشیدن و چارچوب دادن
(v) to receive money, a house, etc. from someone after they have died
(v) to be born with the same physical or mental characteristics as one of your parents or grandparents
(v) to begin to have responsibility for a problem or situation that previously existed or belonged to another person
به ارث بردن
inherit
* All her children will inherit equally.
* Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother.
* When I took on the job of manager, I inherited certain financial problems.
* inherit property/ fortune/ habits/ genes
فعل ( verb ) : inherit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inheritance / inheritor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inheritable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
inherent طبیعی یا اساسی یا ذاتی
heritage میراث(فرهنگی)
اشتباه گرفته نشه
(n) a treatment that helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc ., especially after an illness or treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder
درمان (معمولا روانی یا برای برای توانبخشی)
therapy
radiation therapy/occupational therapy/ speech therapy /group therapy / physical therapy /Psychological /shock /drug therapies
environment
* workplace environment
* social media environment
* harm/damage/destroy/polute the environment
* conserve the environment
* the marine/natural environment
* the effect/impact on the environment
فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : environment / environmentalism / environmentalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : environmental
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : environmentally
(n) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
محیط (زیست)
(n) a feeling of extreme excitement, usually caused by something pleasant
(v) to make someone feel very excited and pleased
هیجان،به هیجان اوردن
thrill
* the thrill of winning a competition
* The 22-year-old swimmer thrilled the world with his performance.
فعل ( verb ) : thrill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : thrill
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : thrilled / thrilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : thrillingly
syn=excitement, pleasure, adventure
(v) training that makes people more willing to obey or more able to control themselves, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the behaviour produced by this training
(v) to punish someone
(v) to teach someone to behave in a controlled way
(n) training that produces obedience or self-control, often in the form of rules and punishments if these are broken, or the obedience or self-control produced by this training
(n)ability to control a mental activity
(n) a particular area of study, esp. a subject studied at a college or university
تربیت (کردن) ، مجازات کردن، نظم(دادن) و انظبات، شاخه علمی
discipline
* parental/military/school discipline
* There should be tougher discipline in schools
* Maintaining classroom discipline (= control of the students) is the first task of every teacher.
* Learning a foreign language requires discipline.
* an academic discipline
* self-discipline(collocation)
syn=control, regulation, restraint
(v) to prevent something from being seen or heard
(v) to make something difficult to discover and understand
(adj) not known to many people
(adj) not clear and difficult to understand or see
نامفهوم، گمنام،پنهان کردن،پوشاندن
obscure
* Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window.
* The sun was obscured by clouds.
* Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.
* an obscure island in the Pacific.
* Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.
* (for some) obscure reasons
✅ فعل ( verb ) : obscure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obscurity / obscurantism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : obscure / obscurantist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : obscurely
syn=unclear, vague, difficult to understand
(n) a feeling of wanting something or someone very much, a strong desire
عطش، اشتیاق، هوس، میل وافر
longing
* He gazed at her, his eyes full of longing.
* a longing for his homeland
فعل( verb ) : long
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : longing
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : longing
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :longingly
syn=desire, wish, want
(v) to state an opinion or claim a right forcefully
(n) To assert is also to behave in a way that shows power, authority, or control
ادعا کردن، بیان کردن نظر
assert
* The companies have asserted that everything they did was appropriate.
* Several members of Congress called upon the president to assert leadership.
فعل ( verb ) : assert
اسم ( noun ) : assertion / assertiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : assertive
قید ( adverb ) : assertively
syn=state, declare, claim
(v) to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse
پادرمیانی کردن، مداخله کردن
intervene
* The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate.
* The minister intervened personally to stop the museum from being closed.
*
(noun) intervention
rapid intervention (collocation) مداخله سریع
foreign/military intervention (collocation)
syn=interference, treatment, interruption
(v) to increase or improve something
(n) an improvement or increase, or an action that causes this
افزایش یا ارتقا(دادن)
boost
* boost profits/prices/rates => The industry has exceeded all expectations for boosting profits and dividends.
* boost exports/sales/trade =>The lower exchange rate is already boosting exports.
* boost confidence/morale => He was elected on a platform to create jobs and boost investor confidence.
* The effect of these policies would be to encourage spending and boost the economy.
* boost production/performance/productivity
* boost sth (by) 20%/50%/100%, etc. The company boosted its dividend nearly 50%.
* boost performance/energy/appearance (collocation)
syn=increase, enhance, improve
instinct
* That is the animal instinct that is found in every human being and which lures people’s body and mind to immoderate search for worldly pleasures.
* For most cottagers and labourers the battle to retain a respectable independence was a basic instinct.
* If one firm is lagging behind another, then the competitive instinct makes that firm devise ways of securing fresh trade.
فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : instinct
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : instinctive / instinctual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : instinctively
(n) the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about it
غریزه
deed
* Whatever his motives, the deed did save a hundred thousand lives.
* the evil consequences of his deed.
* good deeds(collocation)
(n) something a person does, especially something
that is very good or bad.
عمل
(n) an event, situation, etc., that people do not understand or cannot explain because they do not know enough about it.
راز ، معما
mystery
* How the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away is/remains a mystery.
* The mystery was solved when the police discovered the murder weapon.
* The book tries to explain some of the mysteries of life.
* remain a mystery(collocation)
* an unsolved mystery(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mystery / mysteriousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : mysterious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : mysteriously
manner
* She stared at me in an accusing manner.
* He was elected in the normal manner.
* It was the manner of her death that stuck in the public’s mind.
* She has a somewhat cold, unfriendly manner.
* He needs to be taught some manners.
(n)the way in which something is done or happens
(n) the usual way in which you behave towards other people, or the way you behave on a particular occasion
(n) polite ways of treating other people and behaving in public
طرز یا روال، رفتار
graft (sth onto sth)
* Grafting modern research onto Confucian philosophy
* He has had a skin graft on his badly burned arm.
syn=transplant, implant, implantation, replanting
(v) to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it
(n) the act of to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it.
(n) the act of getting money or advantage through the dishonest use of political power and influence
پیوند (دادن یا زدن)، اختلاس
monk
(n) a member of a male religious community that is separated from the outside world
راهب
pace
* I can’t keep pace with you.
* I don’t like the pace of modern life.
* Take two paces forwards/backwards.
* The runner collapsed just a few paces from the finish.
* at a leisurely pace or the leisurely pace of (collocation) سرعت آرام
* at a frantic pace or the frantic pace of (collocation) با سرعت زیاد و دیوانه کننده
(n) the speed at which something happens or is done
(n) a single step, or the distance you move when you take a single step
سرعت،قدم
esteem
There has been a drop in public esteem for teachers.
Because of their achievements they were held in (= given) (high) esteem.
Her work is highly esteemed by all her colleagues.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : esteem
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : esteem
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : estimable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
Self - esteem عزت نفس
(n) a feeling of respect for someone, or a good opinion of someone
(v) to respect someone or have a good opinion of them
عزت و احترام و اعتبار (قائل شدن برای کسی)
inherit
* All her children will inherit equally.
* Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother.
* When I took on the job of manager, I inherited certain financial problems.
* inherit property/ fortune/ habits/ genes
فعل ( verb ) : inherit
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inheritance / inheritor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inheritable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
inherent طبیعی یا اساسی یا ذاتی
heritage میراث(فرهنگی)
(v) to receive money, a house, etc. from someone after they have died
(v) to be born with the same physical or mental characteristics as one of your parents or grandparents
(v) to begin to have responsibility for a problem or situation that previously existed or belonged to another person
به ارث بردن
therapy
radiation therapy/occupational therapy/ speech therapy /group therapy / physical therapy /Psychological /shock /drug therapies
(n) a treatment that helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc ., especially after an illness or treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder
درمان (معمولا روانی یا برای برای توانبخشی)
devote something/yourself to something/someone
* He devoted his life to serving his family, friends, and neighbors.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
* Over half his speech was devoted to the issue of saving Social Security
✅ فعل ( verb ) : devote
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : devotion /
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : devoted / devotional مربوط به خدمات مذهبی یا استفاده در آن
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : devotedly / devotionally
syn= dedicate
(v) to give all of something, especially your time, effort, or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a person
(v passive) to use a space, area, time, etc. for a particular purpose
وقف کردن،اختصاص دادن
obscure
* Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window.
* The sun was obscured by clouds.
* Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.
* an obscure island in the Pacific.
* Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.
* (for some) obscure reasons
✅ فعل ( verb ) : obscure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : obscurity / obscurantism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : obscure / obscurantist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : obscurely
syn=unclear, vague, difficult to understand
(v) to prevent something from being seen or heard
(v) to make something difficult to discover and understand
(adj) not known to many people
(adj) not clear and difficult to understand or see
نامفهوم، گمنام،پنهان کردن،پوشاندن
thrill
* the thrill of winning a competition
* The 22-year-old swimmer thrilled the world with his performance.
فعل ( verb ) : thrill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : thrill
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : thrilled / thrilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : thrillingly
syn=excitement, pleasure, adventure
(n) a feeling of extreme excitement, usually caused by something pleasant
(v) to make someone feel very excited and pleased
هیجان،به هیجان اوردن
discipline
* parental/military/school discipline
* There should be tougher discipline in schools
* Maintaining classroom discipline (= control of the students) is the first task of every teacher.
* Learning a foreign language requires discipline.
* an academic discipline
* self-discipline(collocation)
syn=control, regulation, restraint
(v) training that makes people more willing to obey or more able to control themselves, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the behaviour produced by this training
(v) to punish someone
(v) to teach someone to behave in a controlled way
(n) training that produces obedience or self-control, often in the form of rules and punishments if these are broken, or the obedience or self-control produced by this training
(n)ability to control a mental activity
(n) a particular area of study, esp. a subject studied at a college or university
تربیت (کردن) ، مجازات کردن، نظم(دادن) و انظبات، شاخه علمی
longing
* He gazed at her, his eyes full of longing.
* a longing for his homeland
فعل( verb ) : long
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : longing
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : longing
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :longingly
syn=desire, wish, want
(n) a feeling of wanting something or someone very much, a strong desire
عطش، اشتیاق، هوس، میل وافر
assert
* The companies have asserted that everything they did was appropriate.
* Several members of Congress called upon the president to assert leadership.
فعل ( verb ) : assert
اسم ( noun ) : assertion / assertiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : assertive
قید ( adverb ) : assertively
syn=state, declare, claim
(v) to state an opinion or claim a right forcefully
(n) To assert is also to behave in a way that shows power, authority, or control
ادعا کردن، بیان کردن نظر
intervene
* The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate.
* The minister intervened personally to stop the museum from being closed.
*
(noun) intervention
rapid intervention (collocation) مداخله سریع
foreign/military intervention (collocation)
syn=interference, treatment, interruption
(v) to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse
پادرمیانی کردن، مداخله کردن
boost
* boost profits/prices/rates => The industry has exceeded all expectations for boosting profits and dividends.
* boost exports/sales/trade =>The lower exchange rate is already boosting exports.
* boost confidence/morale => He was elected on a platform to create jobs and boost investor confidence.
* The effect of these policies would be to encourage spending and boost the economy.
* boost production/performance/productivity
* boost sth (by) 20%/50%/100%, etc. The company boosted its dividend nearly 50%.
* boost performance/energy/appearance (collocation)
syn=increase, enhance, improve
(v) to increase or improve something
(n) an improvement or increase, or an action that causes this
افزایش یا ارتقا(دادن)
(v) to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement
(n) a feeling of happiness
(v) make someone feel happier
تشویق کردن،خوشحالی، خوشحال کردن
cheer (up)
* Everyone cheered as the winners received their medals.
* The victory in the by-election has brought great cheer to the Liberal Democrats.
* She went shopping to cheer herself up.
* people might be able to learn how to make themselves more satisfied with and cheerful about their lives.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : cheer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cheer / cheering / cheerfulness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cheerful / cheering
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cheerfully / cheerily
sym=happiness, joy
cheer (up)
* Everyone cheered as the winners received their medals.
* The victory in the by-election has brought great cheer to the Liberal Democrats.
* She went shopping to cheer herself up.
* people might be able to learn how to make themselves more satisfied with and cheerful about their lives.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : cheer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cheer / cheering / cheerfulness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cheerful / cheering
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cheerfully / cheerily
sym=happiness, joy
(v) to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement
(n) a feeling of happiness
(v) make someone feel happier
تشویق کردن،خوشحالی، خوشحال کردن
(adj)deeply engaged, interested
(adj)strongly affected by something
درگیرشدن،غرق در کاری شدن،عمیقا تحت تاثیر یک احساس یا موقعیت قرار گرفتن
gripped
* Do you ever find yourself so completely gripped by what you are doing that you lose track of time?
* This trial has gripped the whole nation
* The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand.
* He will do anything to keep his grip on power.
* gripping movie/series/TV shows/ drama(collocation) جذاب و گیرا
grip=(v,n)to hold very tightly/(v)to keep someone’s attention completely/(n)control over something or someone
syn=engross, be absorbed in,affected,
(v)to take something in, especially gradually
(v)to take up someone’s attention completely
(v)to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them
جذب کردن،توجه کسی رو به طور کامل جذب کردن، فهمیدن و یادگرفتن چیزی کاملا
absorb
* Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
* The project has absorbed her for several years.
* a basketball player absorbed in perfecting a shot
* It’s hard to absorb so much information.
فعل ( verb ) : absorb
اسم ( noun ) : absorption
صفت ( adjective ) : absorbable / absorbed / absorbing
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)energetically and with strong feelings
(v)angrily or in a frightening or attacking manner
شدیداً و قویاً (از نظر احساس یا خشنی)
fiercely
* She’s fiercely competitive/independent
* a violinist fiercely concentrating on a piece of music.
* the army clashed fiercely with militants
اسم ( noun ) : fierceness
صفت ( adjective ) : fierce
قید ( adverb ) : fiercely
(v,n)to feel a continuous but not very sharp pain in a part of your body
(v)to want to do or have something very much
درد خفیف مداوم (داشتن)،میل شدید به چیزی داشتن
ache
* His muscles might have ached during his most memorable races
* she ached for his touch
فعل ( verb ) : ache
اسم ( noun ) : ache
صفت ( adjective ) : aching / achy
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)to burst into small pieces, making a loud noise and causing damage
(v)to suddenly increase greatly in number, amount, or degree
منفجر شدن، افزایش یافتن انفجاری
explode
* A bomb exploded at one of the capital’s busiest railway stations this morning.
* The population has exploded in the last ten years.
* Explosion of feeling(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : explode
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : explosion / explosive
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : explosive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : explosively
(v)to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with a feeling or problem
(v passive,adj)unable to act or think in the usual way
غلبه کردن ، مغلوب (شدن) (پسیو)
overcome
* to overcome difficulties /obstacles /problems /resistance
* Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class.
* They were overcome by fumes from the fire and had to be carried out of their houses.
* Overcome with/by emotion, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes.
* he might have felt overcome with tiredness.
(n,adj)a person who is well educated and interested in serious ideas
(adj)relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas
روشن فکر و متفکر، فکری
intellectual
* She was too much of an intellectual to find popular movies interesting.
* He was among the political and intellectual leaders of his time.
* intellectual development(collocation)
* intellectual stimulation(collocation) محرک فکری
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intellectualize در مورد چیزی به شکلی جدی و پیچیده فکر کنید یا صحبت کنید، به خصوص به جای ابراز احساسات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intellect توانایی درک چیزها و تفکر هوشمندانه/ intellectualism / intellectualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intellectual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intellectually
(v)to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction
(v)to move slowly on water or in the air
(حرکت یا تغییر کردن تدریجی،رانش(حرکت کردن در حال شناور بودن و معلق بودن
drift
* there was a drift to the towns
* He stopped rowing and let the boat drift.
(v)to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way
(v)to face someone in a threatening way, as though you are going to attack the person
مواجه شدن و رو به رو شدن، مقابله کردن
confront
A growing body of research supports the notion that by confronting and meeting challenges, anyone can create flow in their life.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : confront
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : confrontation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : confrontational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n)the state of being stretched tight.
(n)mental or emotional strain
کشش، تنش، استرس
tension
* the parachute keeps the cable under tension as it drops
* a mind which is affected by stress or tension cannot think as clearly
✅ فعل ( verb ) : tense
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tension
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tense
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : tensely
(n)the feeling of being happy and satisfied with your life because you are doing interesting , useful, or important things
(n)the act of doing something that you promised or agreed to do
اساس رضایت درونی،تحقق(دستیابی به چیزی که مورد نظر، توافق شده، وعده داده شده یا پیش بینی شده است.)، الوعده وفا کردن(انجام کار قول داده شده)
fulfillment
* Workaholics can only find fulfillment in their work.
* Morales said that owning his own home was the fulfillment of a dream.
* People are wondering if they will ever see the fulfillment of the government’s campaign pledges.
* a sense of fulfillment
fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective/wish
fulfil a promise/pledge
✅ فعل ( verb ) : fulfill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : fulfillment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : fulfilled / fulfilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n)an eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced
(n)the reason why you want to do something
انگیزه و اشتیاق،دلیل و انگیزه از اینکه کسی می خواهد کاری را انجام دهد
motivation
* He’s a bright enough student - he just lacks motivation.
* There seems to be a lack of motivation among the employees.
* What was the motivation for the attack?
* The motivation behind the decision is the desire to improve our service to our customers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : motivate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : motivation / motive دلیلی که کسی را وادار به انجام کاری می کند، به خصوص وقتی این دلیل باشد پنهان نگه داشته شد / motivator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : motivated / motivational / motive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
gripped
* Do you ever find yourself so completely gripped by what you are doing that you lose track of time?
* This trial has gripped the whole nation
* The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand.
* He will do anything to keep his grip on power.
* gripping movie/series/TV shows/ drama(collocation) جذاب و گیرا
grip=(v,n)to hold very tightly/(v)to keep someone’s attention completely/(n)control over something or someone
syn=engross, be absorbed in,affected,
(adj)deeply engaged, interested
(adj)strongly affected by something
درگیرشدن،غرق در کاری شدن،عمیقا تحت تاثیر یک احساس یا موقعیت قرار گرفتن
بدین ترتیب
از این رو
در نتیجه
thus,
hence,
consequently
absorb
* Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
* The project has absorbed her for several years.
* a basketball player absorbed in perfecting a shot
* It’s hard to absorb so much information.
فعل ( verb ) : absorb
اسم ( noun ) : absorption
صفت ( adjective ) : absorbable / absorbed / absorbing
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)to take something in, especially gradually
(v)to take up someone’s attention completely
(v)to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them
جذب کردن،توجه کسی رو به طور کامل جذب کردن، فهمیدن و یادگرفتن چیزی کاملا
(adj)nervous or confused because you are worried about something
(adj)unable to concentrate because one is preoccupied by something worrying or unpleasant.
پریشان، حواس پرت
distracted
Tania seems very distracted at the moment - I think she’s worried about her brother.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distract
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distraction / distractor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distracting / distracted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : distractedly
(adj)having little value or importance
کم اهمیت یا کم ارزش
trivial
* Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter.
* I don’t know why he gets so upset about something so trivial.
* trivial task/matter (collocation)
(n)a period between two events or times
(n)the space between two points
وقفه ، فاصله (زمانی)
interval
* We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
* The plants should be spaced at six-inch intervals.
* brief interval(collocation)
(n)a period between two events or times
(n)the space between two points
وقفه ، فاصله (زمانی)
interval
* We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
* The plants should be spaced at six-inch intervals.
* brief interval(collocation)
fiercely
* She’s fiercely competitive/independent
* a violinist fiercely concentrating on a piece of music.
* the army clashed fiercely with militants
اسم ( noun ) : fierceness
صفت ( adjective ) : fierce
قید ( adverb ) : fiercely
(v)energetically and with strong feelings
(v)angrily or in a frightening or attacking manner
شدیداً و قویاً (از نظر احساس یا خشنی)
ache
* His muscles might have ached during his most memorable races
* she ached for his touch
فعل ( verb ) : ache
اسم ( noun ) : ache
صفت ( adjective ) : aching / achy
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v,n)to feel a continuous but not very sharp pain in a part of your body
(v)to want to do or have something very much
درد خفیف مداوم (داشتن)،میل شدید به چیزی داشتن
explode
* A bomb exploded at one of the capital’s busiest railway stations this morning.
* The population has exploded in the last ten years.
* Explosion of feeling(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : explode
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : explosion / explosive
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : explosive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : explosively
(v)to burst into small pieces, making a loud noise and causing damage
(v)to suddenly increase greatly in number, amount, or degree
منفجر شدن، افزایش یافتن انفجاری
overcome
* to overcome difficulties /obstacles /problems /resistance
* Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class.
* They were overcome by fumes from the fire and had to be carried out of their houses.
* Overcome with/by emotion, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes.
* he might have felt overcome with tiredness.
(v)to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with a feeling or problem
(v passive,adj)unable to act or think in the usual way
غلبه کردن ، مغلوب (شدن) (پسیو)
intellectual
* She was too much of an intellectual to find popular movies interesting.
* He was among the political and intellectual leaders of his time.
* intellectual development(collocation)
* intellectual stimulation(collocation) محرک فکری
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intellectualize در مورد چیزی به شکلی جدی و پیچیده فکر کنید یا صحبت کنید، به خصوص به جای ابراز احساسات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intellect توانایی درک چیزها و تفکر هوشمندانه/ intellectualism / intellectualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intellectual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intellectually
(n,adj)a person who is well educated and interested in serious ideas
(adj)relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas
روشن فکر و متفکر، فکری
drift
* there was a drift to the towns
* He stopped rowing and let the boat drift.
(v)to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction
(v)to move slowly on water or in the air
(حرکت یا تغییر کردن تدریجی،رانش(حرکت کردن در حال شناور بودن و معلق بودن
confront
A growing body of research supports the notion that by confronting and meeting challenges, anyone can create flow in their life.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : confront
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : confrontation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : confrontational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way
(v)to face someone in a threatening way, as though you are going to attack the person
مواجه شدن و رو به رو شدن، مقابله کردن
tension
* the parachute keeps the cable under tension as it drops
* a mind which is affected by stress or tension cannot think as clearly
✅ فعل ( verb ) : tense
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tension
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tense
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : tensely
(n)the state of being stretched tight.
(n)mental or emotional strain
کشش، تنش، استرس
fulfillment
* Workaholics can only find fulfillment in their work.
* Morales said that owning his own home was the fulfillment of a dream.
* People are wondering if they will ever see the fulfillment of the government’s campaign pledges.
* a sense of fulfillment
fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective/wish
fulfil a promise/pledge
✅ فعل ( verb ) : fulfill
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : fulfillment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : fulfilled / fulfilling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n)the feeling of being happy and satisfied with your life because you are doing interesting , useful, or important things
(n)the act of doing something that you promised or agreed to do
اساس رضایت درونی،تحقق(دستیابی به چیزی که مورد نظر، توافق شده، وعده داده شده یا پیش بینی شده است.)، الوعده وفا کردن(انجام کار قول داده شده)
motivation
* He’s a bright enough student - he just lacks motivation.
* There seems to be a lack of motivation among the employees.
* What was the motivation for the attack?
* The motivation behind the decision is the desire to improve our service to our customers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : motivate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : motivation / motive دلیلی که کسی را وادار به انجام کاری می کند، به خصوص وقتی این دلیل باشد پنهان نگه داشته شد / motivator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : motivated / motivational / motive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n)an eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced
(n)the reason why you want to do something
انگیزه و اشتیاق،دلیل و انگیزه از اینکه کسی می خواهد کاری را انجام دهد
amusement
* I play the piano just for my own amusement
* For the children’s amusement, Elizabeth helped them put on a play.
فعل ( verb ) : amuse
اسم ( noun ) : amusement
صفت ( adjective ) : amusing / amused
قید ( adverb ) : amusingly
(n)the feeling of being entertained or made to laugh
(n)something that entertains you, or the state of being amused by something that entertains you
سرگرمی
thus,
hence,
consequently
بدین ترتیب
از این رو
در نتیجه
(adj)imaginary
تخیلی
fictional
(n) fiction تخیل
distracted
Tania seems very distracted at the moment - I think she’s worried about her brother.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distract
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distraction / distractor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distracting / distracted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : distractedly
(adj)nervous or confused because you are worried about something
(adj)unable to concentrate because one is preoccupied by something worrying or unpleasant.
پریشان، حواس پرت
trivial
* Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter.
* I don’t know why he gets so upset about something so trivial.
* trivial task/matter (collocation)
(adj)having little value or importance
کم اهمیت یا کم ارزش
interval
* We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
* The plants should be spaced at six-inch intervals.
* brief interval(collocation)
(n)a period between two events or times
(n)the space between two points
وقفه ، فاصله (زمانی)
peer
* Do you think it’s true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers?
(n)a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group
هم سن و سال، هم تا
(n)a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group
هم سن و سال، هم تا
peer
* Do you think it’s true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers?
(n)information about reactions to a product, a person’s performance of a task, etc. which is used as a basis for improvement.
بازخورد
feedback
* have feedback (from sb)=> Have you had any feedback from customers about the new soap?
* give sb feedback (on/about sth)=> The client has given us some feedback on the design.
* positive/negative feedback
* constructive feedback(collocation)
ریه
lung
lung
ریه
(v) to make a great effort to achieve something (to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties)
سخت تلاش کردن برای چیزی
strive/strove/striven
* Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to.
* In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
try to take action in order to do something that you may not be able to do
* I tried to explain what was wrong.
* He tries hard in class, but he’s finding the work difficult.
attempt to try to do something, especially something difficult. Attempt is more formal than try and is used especially in written English
* Any prisoner who attempts to escape will be shot.
* He was attempting to climb one of the world’s highest mountains.
make an effort to do something to try to do something, when you find this difficult
* It is worth making an effort to master these skills.
* She made a big effort to be nice to him.
struggle to try very hard to do something that is very difficult, especially for a long time
* She’s still struggling to give up smoking.
* Many of these families are struggling to survive.
strive formal to try very hard to achieve something
* The company must constantly strive for greater efficiency.
endeavour British English, endeavor American English formal to try hard to do something
* Each employee shall endeavour to provide customers with the best service possible.
syn=make a great effort
(adj) worth the time, money, or effort spent; of value or importance.
ارزشمند
worthwhile
* She considers teaching a worthwhile career.
* These moments are when the body or mind is voluntarily stretched to its limits in order to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.
* worthwhile exercise/investment project (collocation)
(v) to grow(for plants or animals) or develop well, or be successful (for example, by making a lot of money or developing quickly)
شکوفا شدن،رشد کردن
flourish
The school created an environment where its students could flourish.
The effective advertisements helped the new store to flourish.
(n)the state of being successful and a condition in which a person or community is doing well financially
رونق(از نظر مالی)،رفاه مالی
prosperity
* It is sometimes difficult for people to maintain their prosperity once they retire and lose their steady income.
* The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity.
* economic/future prosperity(collocation)
فعل ( verb ) : prosper
اسم ( noun ) : prosperity
صفت ( adjective ) : prosperous
قید ( adverb ) : prosperously
………………………………………………………………………………
prosper if people or businesses prosper, they grow and develop in a successful way, especially by becoming rich or making a large profit
* Businesses across the state are prospering.
(ir)relevant
* The student wrote about personal debt in America because she thought it was a valuable and relevant topic.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : relevance
صفت ( adjective ) : relevant
قید ( adverb ) : relevantly
(adj) related to a subject or to something happening or being discussed
مربوط
pollution
* Coal is a relatively cheap source of energy, but it causes excessive pollution.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pollute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pollution / pollutant = a substance that makes air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty, and is caused by cars, factories etcآلاینده / polluter آلوده کننده
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : polluted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n)things that make the environment dirty
آلودگی
clinic
If the latter require dentures, they can obtain them free through the local authority dental clinic
(n) a building, often part of a hospital, to which people can go for medical care or advice relating to a particular condition
کلینیک(محل درمان یک نوع بیماری یا مشکل)
outlook (on)
Many doctors believe that having a positive mental outlook can lead to better physical health.
optimistic/positive/negative/pessimist outlook (collocation)
(n) a person’s point of view or general attitude toward life.
دیدگاه و نگرش کلی نسبت به زندگی
dispute
* They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions.
* in dispute with The unions are in dispute with management over pay.
* a pay/legal/trade/border/budget/trade/bitter/ political/legal/domestic dispute(collocation)
* dispute with/over/between (collocation)
* be in dispute (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dispute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dispute / disputation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disputable / disputatious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : disputably
syn=disagreement, disagree, argue, arguement
(n) an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border
(v) to disagree with something that someone says and argue about (something)
مخالفت (کردن) ، بحث (کردن)
divorce
طلاق
foster
* foster something in someone = I’m trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children.
* Would you consider fostering a child?
* foster child/parent/mother/father(collocation)
* foster good relations/economic growth/a sense of / an interest in (collocation)
* The Ryder Cup golf competition was originally created to foster good relations between Britain and the United States.
* The central bank cut interest rates in an attempt to foster economic growth.
* A country’s flag and national song are symbols that can help foster a sense of unity among citizens of that country
* They were discussing the best way to foster democracy and prosperity in the former communist countries.
syn=encourage
(v) to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings
(v) to take care of a child, usually for a limited time, without being the child’s legal parent
(adj) used to refer to someone or something connected with the care of children, usually for a limited time, by someone who is not the child’s legal parent
تقویت کردن(تشویق به توسعه یا رشد کردن)،سرپرستی کودکی را پذیرفتن
Conservation
* energy/water conservation(collocation)
* nature/environmental/wildlife conservation (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : conserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conservation / conservancy / conserve / conservatory / conservator / conservative / conservatism / conservationist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conservatively
syn=protection
(n) prevention of wasteful use of a resource.
(n)preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment and of wildlife.
حفاظت(محیط زیست،حیات وحش و ..) ، حفظ (منابع)
attitude (towards sb/sth)
* He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.
* He seems to have undergone a change in/of attitude recently, and has become much more cooperative.
(n)a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this
نگرش،رفتار
priority
a top/number one/first/high/clear priority(collocation)
identify/set/establish priorities(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prioritize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : priority / prioritization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n)something that is considered more important than other matters
اولویت
vice
* Smoking is considered a dangerous vice by most doctors
* The chief of police said that he was committed to wiping out vice in the city.
* vice-president
(n) criminal activities that involve sex or drugs
(n) a bad habit
(n) a bad or immoral quality in a person, or bad or immoral behavior
(prefix)used as part of the title of particular positions. The person who holds one of these positions is next below in authority to the person who holds the full position and can act for them
عادت بد یا فعالیت غیرقانونی(رذیلت) ، معاون
dictate
* When working in groups, don’t let one strong student dictate what all of the rest of you should do.
* Don’t let past actions dictate the choices you make in the future.
* dictate policy/term/treatment
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dictate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dictator / dictatorship / dictation / dictate
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dictatorial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dictatorially
(v)to control or influence something, or to tell people exactly what they must do
به زور تحمیل و تحکیم کردن اینکه کی باید چیکار کنه
engagement
* Novels that have interesting characters and unpredictable plots are more likely to encourage the engagement of their readers.
* Britain has a long history of engagement with the rest of the world.
* she’d broken off her engagement to Paul
* a dinner engagement
✅ فعل ( verb ) : engage
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : engagement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : engaged / engaging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : engagingly
(n) involvement with something or some activity, usually because it is interesting or important
(n) a formal agreement to get married.
(n) an arrangement to do something or go somewhere at a fixed time.
درگیرکاری شدن ، نامزدی، قرار (ملاقات)
pursue
* It takes a great deal of effort and training to pursue the dream of winning an Olympic medal.
* Is it right for people to pursue their happiness at the expense of others
* the officer pursued the van
* pursue a career/goal/dream/solution(collocation)
* pursuing the matter(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pursue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pursuit / pursuer / pursuance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : pursuant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : pursuant
(v)to work hard in order to achieve or get something
(v)follow or chase (someone or something).
دنبال کردن یا تعقیب کردن، تلاش برای دستیابی به چیزی، پی چیزی رو گرفتن
strive/strove/striven
* Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to.
* In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
collocation
try to take action in order to do something that you may not be able to do
* I tried to explain what was wrong.
* He tries hard in class, but he’s finding the work difficult.
attempt to try to do something, especially something difficult. Attempt is more formal than try and is used especially in written English
* Any prisoner who attempts to escape will be shot.
* He was attempting to climb one of the world’s highest mountains.
make an effort to do something to try to do something, when you find this difficult
* It is worth making an effort to master these skills.
* She made a big effort to be nice to him.
struggle to try very hard to do something that is very difficult, especially for a long time
* She’s still struggling to give up smoking.
* Many of these families are struggling to survive.
strive formal to try very hard to achieve something
* The company must constantly strive for greater efficiency.
endeavour British English, endeavor American English formal to try hard to do something
* Each employee shall endeavour to provide customers with the best service possible.
syn=make a great effort
(v) to make a great effort to achieve something (to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties)
سخت تلاش کردن برای چیزی
worthwhile
* She considers teaching a worthwhile career.
* These moments are when the body or mind is voluntarily stretched to its limits in order to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.
* worthwhile exercise/investment project (collocation)
(adj) worth the time, money, or effort spent; of value or importance.
ارزشمند
flourish
The school created an environment where its students could flourish.
The effective advertisements helped the new store to flourish.
(v) to grow(for plants or animals) or develop well, or be successful (for example, by making a lot of money or developing quickly)
شکوفا شدن،رشد کردن
prosperity
* It is sometimes difficult for people to maintain their prosperity once they retire and lose their steady income.
* The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity.
* economic/future prosperity(collocation)
فعل ( verb ) : prosper
اسم ( noun ) : prosperity
صفت ( adjective ) : prosperous
قید ( adverb ) : prosperously
………………………………………………………………………………
prosper if people or businesses prosper, they grow and develop in a successful way, especially by becoming rich or making a large profit
* Businesses across the state are prospering.
(n)the state of being successful and a condition in which a person or community is doing well financially
رونق(از نظر مالی)،رفاه مالی
(adj) related to a subject or to something happening or being discussed
مربوط
(ir)relevant
* The student wrote about personal debt in America because she thought it was a valuable and relevant topic.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : relevance
صفت ( adjective ) : relevant
قید ( adverb ) : relevantly
(n)things that make the environment dirty
آلودگی
pollution
* Coal is a relatively cheap source of energy, but it causes excessive pollution.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pollute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pollution / pollutant = a substance that makes air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty, and is caused by cars, factories etcآلاینده / polluter آلوده کننده
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : polluted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a building, often part of a hospital, to which people can go for medical care or advice relating to a particular condition
کلینیک(محل درمان یک نوع بیماری یا مشکل)
clinic
If the latter require dentures, they can obtain them free through the local authority dental clinic
(n) a person’s point of view or general attitude toward life.
دیدگاه و نگرش کلی نسبت به زندگی
outlook (on)
Many doctors believe that having a positive mental outlook can lead to better physical health.
optimistic/positive/negative/pessimist outlook (collocation)
(n) an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border
(v) to disagree with something that someone says and argue about (something)
مخالفت (کردن) ، بحث (کردن)
dispute
* They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions.
* in dispute with The unions are in dispute with management over pay.
* a pay/legal/trade/border/budget/trade/bitter/ political/legal/domestic dispute(collocation)
* dispute with/over/between (collocation)
* be in dispute (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dispute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dispute / disputation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disputable / disputatious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : disputably
syn=disagreement, disagree, argue, arguement
طلاق
divorce
(v) to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings
(v) to take care of a child, usually for a limited time, without being the child’s legal parent
(adj) used to refer to someone or something connected with the care of children, usually for a limited time, by someone who is not the child’s legal parent
تقویت کردن(تشویق به توسعه یا رشد کردن)،سرپرستی کودکی را پذیرفتن
foster
* foster something in someone = I’m trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children.
* Would you consider fostering a child?
* foster child/parent/mother/father(collocation)
* foster good relations/economic growth/a sense of / an interest in (collocation)
* The Ryder Cup golf competition was originally created to foster good relations between Britain and the United States.
* The central bank cut interest rates in an attempt to foster economic growth.
* A country’s flag and national song are symbols that can help foster a sense of unity among citizens of that country
* They were discussing the best way to foster democracy and prosperity in the former communist countries.
syn=encourage
(n) prevention of wasteful use of a resource.
(n)preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment and of wildlife.
حفاظت(محیط زیست،حیات وحش و ..) ، حفظ (منابع)
Conservation
* energy/water conservation(collocation)
* nature/environmental/wildlife conservation (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : conserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conservation / conservancy / conserve / conservatory / conservator / conservative / conservatism / conservationist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conservatively
syn=protection
(n)a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this
نگرش،رفتار
attitude (towards sb/sth)
* He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.
* He seems to have undergone a change in/of attitude recently, and has become much more cooperative.
(n)something that is considered more important than other matters
اولویت
priority
a top/number one/first/high/clear priority(collocation)
identify/set/establish priorities(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prioritize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : priority / prioritization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n) criminal activities that involve sex or drugs
(n) a bad habit
(n) a bad or immoral quality in a person, or bad or immoral behavior
(prefix)used as part of the title of particular positions. The person who holds one of these positions is next below in authority to the person who holds the full position and can act for them
عادت بد یا فعالیت غیرقانونی(رذیلت) ، معاون
vice
* Smoking is considered a dangerous vice by most doctors
* The chief of police said that he was committed to wiping out vice in the city.
* vice-president
(v)to control or influence something, or to tell people exactly what they must do
به زور تحمیل و تحکیم کردن اینکه کی باید چیکار کنه
dictate
* When working in groups, don’t let one strong student dictate what all of the rest of you should do.
* Don’t let past actions dictate the choices you make in the future.
* dictate policy/term/treatment
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dictate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dictator / dictatorship / dictation / dictate
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dictatorial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dictatorially
(n) involvement with something or some activity, usually because it is interesting or important
(n) a formal agreement to get married.
(n) an arrangement to do something or go somewhere at a fixed time.
درگیرکاری شدن ، نامزدی، قرار (ملاقات)
engagement
* Novels that have interesting characters and unpredictable plots are more likely to encourage the engagement of their readers.
* Britain has a long history of engagement with the rest of the world.
* she’d broken off her engagement to Paul
* a dinner engagement
✅ فعل ( verb ) : engage
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : engagement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : engaged / engaging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : engagingly
(v)to work hard in order to achieve or get something
(v)follow or chase (someone or something).
دنبال کردن یا تعقیب کردن، تلاش برای دستیابی به چیزی، پی چیزی رو گرفتن
pursue
* It takes a great deal of effort and training to pursue the dream of winning an Olympic medal.
* Is it right for people to pursue their happiness at the expense of others
* the officer pursued the van
* pursue a career/goal/dream/solution(collocation)
* pursuing the matter(collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pursue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pursuit / pursuer / pursuance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : pursuant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : pursuant
(n) a strong desire to achieve something
جاه طلبی
ambition
* The president’s ambition to lower energy use in the country by 10 percent within fifteen years seemed impossible.
* A common childhood ambition is to become a professional sports star, but very few people fulfill this dream.
* lack the ambition
* nursed the ambition رویا پردازی
* fulfill her childhood ambition
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : ambition / ambitiousness
صفت ( adjective ) : ambitious
قید ( adverb ) : ambitiously
ambition
* The president’s ambition to lower energy use in the country by 10 percent within fifteen years seemed impossible.
* A common childhood ambition is to become a professional sports star, but very few people fulfill this dream.
* lack the ambition
* nursed the ambition رویا پردازی
* fulfill her childhood ambition
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : ambition / ambitiousness
صفت ( adjective ) : ambitious
قید ( adverb ) : ambitiously
(n) a strong desire to achieve something
جاه طلبی
(v)to make something continue without changing and maintaining it in its original or existing state
حفظ و نگاه داشتن چیزی(جلوگیری از تغییر آن)
preserve
* The company has proposed freezing pay in order to preserve jobs.
* The movie star avoided reporters’ questions about her family in order to preserve her family’s privacy.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : preserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : preservation / preserve / preservative / preservationist / preserver
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : preservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
1
be founded on
* The American government is founded on the principle of a balance of power between the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court.
* Their friendship was founded on a shared interest in poetry and literature.
found
1- past form of find=> به معنای پیدا کردن
2- به معنای تاسیس کردن و تشکیل دادن
(v) based on/upon something
بر اساس چیزی پایه گذاری و بنا شده
1
vastly
* The Sahara Desert is vastly larger than the deserts of North and South America and Australia.
* The director’s new movie is vastly different from anything he has made before.
* vastly different(collocation)
* vast majority/amount/number
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vastness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vast وسیع
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vastly
(adv) very much
بسیار(زیاد)
preserve
* The company has proposed freezing pay in order to preserve jobs.
* The movie star avoided reporters’ questions about her family in order to preserve her family’s privacy.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : preserve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : preservation / preserve / preservative / preservationist / preserver
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : preservative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v)to make something continue without changing and maintaining it in its original or existing state
حفظ و نگاه داشتن چیزی(جلوگیری از تغییر آن)
spoil
* One bad apple in a basket can spoil all of the rest if it is not removed.
* Don’t let a bad experience in the morning spoil the rest of your day
* When I’m feeling miserable I go shopping and spoil myself - a couple of new dresses always make me feel better.
* spoil the view/the party/any chance of
(v)to have a bad effect on something, so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful, etc.(diminish or destroy the value or quality of)
(v) to treat someone very or too well, especially by being extremely generous
خراب کردن یا فاسد کردن، لوس کردن
rural
* Rural life is often thought to be less stressful than city life.
* Farming is the most common job in rural areas of the state.
* rural areas/communities/life/population
روستایی
(v) based on/upon something
بر اساس چیزی پایه گذاری و بنا شده
be founded on
* The American government is founded on the principle of a balance of power between the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court.
* Their friendship was founded on a shared interest in poetry and literature.
found
1- past form of find=> به معنای پیدا کردن
2- به معنای تاسیس کردن و تشکیل دادن
drugstore/pharmacy/chemist
داروخانه
per se
it is not these facts per se that are important
(adv) by or of itself
به خودی خود، به تنهایی
(adv) very much
بسیار(زیاد)
vastly
* The Sahara Desert is vastly larger than the deserts of North and South America and Australia.
* The director’s new movie is vastly different from anything he has made before.
* vastly different(collocation)
* vast majority/amount/number
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vastness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vast وسیع
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vastly
سیاره
planet
tongue
زبان
articulation
* A good singer needs to have good articulation
* the articulation of vowels and consonants
* the leg articulation
articulate بیان کردن
* to express your ideas or feelings in words / having or showing the ability to speak fluently and coherently
* * Many people are unable to articulate the unhappiness they feel
(n) the act of making a sound or of speaking words( in which you pronounce words)
(n)a joint that allows movement
بیان (عمل تولید صدا یا گفتن کلمات)، مفصل
rhythm
* making the articulation of a wide range of sounds and rhythms possible
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rhythm
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rhythmic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : rhythmically
(n) a regular, repeated pattern of sound or movement
ریتم
jewelry
جواهرات، جواهر فروشی
indiscriminate
* an indiscriminate terrorist attack on civilians
* The indiscriminate use of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.
* indiscriminate use/attacks/killing/violence/bombing etc (collocation)
(adj) an action that is done without thinking about the harm it might cause
بی حساب وکتاب و بی هدف و از روی بی فکری، نسنجیده
(v)to have a bad effect on something, so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful, etc.(diminish or destroy the value or quality of)
(v) to treat someone very or too well, especially by being extremely generous
خراب کردن یا فاسد کردن، لوس کردن
spoil
* One bad apple in a basket can spoil all of the rest if it is not removed.
* Don’t let a bad experience in the morning spoil the rest of your day
* When I’m feeling miserable I go shopping and spoil myself - a couple of new dresses always make me feel better.
* spoil the view/the party/any chance of
biological
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : biology
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : biological
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : biologically
(adj) related to the scientific study of living things
زیستی
starvation
20 million people face starvation unless a vast emergency aid program is launched.
on the verge of starvation.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : starve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : starvation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : starved / starving
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the state of having no food for a long period, often causing death
گرسنگی شدید
(n)common sense
(adj) common-sense
* Use your common sense for once!
* a common-sense approach to education
(adj)sensible or practical
(n) the ability to behave in a sensible way and make practical decisions
عقل سلیم
روستایی
rural
* Rural life is often thought to be less stressful than city life.
* Farming is the most common job in rural areas of the state.
* rural areas/communities/life/population
(v) to deal with a difficult problem
مقابله کردن با، تکل زدن
tackle
* Many international organizations are trying to tackle the issue of poor health around the world.
* To avoid sunburn, it is good to tackle sun cream on your skin several times a day.
* tackle a crisis/question/problem/issue (collocation)
* tackle unemployment/crime (collocation)
tackle
* Many international organizations are trying to tackle the issue of poor health around the world.
* To avoid sunburn, it is good to tackle sun cream on your skin several times a day.
* tackle a crisis/question/problem/issue (collocation)
* tackle unemployment/crime (collocation)
(v) to deal with a difficult problem
مقابله کردن با، تکل زدن
داروخانه
drugstore/pharmacy/chemist
(adv) by or of itself
به خودی خود، به تنهایی
per se
it is not these facts per se that are important
presence
* She was overawed by the presence of so many people.
* He’s usually quite polite in my presence.
(n) the existence of someone or something in a particular place
حضور
(n) the existence of someone or something in a particular place
حضور
presence
* She was overawed by the presence of so many people.
* He’s usually quite polite in my presence.
(adv) representing something important
symbolically
* It is important symbolically for this museum to be in the right location.
* symbolic gesture/act (collocation)
* symbolic significance/importance (collocation)
* symbolic value
✅ فعل ( verb ) : symbolize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : symbol / symbolization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : symbolic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : symbolically
بصورت نمادین
symbolically
* It is important symbolically for this museum to be in the right location.
* symbolic gesture/act (collocation)
* symbolic significance/importance (collocation)
* symbolic value
✅ فعل ( verb ) : symbolize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : symbol / symbolization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : symbolic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : symbolically
(adv) representing something important
بصورت نمادین
زبان
tongue
(n) the act of making a sound or of speaking words( in which you pronounce words)
(n)a joint that allows movement
بیان (عمل تولید صدا یا گفتن کلمات)، مفصل
articulation
* A good singer needs to have good articulation
* the articulation of vowels and consonants
* the leg articulation
articulate بیان کردن
* to express your ideas or feelings in words / having or showing the ability to speak fluently and coherently
* * Many people are unable to articulate the unhappiness they feel
(n) a regular, repeated pattern of sound or movement
ریتم
rhythm
* making the articulation of a wide range of sounds and rhythms possible
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rhythm
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rhythmic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : rhythmically
جواهرات، جواهر فروشی
jewelry
(adj) an action that is done without thinking about the harm it might cause
بی حساب وکتاب و بی هدف و از روی بی فکری، نسنجیده
indiscriminate
* an indiscriminate terrorist attack on civilians
* The indiscriminate use of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.
* indiscriminate use/attacks/killing/violence/bombing etc (collocation)
(n) the place or situation in which something begins to exist
منشا یا خواستگاه
origin
✅ فعل ( verb ) : originate شروع به وقوع یا وجود کردن، نشات گرفتن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : origin / original / originality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : original
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : originally
originate from
* A lot of our medicines originate from tropical plants.
originate in
* Many Christmas traditions originated in Germany.
originate with
* The idea originated with the ancient Greek philosophers.
originate as
* The town originated as a small fishing port.
origin
✅ فعل ( verb ) : originate شروع به وقوع یا وجود کردن، نشات گرفتن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : origin / original / originality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : original
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : originally
originate from
* A lot of our medicines originate from tropical plants.
originate in
* Many Christmas traditions originated in Germany.
originate with
* The idea originated with the ancient Greek philosophers.
originate as
* The town originated as a small fishing port.
(n) the place or situation in which something begins to exist
منشا یا خواستگاه
(adj) related to the scientific study of living things
زیستی
biological
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : biology
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : biological
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : biologically
(n) the state of having no food for a long period, often causing death
گرسنگی شدید
starvation
20 million people face starvation unless a vast emergency aid program is launched.
on the verge of starvation.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : starve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : starvation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : starved / starving
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj)sensible or practical
(n) the ability to behave in a sensible way and make practical decisions
عقل سلیم
(n)common sense
(adj) common-sense
* Use your common sense for once!
* a common-sense approach to education
(n) the area at the back of your mouth and inside your neck
گلو
throat
The singer complained of a sore throat after Wednesday’s show.
throat
The singer complained of a sore throat after Wednesday’s show.
(n) the area at the back of your mouth and inside your neck
گلو
chamber
* The heart has four chambers.
* gas/torture chamber
* Meetings of the council are held in the council chamber.
(n) an enclosed space, especially in your body or inside a machine
(n) a room used for a special purpose, especially an unpleasant one
محفظه(فضای خالی بسته)، اتاق، تالار
cave
(n) a big hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the ground
غار
1
multiple
Baxter was rushed to the hospital with multiple stab wounds.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : multiply
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : multiplication / multiplicity / multiple / multiplier
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : multiple / multiplicative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : multiplicatively
syn= several, numerous, a lot of
(adj) many, or involving many things, people, events etc
چندین، چندگانه
verbal
* Our apartment lease is really just a verbal agreement.
فعل ( verb ) : verbalize بیان کردن چیزی با کلمات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : verb
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : verbal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : verbally
syn= oral, spoken, voiced
(adj) spoken rather than written
کلامی - زبانی
ancient
syn= prehistoric, very old, early
باستانی
uniquely
* Thus, it cannot classify any uniquely human trait as an adaptation.
* a way of life that was uniquely British
* a unique opportunity
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : uniqueness
صفت ( adjective ) : unique
قید ( adverb ) : uniquely
syn= individually, distinctively, exclusively
(adv)in a way that is different from anything or anyone else
بطور منحصر به فرد
possess
* Different workers possess different skills.
* He no longer possessed the power to frighten her.
* Those states are the countries that possess nuclear weapons
* possess an ability
✅ فعل ( verb ) : possess
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : possession / possessive / possessiveness / possessor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : possessive / possessed / possessory / possessable ( possessible )
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : possessively
syn= own, have, belong to
(v)to have or own something, or to have a particular quality, ability, or skill
have داشتن، در اختیار داشتن، فرمال
(n) an enclosed space, especially in your body or inside a machine
(n) a room used for a special purpose, especially an unpleasant one
محفظه(فضای خالی بسته)، اتاق، تالار
chamber
* The heart has four chambers.
* gas/torture chamber
* Meetings of the council are held in the council chamber.
carve
* carve something out of/from something
* carve something on/in/into something
carved
(v) to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc.
حکاکی کردن
(n) a big hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the ground
غار
cave
intriguing
* She has a really intriguing personality.
* The magazine carries an intriguing mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intrigue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intrigue
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intriguing / intrigued
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intriguingly
intrigue
* 1- مجذوب خود کردن(چون عجیب یا مرموز به نظر می رسد)
* * Other people’s houses always intrigued her.
* * I was intrigued by his slow, deliberate way of talking and the serious look in his eyes.
* 2- دسیسه کردن، توطئه چیدن
* * While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him.
* * political intrigue
(adj) very interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected
چیزی که به خاطر عجیب بودنش بسیار جالب باشد
deliberate
* He accused her of writing deliberate untruths.
* The jury deliberated for two days before reaching a verdict.
* deliberate on/about/over
* deliberate act
فعل ( verb ) : deliberate
اسم ( noun ) : deliberation
صفت ( adjective ) : deliberate
قید ( adverb ) : deliberately
syn= on purpose planned intentional
(adj) (of an action or a decision) intentional or planned, often with the result of being harmful to someone
(v) to think or talk seriously and carefully about something before making a decision.
آگاهانه و سنجیده ، عمدی ، سنجیدن و ارزیابی کردن
stereotype
* racial/sexual/cultural/gender/old/traditional/ common/negative stereotype
* racist stereotypes in the media
* stereotype of =>women who don’t fit the stereotype of the good mother
* stereotype about=> stereotypes about the elderly
فعل ( verb ) : stereotype
اسم ( noun ) : stereotype
صفت ( adjective ) : stereotypical
قید ( adverb ) : stereotypically
(n) a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like. they are often unfair or untrue
(v) to have a set idea about what a particular type of person is like, especially an idea that is wrong
باورهای رایج و کلیشه ای (رفتار قالبی) (کردن)
crude
* Many people have the impression that early humans were crude people.
* a crude wooden bridge
* crude workmanship
……………………………………………………………………
* a crude joke
* crude oil
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : crudeness / crude / crudity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : crude
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : crudely
(adj) simple and not skilfully done or made
(adj) rude and offensive
(adj) oil from rocks underground in a natural state that has not yet been treated
اولیه و بدوی، مبتذل و رکیک ، خام
manipulate
* manipulate people/children/the media/data
* This open area can be manipulated to change the air flow and the sounds this air makes as it passes
✅ فعل ( verb ) : manipulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : manipulation / manipulator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : manipulative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly
(n) to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving or influencing them
دستکاری کردن، تحت کنترل خود درآوردن
ink
(n) a colored liquid that you use for writing, printing, or drawing
(n) a black liquid in sea creatures such as octopus and squid
(v) to put ink on something or to sign an agreement
جوهر
flavor
* I prefer this one because it has more flavour.
* Critics claim the building would destroy the flavor of the neighborhood.
* The stories have a strong regional flavour.
* the extracts give a flavour of the content and tone of the conversation
✅ فعل ( verb ) : flavor
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : flavor / flavoring
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : flavored / flavorful / flavorless
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the quality or feature that makes something have a particular style or character
(n) the particular taste of a food or drink
طعم ، کیفیت یا ویژگی های مشخصه
perception
* We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.
* These photographs will affect people’s perceptions of war.
* drugs that alter perception
* sensory perceptions
فعل ( verb ) : perceive = to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
اسم ( noun ) : perception / perceptiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : perceptive / perceptible
قید ( adverb ) : perceptively / perceptibly
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
The main difference between perspective, outlook, and perception is that perspective is more about how one sees or understands something, outlook is more about how one feels or anticipates something, and perception is more about how one processes or interprets something. Perspective is also more focused on the external or objective aspects of a situation, outlook is more focused on the internal or subjective aspects of a situation, and perception is more focused on the sensory or cognitive aspects of a situation.
(n) the way you think about something and your idea of what it is like
(n) the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing, etc.
تصور یا برداشت یک فرد از چیزی ، دریافت اطلاعت از طریق حواس
bolt
* I closed the window and drew the bolt
* The house next to ours was struck by a bolt of lightning.
(n) the metal bar that you slide across a door or window to lock it
(n) lightning that appears as a white line in the sky
پیچ، آزرخش
refined
* refined sugar/oil/petroleum/copper/foods/products
* a refined way of speaking
* Laser surgery has become much more refined over the last decade.
* highly refined theories
فعل ( verb ) : refine
اسم ( noun ) : refinement
صفت ( adjective ) : (un)refined
قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………………………….
The main difference between refine, filter, and purify is that refine implies a process of improvement or enhancement, filter implies a process of separation or removal, and purify implies a process of cleansing or sanitizing. Refine, filter, and purify can also have different degrees of effectiveness, depending on the method and the material.
(adj) has been made pure by removing other substances from it
(adj) polite, well educated, or belonging to a high social class
(adj) improved(method, plan, system etc) because of many small changes that have been made to make it more effective
پالایش شده و تصفیه شده،اصلاح شده(رفتار)، بهبود یافتن
(adj) many, or involving many things, people, events etc
چندین، چندگانه
multiple
Baxter was rushed to the hospital with multiple stab wounds.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : multiply
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : multiplication / multiplicity / multiple / multiplier
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : multiple / multiplicative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : multiplicatively
syn= several, numerous, a lot of
(adj) spoken rather than written
کلامی - زبانی
verbal
* Our apartment lease is really just a verbal agreement.
فعل ( verb ) : verbalize بیان کردن چیزی با کلمات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : verb
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : verbal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : verbally
syn= oral, spoken, voiced
باستانی
ancient
syn= prehistoric, very old, early
(adv)in a way that is different from anything or anyone else
بطور منحصر به فرد
uniquely
* Thus, it cannot classify any uniquely human trait as an adaptation.
* a way of life that was uniquely British
* a unique opportunity
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : uniqueness
صفت ( adjective ) : unique
قید ( adverb ) : uniquely
syn= individually, distinctively, exclusively
(v)to have or own something, or to have a particular quality, ability, or skill
have داشتن، در اختیار داشتن، فرمال
possess
* Different workers possess different skills.
* He no longer possessed the power to frighten her.
* Those states are the countries that possess nuclear weapons
* possess an ability
✅ فعل ( verb ) : possess
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : possession / possessive / possessiveness / possessor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : possessive / possessed / possessory / possessable ( possessible )
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : possessively
syn= own, have, belong to
primary
* The primary goal of the space flight was to recover a satellite.
* the primary stages of development.
* primary purpose/aim/objective (collocation)
* sth be of primary importance.در درجه اول اهمیت قرار داشتن (collocation)
* primary concern/ reason/ source of income/ duty/ role /responsibility /consideration /focus /problem (collocation)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : prime
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prime / primer / primitive / primitiveness / primitivism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prime / primal / primitive / primary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : primally / primitively / primarily
syn=chief, major, main
(adj) more important than anything else; main
(adj) happening first
(v) to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc.
حکاکی کردن
carve
* carve something out of/from something
* carve something on/in/into something
carved حکاکی شده
syn= cut, scratched, shaped
1
explore
* Venice is a wonderful city to explore.
* explore the possibility=> They are exploring the possibility of collaborating on a new project.
* explore your options=> At this point we are just exploring our options.
* explore avenues or explore all avenues (بررسی برای پیدا کردن راهی برای انجام کاری)=> Scientists are exploring multiple avenues to develop the most effective vaccine. = explore ways
* explore an issue=> The course will explore these management issues in detail.
* explore an idea=> Computers allow children to easily explore an idea, and be more experimental.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : explore
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exploration / explorer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exploratory
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to discuss or think about something carefully
(v) to search a place and discover things about it
بررسی کردن و سر درآوردن از موضوعی، اکتشاف کردن
(adj) very interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected
چیزی که به خاطر عجیب بودنش بسیار جالب باشد
intriguing
* She has a really intriguing personality.
* The magazine carries an intriguing mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intrigue
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intrigue
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intriguing / intrigued
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : intriguingly
intrigue
* 1- مجذوب خود کردن(چون عجیب یا مرموز به نظر می رسد)
* * Other people’s houses always intrigued her.
* * I was intrigued by his slow, deliberate way of talking and the serious look in his eyes.
* 2- دسیسه کردن، توطئه چیدن
* * While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him.
* * political intrigue
1
(adj) (of an action or a decision) intentional or planned, often with the result of being harmful to someone
(v) to think or talk seriously and carefully about something before making a decision.
آگاهانه و سنجیده ، عمدی ، سنجیدن و ارزیابی کردن
deliberate
* He accused her of writing deliberate untruths.
* The jury deliberated for two days before reaching a verdict.
* deliberate on/about/over
* deliberate act
فعل ( verb ) : deliberate
اسم ( noun ) : deliberation
صفت ( adjective ) : deliberate
قید ( adverb ) : deliberately
syn= on purpose planned intentional
(n) a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like. they are often unfair or untrue
(v) to have a set idea about what a particular type of person is like, especially an idea that is wrong
باورهای رایج و کلیشه ای (رفتار قالبی) (کردن)
stereotype
* racial/sexual/cultural/gender/old/traditional/ common/negative stereotype
* racist stereotypes in the media
* stereotype of =>women who don’t fit the stereotype of the good mother
* stereotype about=> stereotypes about the elderly
فعل ( verb ) : stereotype
اسم ( noun ) : stereotype
صفت ( adjective ) : stereotypical
قید ( adverb ) : stereotypically
(adj) simple and not skilfully done or made
(adj) rude and offensive
(adj) oil from rocks underground in a natural state that has not yet been treated
اولیه و بدوی، مبتذل و رکیک ، خام
crude
* Many people have the impression that early humans were crude people.
* a crude wooden bridge
* crude workmanship
……………………………………………………………………
* a crude joke
* crude oil
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : crudeness / crude / crudity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : crude
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : crudely
(v) to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly
(n) to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving or influencing them
دستکاری کردن، تحت کنترل خود درآوردن
manipulate
* manipulate people/children/the media/data
* This open area can be manipulated to change the air flow and the sounds this air makes as it passes
✅ فعل ( verb ) : manipulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : manipulation / manipulator
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : manipulative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a colored liquid that you use for writing, printing, or drawing
(n) a black liquid in sea creatures such as octopus and squid
(v) to put ink on something or to sign an agreement
جوهر
ink
(n) the quality or feature that makes something have a particular style or character
(n) the particular taste of a food or drink
طعم ، کیفیت یا ویژگی های مشخصه
flavor
* I prefer this one because it has more flavour.
* Critics claim the building would destroy the flavor of the neighborhood.
* The stories have a strong regional flavour.
* the extracts give a flavour of the content and tone of the conversation
✅ فعل ( verb ) : flavor
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : flavor / flavoring
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : flavored / flavorful / flavorless
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the way you think about something and your idea of what it is like
(n) the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing, etc.
تصور یا برداشت یک فرد از چیزی ، دریافت اطلاعت از طریق حواس
perception
* We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.
* These photographs will affect people’s perceptions of war.
* drugs that alter perception
* sensory perceptions
فعل ( verb ) : perceive = to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
اسم ( noun ) : perception / perceptiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : perceptive / perceptible
قید ( adverb ) : perceptively / perceptibly
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
The main difference between perspective, outlook, and perception is that perspective is more about how one sees or understands something, outlook is more about how one feels or anticipates something, and perception is more about how one processes or interprets something. Perspective is also more focused on the external or objective aspects of a situation, outlook is more focused on the internal or subjective aspects of a situation, and perception is more focused on the sensory or cognitive aspects of a situation.
(n) the metal bar that you slide across a door or window to lock it
(n) lightning that appears as a white line in the sky
پیچ، آزرخش
bolt
* I closed the window and drew the bolt
* The house next to ours was struck by a bolt of lightning.
(adj) has been made pure by removing other substances from it
(adj) polite, well educated, or belonging to a high social class
(adj) improved(method, plan, system etc) because of many small changes that have been made to make it more effective
پالایش شده و تصفیه شده،اصلاح شده(رفتار)، بهبود یافتن
refined
* refined sugar/oil/petroleum/copper/foods/products
* a refined way of speaking
* Laser surgery has become much more refined over the last decade.
* highly refined theories
فعل ( verb ) : refine
اسم ( noun ) : refinement
صفت ( adjective ) : (un)refined
قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………………………….
The main difference between refine, filter, and purify is that refine implies a process of improvement or enhancement, filter implies a process of separation or removal, and purify implies a process of cleansing or sanitizing. Refine, filter, and purify can also have different degrees of effectiveness, depending on the method and the material.
(v,n) continuous, low, humming sound such as the one a bee makes
(n)a lot of activity, noise, and excitement
همهمه، شایعه، وزوز کردن
buzz
* I can hear an insect buzzing.
* My phone buzzed at five in the morning and woke me.
* a classroom buzzing with activity
buzz
* I can hear an insect buzzing.
* My phone buzzed at five in the morning and woke me.
* a classroom buzzing with activity
(v,n) continuous, low, humming sound such as the one a bee makes
(n)a lot of activity, noise, and excitement
همهمه، شایعه، وزوز کردن
personality
* The show is hosted by a popular TV personality.
* TV/radio/sports personality
* one of the most well-liked TV personalities
* Despite their different personalities, they became the best of friends.
* Unfortunately, the illness can lead to changes in personality.
(n) someone who is very famous and often appears in the newspapers, on television etc, especially an entertainer or sports person
(n) someone’s character, especially the way the person behaves toward others
شخصیت(افراد یا تلویزیونی و …)
inspiration
* He has always been a source of inspiration for me.
* draw/take/derive/get inspiration from something
* She draws inspiration from mythology and folk stories.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : inspire
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inspiration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inspiring / inspired / inspirational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inspirationally / inspiringly
(n) a good idea about what you should do, write, say, etc., especially an idea that you get suddenly
(n) a person, experience, place, etc., that gives you new ideas for how to do something
الهام
2
revival
* A revival of the timber industry is needed.
* There has been a revival of interest in Picasso’s work.
* the recent revival in medieval music
* Senior economists believe that market liberalism is leading to a revival of the economy.
* revival of interest in sth/
* economic revival/ revival in the economy
* spark/lead to a revival Prices at the top end of the market adjusted last year, leading to a revival in recent months.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : revive / revivify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : revival / revivalism / revivalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : revivalist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= resumption, renewal
(n) when something becomes active or strong again
(n) a process in which something starts to grow, develop, or become successful again
(n) when something becomes popular again
(n) a new production of a play that has not been performed in a long time
احیا،دوباره معروف و ترند شدن ، ریمیک یک نمایشنامه
frequent
* it is more frequent among women and lefthanders
* more/less frequent
* Her headaches are becoming less frequent.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : frequent
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : frequency
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : frequent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : frequently
syn= repeated, regular
(adj) happening or doing something often
مکرر و تکراری ، رایج و متداول
1
wobbly
* green wobbly lines
* The wobbly leg on the chair caused the woman to fall off and hit her head.
(v)wobble
to (cause something to) shake or move from side to side in a way that shows poor balance
syn= shaky, unstable
(adj) moving unsteadily from side to side
لرزان، لق
2
seep
seep into/through/down etc
Blood seeped down his leg.
seep away/into/through/out etc
His tension was seeping away
Pesticides are seeping out of farmland and into the water supply.
(n) seepage
syn= leak, flow slowly
(v) to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something
به آرامی جاری شدن، نشت یا تراوش کردن
sniff
He sniffed his socks to see if they needed washing.
She sniffed at her glass of wine before tasting it.
syn= smell, breathe in
(n,v) a quick breath in through the nose to smell something, or to stop liquid in the nose from coming out
بو کشیدن یا فرت فرت کردن
abnormality
genetic/congenital abnormalities
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : abnormality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : abnormal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : abnormally
syn= irregularity, imperfection, anomally
(n) something not normal, usually in the body
ناهنجاری
1
(adj) relating to the ability to hear
شنوایی
auditory
Conversely a child who is weak in visual perceptions can be helped to use auditory and verbal skills to comprehend other children.
syn= hearing, audio, acoustic
acoustic(relating to sound and the way people hear things)
bubbly
bubbly personality/ character/ person/ people/ girl/ women
(adj) (especially of a woman or girl) attractively full of energy and enthusiasm
syn= cheerful, full-of-life
شاد و سرزنده
simultaneous
* There were several simultaneous explosions in different cities.
* simultaneous with=>The withdrawal of British troops should be simultaneous with that of US forces.
* The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and radio.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : simultaneity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : simultaneous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : simultaneously
(adj) happening or being done at exactly the same time
syn= at the same time, all at once
همزمان
1
portrayal
* the newspapers’ portrayal of Islamic culture
* His latest movie is a grim portrayal of wartime suffering.
* She won a Best Actress award for her portrayal of the title character in “Erin Brockovich”.
* accurate/realistic etc portrayal
✅ فعل ( verb ) : portray
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : portrayal / Portrait
* The writer portrays life in a small village at the turn of the century.
(n) the way that someone or something is described or represented in a painting, film, book, or other artistic work
syn= representation, description
تصویر یا توصیف، نقش آفرینی
1
spontaneously
* My spontaneous reaction was to run away.
* She laughed spontaneously.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : spontaneity
صفت ( adjective ) : spontaneous
قید ( adverb ) : spontaneously
(adv) in a way that is natural, often sudden, and not planned or forced
sym= without planning, suddenly
فی البداهه، به طور خودکار، ناخودآگاه ، خود جوش
(n) someone who is very famous and often appears in the newspapers, on television etc, especially an entertainer or sports person
(n) someone’s character, especially the way the person behaves toward others
شخصیت(افراد یا تلویزیونی و …)
personality
* The show is hosted by a popular TV personality.
* TV/radio/sports personality
* one of the most well-liked TV personalities
* Despite their different personalities, they became the best of friends.
* Unfortunately, the illness can lead to changes in personality.
1
prominent
* a prominent Russian scientist
* (play) a prominent part/role (in something)
* prominent place/position(=can easily be seen or noticed)
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prominence
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prominent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : prominently
* Her photo was prominently displayed on his desk.
(adj) very well known and important
syn= famous, well-known
برجسته
1
clash
clash with
clash over/on
Police have clashed with demonstrators again today.
Democrats clashed with Republicans in a heated debate.
The two men have clashed over the report’s conclusions.
I like red and orange together, though lots of people think they clash.
personality clash =when two people don’t like each other تضاد شخصیتی
(v) to fight or argue
(v) to be in conflict because of very different ideas, beliefs, or opinions
(v) to look bad together, as with colors or designs
دعوا کردن و درگیرشدن یا بحث کردن ،تضاد و مغایرت داشتن
resume
Normal services will be resumed in the spring.
فعل ( verb ) : resume
اسم ( noun ) : resumption
صفت ( adjective ) : resumptive
قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to start an activity again after stopping, pause or being interrupted
از سر گرفتن
renewal
* a renewal of the recent conflict
* Spring is a time of renewal.
* the renewal of our annual licence
* Mark’s contract comes up for renewal at the end of this year.
فعل ( verb ) : renew
اسم ( noun ) : renewal
صفت ( adjective ) : renewable / renewed
قید ( adverb ) : _
تجدید(آغازِ دوباره) ، تمدید
(n) when an activity, situation, or process begins again after a period when it had stopped
(n) when you make an agreement or official document continue for a further period of time after it ends
تجدید(آغازِ دوباره) ، تمدید
alien
* the alien environment of the city
* be alien to somebody=> a way of life that is totally alien to us
* alien cultures
* illegal aliens=illegal immigrants
* alien beings from another planet
(adj) very different from what you are used to, especially in a way that is difficult to understand or accept = strange
(adj) belonging to another country or race = foreign
(adj,n) relating to creatures from another world
(n)someone who is not a legal citizen of the country they are living or working in
بیگانه
(n) a good idea about what you should do, write, say, etc., especially an idea that you get suddenly
(n) a person, experience, place, etc., that gives you new ideas for how to do something
الهام
inspiration
* He has always been a source of inspiration for me.
* draw/take/derive/get inspiration from something
* She draws inspiration from mythology and folk stories.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : inspire
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inspiration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inspiring / inspired / inspirational
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inspirationally / inspiringly
(n) when something becomes active or strong again
(n) a process in which something starts to grow, develop, or become successful again
(n) when something becomes popular again
(n) a new production of a play that has not been performed in a long time
احیا،دوباره معروف و ترند شدن ، ریمیک یک نمایشنامه
revival
* A revival of the timber industry is needed.
* There has been a revival of interest in Picasso’s work.
* the recent revival in medieval music
* Senior economists believe that market liberalism is leading to a revival of the economy.
* revival of interest in sth/
* economic revival/ revival in the economy
* spark/lead to a revival Prices at the top end of the market adjusted last year, leading to a revival in recent months.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : revive / revivify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : revival / revivalism / revivalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : revivalist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= resumption, renewal
(adj) happening or doing something often
مکرر و تکراری ، رایج و متداول
frequent
* it is more frequent among women and lefthanders
* more/less frequent
* Her headaches are becoming less frequent.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : frequent
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : frequency
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : frequent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : frequently
syn= repeated, regular
(adj) moving unsteadily from side to side
لرزان، لق
wobbly
* green wobbly lines
* The wobbly leg on the chair caused the woman to fall off and hit her head.
(v)wobble
to (cause something to) shake or move from side to side in a way that shows poor balance
syn= shaky, unstable
(v) to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something
به آرامی جاری شدن، نشت یا تراوش کردن
seep
seep into/through/down etc به آرامی جاری شدن
Blood seeped down his leg.
seep away/into/through/out etc نشت یا تراوش کردن
His tension was seeping away
Pesticides are seeping out of farmland and into the water supply.
(n) seepage
syn= leak, flow slowly
(n,v) a quick breath in through the nose to smell something, or to stop liquid in the nose from coming out
بو کشیدن یا فرت فرت کردن
sniff
He sniffed his socks to see if they needed washing.
She sniffed at her glass of wine before tasting it.
syn= smell, breathe in
(n) something not normal, usually in the body
ناهنجاری
abnormality
genetic/congenital abnormalities
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : abnormality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : abnormal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : abnormally
syn= irregularity, imperfection
auditory
Conversely a child who is weak in visual perceptions can be helped to use auditory and verbal skills to comprehend other children.
syn= hearing, audio, acoustic
acoustic(relating to sound and the way people hear things)
(adj) relating to the ability to hear
شنوایی
(adj) (especially of a woman or girl) attractively full of energy and enthusiasm
شاد و سرزنده
bubbly
bubbly personality/ character/ person/ people/ girl/ women
syn= cheerful, full-of-life
(adj) happening or being done at exactly the same time
همزمان
simultaneous
* There were several simultaneous explosions in different cities.
* simultaneous with=>The withdrawal of British troops should be simultaneous with that of US forces.
* The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and radio.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : simultaneity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : simultaneous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : simultaneously
syn= at the same time, all at once
(n) the way that someone or something is described or represented in a painting, film, book, or other artistic work
تصویر یا توصیف، نقش آفرینی
portrayal
* the newspapers’ portrayal of Islamic culture
* His latest movie is a grim portrayal of wartime suffering.
* She won a Best Actress award for her portrayal of the title character in “Erin Brockovich”.
* accurate/realistic etc portrayal
✅ فعل ( verb ) : portray به تصویر کشیدن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : portrayal / Portrait
* The writer portrays life in a small village at the turn of the century.
syn= representation, description
(adv) in a way that is natural, often sudden, and not planned or forced
فی البداهه، به طور خودکار، ناخودآگاه ، خود جوش
spontaneously
* My spontaneous reaction was to run away.
* She laughed spontaneously.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : spontaneity
صفت ( adjective ) : spontaneous
قید ( adverb ) : spontaneously
sym= without planning, suddenly
1
disillusioned
* disillusioned by/with
* became disillusioned
* As she grew older, Laura became increasingly disillusioned with politics.
* I was disillusioned when i met him for the first time because I had thought he was tall and well
فعل ( verb ) : disillusion
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : disillusionment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disillusioned
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) disappointed and unhappy because of discovering the truth about something or someone that you liked or respected, or lost your belief that someone is good, or that an idea is right
sym= disappointed, depressed
سرخورده و مایوس (چون که باورت یا چیزی اونطوری که فکر میکردی نبوده)
(adj) disappointed and unhappy because of discovering the truth about something or someone that you liked or respected, or lost your belief that someone is good, or that an idea is right
سرخورده و مایوس (چون که باورت یا چیزی اونطوری که فکر میکردی نبوده)
disillusioned
* disillusioned by/with
* became disillusioned
* As she grew older, Laura became increasingly disillusioned with politics.
* I was disillusioned when i met him for the first time because I had thought he was tall and well
فعل ( verb ) : disillusion
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : disillusionment
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disillusioned
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
sym= disappointed, depressed
(adj) very well known and important
برجسته
prominent
* a prominent Russian scientist
* (play) a prominent part/role (in something)
* prominent place/position(=can easily be seen or noticed)
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : prominence
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : prominent
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : prominently
* Her photo was prominently displayed on his desk.
syn= famous, well-known
(v) to fight or argue
(v) to be in conflict because of very different ideas, beliefs, or opinions
(v) to look bad together, as with colors or designs
دعوا کردن و درگیرشدن یا بحث کردن ،تضاد و مغایرت داشتن
clash
clash with
clash over/on
Police have clashed with demonstrators again today.
Democrats clashed with Republicans in a heated debate.
The two men have clashed over the report’s conclusions.
I like red and orange together, though lots of people think they clash.
personality clash =when two people don’t like each other تضاد شخصیتی
(v) to start an activity again after stopping, pause or being interrupted
از سر گرفتن
resume
Normal services will be resumed in the spring.
فعل ( verb ) : resume
اسم ( noun ) : resumption
صفت ( adjective ) : resumptive
قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) when an activity, situation, or process begins again after a period when it had stopped
(n) when you make an agreement or official document continue for a further period of time after it ends
تجدید(آغازِ دوباره) ، تمدید
renewal
* a renewal of the recent conflict
* Spring is a time of renewal.
* the renewal of our annual licence
* Mark’s contract comes up for renewal at the end of this year.
فعل ( verb ) : renew
اسم ( noun ) : renewal
صفت ( adjective ) : renewable / renewed
قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) very different from what you are used to, especially in a way that is difficult to understand or accept = strange
(adj) belonging to another country or race = foreign
(adj,n) relating to creatures from another world
(n)someone who is not a legal citizen of the country they are living or working in
بیگانه
alien
* the alien environment of the city
* be alien to somebody=> a way of life that is totally alien to us
* alien cultures
* illegal aliens=illegal immigrants
* alien beings from another planet
1
(v) to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse
(v) to make someone angry or annoyed = irritate
aggravate
* Their money problems were further aggravated by a rise in interest rates.
* Building the new road will only aggravate the situation.
* What really aggravates me is the way she won’t listen.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggravate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggravation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggravated / aggravating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : aggravatingly
aggravation
علاوه بر نون معانی بالا، معنی زیر را هم میدهد
* trouble or difficulty
* * I’ve been getting a lot of aggravation at work recently.
* * I don’t need any more aggravation today.
* * I’d complain to the manager but it’s not worth the aggravation.
………………………………………………………………..
aggregate
(v) to be a particular amount when added together
* Sheila’s earnings from all sources aggregated £100,000.
(v) to put different amounts, pieces of information etc together to form a group or a total
* A wife’s income is no longer aggregated with that of her husband.
(n) the total after a lot of different figures or points have been added together
* The smaller minorities got an aggregate of 1,327 votes.
* In the aggregate (=as a group or in total), women outlive men by 7 or more years.
aggravate
* Their money problems were further aggravated by a rise in interest rates.
* Building the new road will only aggravate the situation.
* What really aggravates me is the way she won’t listen.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : aggravate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : aggravation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : aggravated / aggravating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : aggravatingly
aggravation
علاوه بر نون معانی بالا، معنی زیر را هم میدهد
* trouble or difficulty
* * I’ve been getting a lot of aggravation at work recently.
* * I don’t need any more aggravation today.
* * I’d complain to the manager but it’s not worth the aggravation.
(v) to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse
(v) to make someone angry or annoyed = irritate
1
alert
* Taking notes is one of the best ways to stay alert in lectures.
* Jack was as mentally alert as a man half his age.
* The school immediately alerted the police.
* campaigns to alert the public to the dangers of HIV.
* a bomb/fire/terrorist etc alert
* be alert to something
* stay / mentally alert
* alert somebody to something آگاه کردن از خط
فعل ( verb ) : alert
اسم ( noun ) : alert / alertness
صفت ( adjective ) : alert
قید ( adverb ) : alertly
(adj) giving all your attention to what is happening, being said etc
(adj) able to think quickly and clearly
(v) to officially warn someone about a problem or danger so that they are ready to deal with it
(v) to make someone realize something important or dangerous
(n) a warning to be ready for possible danger
هوشیار، خبر و هشدار دادن(تا آماده مقابله با آن باشد)، آگاه کردن از خطر
(adj) giving all your attention to what is happening, being said etc
(adj) able to think quickly and clearly
(v) to officially warn someone about a problem or danger so that they are ready to deal with it
(v) to make someone realize something important or dangerous
(n) a warning to be ready for possible danger
هوشیار، خبر و هشدار دادن(تا آماده مقابله با آن باشد)، آگاه کردن از خطر
alert
* Taking notes is one of the best ways to stay alert in lectures.
* Jack was as mentally alert as a man half his age.
* The school immediately alerted the police.
* campaigns to alert the public to the dangers of HIV.
* a bomb/fire/terrorist etc alert
* be alert to something
* stay / mentally alert
* alert somebody to something آگاه کردن از خط
فعل ( verb ) : alert
اسم ( noun ) : alert / alertness
صفت ( adjective ) : alert
قید ( adverb ) : alertly
(v) to practise a play, a piece of music, etc. in order to prepare it for public performance
(v) to practise something that you plan to say to someone
(v) to repeat an opinion that has often been expressed before(a story or an argument), they repeat it with all the details(state (a list of points that have been made many times before)).
تمرین کردن برای نمایش عمومی یا چیزی که برنامه داری بگی یا سخنرانی کنی
معنی دیگه فرمالش= تکرار نظری که اغلب قبلاً بیان شده است،وقتی کسی یک داستان یا بحثی را تکرار می کند، آن را با تمام جزئیات تکرار می کند
rehearse
* think we need to rehearse the first scene again.
* rehearse for=>The band was rehearsing for their world tour.
* She had carefully rehearsed her resignation speech.
* These are arguments that I’ve heard rehearsed at meetings many times before.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : rehearse
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rehearsal
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rehearsed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
rehearse
* think we need to rehearse the first scene again.
* rehearse for=>The band was rehearsing for their world tour.
* She had carefully rehearsed her resignation speech.
* These are arguments that I’ve heard rehearsed at meetings many times before.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : rehearse
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rehearsal
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rehearsed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to practise a play, a piece of music, etc. in order to prepare it for public performance
(v) to practise something that you plan to say to someone
(v) to repeat an opinion that has often been expressed before(a story or an argument), they repeat it with all the details(state (a list of points that have been made many times before)).
تمرین کردن برای نمایش عمومی یا چیزی که برنامه داری بگی یا سخنرانی کنی
معنی دیگه فرمالش= تکرار نظری که اغلب قبلاً بیان شده است،وقتی کسی یک داستان یا بحثی را تکرار می کند، آن را با تمام جزئیات تکرار می کند
provisional
* a provisional government
* We accept provisional bookings by phone.
(adv) provisionally
The meeting has been provisionally arranged for the end of May.
difference between temporary and provisional
temporary=> چیزی که موقت هست و وابسته به چیزی نیست و صرفا گذرا است یا مدت طولانی مورد نیاز نیست
provisional=> چیزی که موقته چون مشروط و وابسته به چیزهای دیگست
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Provisional means something that is arranged or done for the present, especially until a permanent or more suitable arrangement is made. It implies that something is subject to change or confirmation in the future.
Temporary means something that is lasting or intended to last or be used only for a short time; not permanent. It implies that something has a definite end or limit in time.
(adj) for the present time but likely or able to be changed in the future
موقت،فرمال تمپورری
1
trim
* trim something away/off
* Pete was trimming the lawn around the roses.
* I have my hair trimmed every six weeks.
* The government’s plan to trim spending included cuts to the higher education budget.
* We need to trim costs by £500m.
* The bill would trim the number of immigrants to the US.
* trim something from/off something
* The company trimmed £46,000 from its advertising budget.
(v) to make something tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it
(v) to reduce a number, amount, or the size of something
کاهش دادن(تعداد،مقدار،سایز)،چیدن و اصلاح کردن
prompt
* The cold weather has prompted a rush to travel websites to book warm-weather vacations.
* What prompted you to buy that suit?
* The physical and mental health problems experienced by retired NFL football players has prompted a congressional investigation into football brain injuries.
* The reformation of the rock band after so many years prompted the question “Why did they break up in the first place?”
* Concerns about pedestrian safety prompted the city council’s decision to put up new traffic lights at the corner of Lincoln Avenue and Broad Street.
* * Prompt action/ payment/ response
* prompted a investigation/question/decision
(adv) promptly سریعا
(v) cause something to happen or be done(to cause someone to say or do something)
(v) to make someone decide to say or do something
(adj) done quickly, immediately, or at the right time
باعث چیزی شدن یا وا داشتن، سریع
hobby
* take up a hobby
interest
something that you are interested in and like doing or talking about
* Her interests were the same as most young girls – pop music, boys and clothes.
* pastime (especially written)
* something that you do because it is enjoyable or interesting*
Gardening was her mother’s favourite pastime.
* In England talking about the weather is a national pastime (=something that a lot of people in a country do).
passion
something that you feel extremely interested in and care a lot about
* Football was his passion.
* For the French, food is a passion.
pursuit (formal)
an activity that you spend time doing – used especially in the following phrases
* The hills and lakes are used for a variety of outdoor pursuits.
* Her son wasn’t really interested in academic pursuits.
* Mountaineering, golfing, and fishing were among his leisure pursuits
(n) an activity that you enjoy, and that you like to spend time doing when you are not working
laboratory
آزمایشگاه
(adj) for the present time but likely or able to be changed in the future
موقت،فرمال تمپورری
provisional
* a provisional government
* We accept provisional bookings by phone.
(adv) provisionally
The meeting has been provisionally arranged for the end of May.
difference between temporary and provisional
temporary=> چیزی که موقت هست و وابسته به چیزی نیست و صرفا گذرا است یا مدت طولانی مورد نیاز نیست
provisional=> چیزی که موقته چون مشروط و وابسته به چیزهای دیگست
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Provisional means something that is arranged or done for the present, especially until a permanent or more suitable arrangement is made. It implies that something is subject to change or confirmation in the future.
Temporary means something that is lasting or intended to last or be used only for a short time; not permanent. It implies that something has a definite end or limit in time.
enthusiasm
✅ فعل ( verb ) : enthuse about/over صحبت کردن در مورد چیزی با علاقه یا هیجان
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enthusiasm / enthusiastعلاقه مند,طرفدار
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enthusiastic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : enthusiastically
have enthusiasm
He never had much enthusiasm for work.
show enthusiasm
The younger children showed little enthusiasm for the game.
lose (your) enthusiasm
The diet started well, but I lost enthusiasm after a while.
arouse/generate enthusiasm formal (=make people feel enthusiastic)
The changes to the timetable failed to arouse enthusiasm amongst the staff.
little /great/much/considerable/ enormous/tremendous enthusiasm
boundless/unbounded enthusiasm (formal) (=very great)
I’d like to thank the design team for their boundless enthusiasm.
youthful enthusiasm (=enthusiasm that is typical of young people)
with/without enthusiasm
The proposal has been greeted with enthusiasm by both parties.
(be) full of enthusiasm (=very enthusiastic)
He entered politics full of enthusiasm, but that gradually disappeared.
be bursting/bubbling with enthusiasm (=be very excited and enthusiastic)
Andrea’s voice was bubbling with enthusiasm when she told John her plans.
a lack of enthusiasm
My lack of enthusiasm for his suggestion made him angry.
(n) a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness to be involved in it
(n) an activity or subject that someone is very interested in
اشتیاق
constructive
constructive criticism/ critic/ approach/ advice/ actions/feedback dialogue/discussion/ meeting
(adj) useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results
سازنده
(v) to make something tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it
(v) to reduce a number, amount, or the size of something
کاهش دادن(تعداد،مقدار،سایز)،چیدن و اصلاح کردن
trim
* trim something away/off
* Pete was trimming the lawn around the roses.
* I have my hair trimmed every six weeks.
* The government’s plan to trim spending included cuts to the higher education budget.
* We need to trim costs by £500m.
* The bill would trim the number of immigrants to the US.
* trim something from/off something
* The company trimmed £46,000 from its advertising budget.
habit
eating/annoying/nervous habits
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : habit
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : habitual = doing something from habit, and unable to stop doing it
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : habitually عادتاً
habitual criminal/offender
habitual drinker/smoker/gambler
(n) something that you do regularly or usually, often without thinking about it because you have done it so many times before
عادت
speculate
* She refused to speculate.
* speculate on/about (why/what etc)
* Jones refused to speculate about what might happen.
* speculate that
* Some analysts speculated that jobs will be lost.
* speculate in/on
* He speculated in stocks.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : speculate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : speculation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : speculative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : speculatively
(v) to guess about the possible causes or effects of something or answers to a question, without knowing all the facts or details
(v) to buy goods, property, shares in a company etc, hoping that you will make a large profit when you sell them
حدس و گمان کردن، سرمایه گذاری با امید سود بالا
deprivation
* social/economic/emotional/sensory/nutrition deprivation
* deprivation of …..
فعل ( verb ) : deprive
اسم ( noun ) : deprivation
صفت ( adjective ) : deprived
قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
محرومیت ، فقدان
temper or temperament
quick/bad/fiery/ bad/terrible temper
have a temper
be in a temper
control/keep your temper
lose your temper (=become angry)
(n) the way you feel at a particular time, especially when you feel angry
(n) a tendency to become angry suddenly or easily
خلق و خو
(v) cause something to happen or be done(to cause someone to say or do something)
(v) to make someone decide to say or do something
(adj) done quickly, immediately, or at the right time
باعث چیزی شدن یا وا داشتن، سریع
prompt
* The cold weather has prompted a rush to travel websites to book warm-weather vacations.
* What prompted you to buy that suit?
* The physical and mental health problems experienced by retired NFL football players has prompted a congressional investigation into football brain injuries.
* The reformation of the rock band after so many years prompted the question “Why did they break up in the first place?”
* Concerns about pedestrian safety prompted the city council’s decision to put up new traffic lights at the corner of Lincoln Avenue and Broad Street.
* * Prompt action/ payment/ response
* prompted a investigation/question/decision
(adv) promptly سریعا
prune
* She spent the afternoon pruning roses.
* The plan for the next financial year is to prune 25% off the budget.
* The company is pruning staff in order to reduce costs.
* The original version of the text has been pruned quite a bit.
if you prune something such as a piece of writing, you make it shorter by removing parts of it that are needed or wanted
to prune an organization, its expenditure, or the jobs it provides means to make it smaller by reducing it in size, or by reducing the amount of money it spends.
(v) to cut off branches from a tree, bush, or plant, especially so that it will grow better in the future
(v) to get rid of something you do not need or want, especially in order to reduce size or cost
هرس کردن، کاهش دادن و اصلاح کردن و چیدن
leisure
* leisure time
* a leisure activity/interest
* leisure pursuits formal (=leisure activities)
* a leisure centre/complex (=a place where you can play sports etc)
* leisure facilities (=different places where you can play sports etc)
* the leisure industry/sector
* a leisure group (=a group of companies in the leisure industry)
(n) the time when you are not working or studying and can relax and do things you enjoy
اوقات فراغت
circuit
* an electrical/electronic circuit
* The microprocessor is an integrated circuit that processes all information in the computer.
* If all of the connections in a circuit are not intact, then the electrical current will be stopped on its way through the circuit.
(n) a path that forms a circle around an area, or a journey along this path
(n) the complete circle that an electric current travels
پیست مسابقه دایره ای، مدار، چرخه ای یا دوره ای
executive
* a high-ranking/senior/top executive مدیراجرایی ارشد
* Chief Executive مدیر اجرایی
* executive body/committee etc (=a group of people who have the power to make decisions)
* Susan wasn’t willing to wait for the others to make up their minds, so she made an executive decision to order pizza and garlic bread for dinner.
* In some countries, the office of the president holds executive power, while in others the president is mainly a figurehead, and real power belongs to the
* prime minister.
* National emergencies such as floods, tornados, and wildfires require prompt executive action to ensure the quick arrival of needed supplies.
* executive skills
* executive cars
* an executive suite یک مجموعه اجرایی
* advertising/marketing/oil executive
* company/corporate/industry executives
* a financial/sales executive
* The executive functions of the company were carried out by a group of managers who set plans and policies for all of the employees.
* The kings and queens of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are all heads of state, but none of them have any executive powers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : execute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : execution / executive / executioner / executor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : executive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) someone in a high position, especially in business, who makes decisions and puts them into action
(adj) concerned with making decisions and ensuring that decisions are carried out
اجرایی ، مدیر اجرایی
caution
✅ فعل ( verb ) : caution
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : caution / cautiousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cautionaryهشدار دهنده / cautious محتاط
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cautiously
caution (somebody) against something
Business leaders are cautioning against hasty action that would hamper flexibility.
caution (somebody) that
Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace process.
caution somebody to do something
He cautioned them to avoid the forest at night.
advise caution (also counsel caution formal)
We advise caution if you are buying a property overseas.
exercise caution (=be careful)
Travellers are advised to exercise caution while travelling in remote areas.
proceed with caution
You should always proceed with caution in financial matters.
treat something with caution
The results of the survey should be treated with caution.
great caution
Exercise great caution when handling toxic waste.
extreme caution
Bears can be dangerous and walkers should proceed with extreme caution.
the utmost caution
You are advised to take the utmost caution when buying a second-hand car.
due caution formal (=the carefulness that is necessary)
An over-confident driver may overtake without due caution.
(v) to warn someone that something might be dangerous or difficult
(n) a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful
(n) the quality of being very careful to avoid danger or risks
(take) precaution اقدام پیشگیرانه
هشدار دادن ، هشدار، احتیاط
translate
if one thing translates into another, the second thing happens as a result of the first
* translate (something) into something
* A small increase in local spending will translate into a big rise in property tax.
* These rates translate into a return of 8.5% for dollar investors.
* translate into=> So how does this theory translate into practical policy?
* translate well to=> The ways of working that he had learned at college did not translate well (= were not suitable) to the world of business.
Ordinary people are hoping that the recent economic recovery will translate into more jobs.
A raise in pay doesn’t always translate into more spending money, as much of it ends up going to taxes
✅ فعل ( verb ) : translate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : translation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : translatable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to change written or spoken words into another language
(v) the second thing happens as a result of the first
(v) to change something into a new form, especially to turn a plan into something real
(v) to mean the same as something else
ترجمه کردن، به چیزی منجر شدن، تبدیل کردن
crew
crew member
a TV/film/camera/movie/stage crew
(n) a group of people with special skills who work together( spescially on a ship or plane or for a tv/movie production)
خدمه
battery
flat (British English)/ dead( American English) battery (=with no more electricity in it)
باتری
(n) an activity that you enjoy, and that you like to spend time doing when you are not working
سرگرمی
hobby سرگرمی
* take up a hobby
interest علاقه
something that you are interested in and like doing or talking about
* Her interests were the same as most young girls – pop music, boys and clothes.
* pastime (especially written) سرگرمی
* something that you do because it is enjoyable or interesting*
Gardening was her mother’s favourite pastime.
* In England talking about the weather is a national pastime (=something that a lot of people in a country do).
passion شور و علاقه
something that you feel extremely interested in and care a lot about
* Football was his passion.
* For the French, food is a passion.
pursuit (formal) فعالیت
an activity that you spend time doing – used especially in the following phrases
* The hills and lakes are used for a variety of outdoor pursuits.
* Her son wasn’t really interested in academic pursuits.
* Mountaineering, golfing, and fishing were among his leisure pursuits
آزمایشگاه
laboratory
mission
* the first manned space mission to Mars
* US troops taking part in the peacekeeping mission
* rescue mission
(n) an important job that involves traveling somewhere
(n) any work that someone believes it is their duty to do
ماموریت
accent
regional accent
لهجه
tablet
vitamin/sleeping/indigestion etc tablet
(n) a small round hard piece of medicine which you swallow = pill
(n) a piece of stone or other hard material used for writing, esp. in ancient times
(n) sheets paper that have been fastened together at one edge, used for writing or drawing; a pad:
لوح یا صفحه، قرص، تبلت
viable
a viable idea/ plan/ method
viable alternative/proposition/option/ solution etc
The committee came forward with one viable solution.
economically/commercially/financially viable شدنی و مقرون به صرفه بودن
Will a hotel here be financially viable?
a viable business/company/market
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : viability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : viable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : viably
…………………………………………………………………………….
Feasible refers to whether something is possible to achieve or accomplish. It takes into account the available resources, skills, and time frame. Essentially, it asks the question, “Can this be done?”1. Feasibility measures how easy or difficult it is to achieve or do something.
Viable, on the other hand, refers to whether something is practical or advisable to pursue. It considers the potential benefits and drawbacks, as well as the long-term sustainability of the project or idea. It asks the question, “Should this be done?”1. Viability measures how successful (profit) and sustainable the business will be.
While something may be feasible, it may not necessarily be viable. For example, a business idea may be technically feasible, but the market demand may not be strong enough to make it a viable option. In other words, something may be feasible but not viable if the risks or costs involved outweigh the potential benefits
(adj) capable of working successfully = feasible.
(adj) capable of surviving or growing successfully, especially under particular environmental conditions.
شدنی یا قابل اجرا، با قابلیت بقا و رویش پذیر
flip
I flipped the book (over) to look at the back cover.
I lost my place in my book when the pages flipped over in the wind.
flip someone/something over=> Carefully flip the cake over, so that it’s right-side-up.
Eventually a wave flipped him over, and he was able to call for help.
flip a switch=> You turn the machine on by flipping (= operating) the switch on the side.
(v) to move something with a quick sudden movement so that it is in a different position
(v) turn sth over quickly one or more times, and if something flips, it turns over quickly
برگرداندن( پشت و رو کردن)، چرخاندن ، ورق زدن
portable
a portable radio/phone/computer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : portability
(adj) light and small enough to be easily carried or moved
قابل حمل
graphic
* His illness is described in graphic detail.
* a graphic description/account
* the graphic arts
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : graphics هر گونه نمایش تصویری از داده ها
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : graphic بیشتر معنی اول / graphicalنشان داده شده توسط یک نمودار یا مربوط به آن
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : graphically
(adj) very clear and gives a lot of details, especially unpleasant ones = vivid
(adj) connected with or including drawing, printing, or designing
گرافیکی و ترسیمی ، مستهجن
(n) people who look after other people
(n) someone whose job is to look after a building, especially a school=janitor
مراقب، سرایدار
caretakers
Children who become caretakers of other family members often feel satisfied and proud of the contribution they are making to their family’s livelihood
(n) a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness to be involved in it
(n) an activity or subject that someone is very interested in
اشتیاق
enthusiasm
✅ فعل ( verb ) : enthuse about/over صحبت کردن در مورد چیزی با علاقه یا هیجان
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : enthusiasm / enthusiastعلاقه مند,طرفدار
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enthusiastic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : enthusiastically
have enthusiasm
He never had much enthusiasm for work.
show enthusiasm
The younger children showed little enthusiasm for the game.
lose (your) enthusiasm
The diet started well, but I lost enthusiasm after a while.
arouse/generate enthusiasm formal (=make people feel enthusiastic)
The changes to the timetable failed to arouse enthusiasm amongst the staff.
little /great/much/considerable/ enormous/tremendous enthusiasm
boundless/unbounded enthusiasm (formal) (=very great)
I’d like to thank the design team for their boundless enthusiasm.
youthful enthusiasm (=enthusiasm that is typical of young people)
with/without enthusiasm
The proposal has been greeted with enthusiasm by both parties.
(be) full of enthusiasm (=very enthusiastic)
He entered politics full of enthusiasm, but that gradually disappeared.
be bursting/bubbling with enthusiasm (=be very excited and enthusiastic)
Andrea’s voice was bubbling with enthusiasm when she told John her plans.
a lack of enthusiasm
My lack of enthusiasm for his suggestion made him angry.
dialect
(n) a form of a language that is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that is slightly different from other forms of the same language
گویش
trek
a lonely trek through the forest
(n) a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure = hike
syn= journey , long trip, voyage سفر دریایی
پیاده روی طولانی
spark
* sparks from the fire
* electric sparks from a broken wire
* spark of interest/excitement/anger
* Interest rate cuts were the spark the market needed.
* She was tired, and lacked her usual spark.
* The police response sparked outrage in the community.
* spark somebody’s interest/hope/curiosity etc
* provoke/spark/trigger debate (=cause a debate to start)
(n)a very small piece of fire that flies out from something that is burning, or one that is made by rubbing two hard things together, or a flash of light made by electricity
(n) a small action or event that causes something to happen, especially trouble or violence
(n) a quality of intelligence or energy that makes someone successful or fun to be with
(v) to be the cause of something, especially trouble or violence = provoke
syn= start, launch, set in motion
جرقه (زدن)، برانگیختن
feasible
a feasible solution
economically/technically/politically etc feasible
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : feasibility
صفت ( adjective ) : feasible
قید ( adverb ) : feasibly
(adj) possible and is likely to work = possible
syn= practical, workable, possible
امکان پذیر، شدنی
dubious
* These claims are dubious and not scientifically proven.
* He has been associated with some dubious characters.
* I can see you are dubious; take some time to think about it.
* dubious about=> Some universities are dubious about accepting students over the age of 30.
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dubiousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dubious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dubiously
(adj) probably not honest, true, right etc
(adj) not sure whether something is good or true = doubtful
syn= doubtful, questionable, unpromising
شک برانگیز ، مردد
1
(im)mobile
* mobile air-conditioners
* People these days are much more socially mobile.
* She’s more mobile now that she has her own car.
mobile library/shop/clinic etc
mobile mouth/face/features = (written) features that can change their expression quickly
highly mobile (=very mobile)
We now live in a highly mobile society.
upwardly mobile (=moving up to a higher social class)
The restaurant’s customers are mainly upwardly mobile young professionals.
socially mobile (=moving from one social class to another, especially to a higher social class)
Children today are even less likely to be socially mobile.
(n) not fixed in one position, and easy to move and use in different places, and able to move or travel easily
(n) moving or able to move from one job, area, or social class to another
syn= moveable, not fixed, transportable
سیار ، متحرک
(in)convenient
* Mail-order catalogs are a convenient way to shop.
* My secretary will call you to arrange a convenient time to meet.
* convenient for=>Is three o’clock convenient for you?
* convenient to do something=> It is simple and convenient to use.
* a very convenient bus service
* Our new house is very convenient for/to (= near to) the kids’ school.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (in)convenience
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (in)convenient
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (in)conveniently
(adj) useful to you because it saves you time, or does not spoil your plans or cause you problems(suitable for your purposes and needs and causing the least difficulty)
(adj) close and easy to reach
مناسب ، راحت ، دسترسی خوب و آسان
(adj) useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results
سازنده
constructive
constructive criticism/ critic/ approach/ advice/ actions/feedback dialogue/discussion/ meeting
(adj) often changing quickly from having a good temperment to having a bad temperment
دمدمی مزاج
moody
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : mood / moodyness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : moody
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :moodily
(n) something that you do regularly or usually, often without thinking about it because you have done it so many times before
عادت
habit
eating/annoying/nervous habits
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : habit
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : habitual = doing something from habit, and unable to stop doing it
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : habitually عادتاً
habitual criminal/offender
habitual drinker/smoker/gambler
(v) to guess about the possible causes or effects of something or answers to a question, without knowing all the facts or details
(v) to buy goods, property, shares in a company etc, hoping that you will make a large profit when you sell them
حدس و گمان کردن، سرمایه گذاری با امید سود بالا
speculate
* She refused to speculate.
* speculate on/about (why/what etc)
* Jones refused to speculate about what might happen.
* speculate that
* Some analysts speculated that jobs will be lost.
* speculate in/on
* He speculated in stocks.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : speculate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : speculation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : speculative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : speculatively
(n) a lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
محرومیت ، فقدان
deprivation
* social/economic/emotional/sensory/nutrition deprivation
* deprivation of …..
فعل ( verb ) : deprive
اسم ( noun ) : deprivation
صفت ( adjective ) : deprived
قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) the way you feel at a particular time, especially when you feel angry
(n) a tendency to become angry suddenly or easily
خلق و خو
temper or temperament
quick/bad/fiery/ bad/terrible temper
have a temper
be in a temper
control/keep your temper
lose your temper (=become angry)
(n) something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions = resulting
نتیجه، پیامد
consequence
consequence ::::: نتیجه ، نتیجه ی
consequent :::: حاصل
the rise in inflation and consequent fall in demand
consequent on :::: ناشی از ، حاصل از
Death was due to haemorrhage from shock consequent on the injuries.
concequently ::: درنتیجه
consequence of
Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.
consequence for
Our findings have far-reaching consequences for researchers.
with … consequences
He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences.
as a consequence (of something)/in consequence (of something)
of little/no/any etc consequence
be a consequence of something
Low energy may be a consequence of sleeping badly.
have consequences
Taking financial risks can have serious consequences.
accept/take the consequences (=understand and deal with them)
I’m prepared to accept the consequences of my decision.
face/suffer the consequences (=accept the bad results of something you have done)
He broke the law, and he will have to face the consequences.
consequences follow (=happen)
Once the decision has been made, consequences follow.
consider the consequences (=think what might happen as a result of something)
She jumped into the river without considering the consequences.
escape the consequences (=avoid them)
I knew I’d made a mistake and that I couldn’t escape the consequences.
the possible/likely consequences
What are the likely consequences of these changes?
an inevitable consequence (=that you cannot avoid)
Loss of mobility is not an inevitable consequence of old age.
serious consequences (=bad and important)
Too much fishing in these seas has had serious consequences.
disastrous/dire consequences (=very bad and damaging)
If temperatures continue to rise, it could have disastrous consequences for agriculture.
an important consequence
This discovery was an important consequence of his research.
social/political/economic consequences
The rise in food prices has had enormous economic and political consequences.
a direct consequence of something (=a consequence directly caused by something)
The spread of information has been a direct consequence of the Internet.
a natural/logical consequence (=that naturally/logically follows something)
Obviously disappointment is a natural consequence of defeat.
a negative consequence (=a bad or unpleasant result)
the negative consequences of drinking too much alcohol
an adverse/unfortunate consequence (=that affects your life, a situation etc badly)
Divorce often has unfortunate consequences for children.
tragic consequences (=very sad, usually involving death)
Someone dropped a burning cigarette, with tragic consequences.
far-reaching consequences (=important and affecting many things)
The new law is sure to have far-reaching consequences.
long-term consequences (=results that last a long time, or appear after a long time)
If you smoke it may have long-term consequences.
(v) to cut off branches from a tree, bush, or plant, especially so that it will grow better in the future
(v) to get rid of something you do not need or want, especially in order to reduce size or cost
هرس کردن، کاهش دادن و اصلاح کردن و چیدن
prune
* She spent the afternoon pruning roses.
* The plan for the next financial year is to prune 25% off the budget.
* The company is pruning staff in order to reduce costs.
* The original version of the text has been pruned quite a bit.
if you prune something such as a piece of writing, you make it shorter by removing parts of it that are needed or wanted
to prune an organization, its expenditure, or the jobs it provides means to make it smaller by reducing it in size, or by reducing the amount of money it spends.
(n) the time when you are not working or studying and can relax and do things you enjoy
اوقات فراغت
leisure
* leisure time
* a leisure activity/interest
* leisure pursuits formal (=leisure activities)
* a leisure centre/complex (=a place where you can play sports etc)
* leisure facilities (=different places where you can play sports etc)
* the leisure industry/sector
* a leisure group (=a group of companies in the leisure industry)
(n) a path that forms a circle around an area, or a journey along this path
(n) the complete circle that an electric current travels
پیست مسابقه دایره ای، مدار، چرخه ای یا دوره ای
circuit
* an electrical/electronic circuit
* The microprocessor is an integrated circuit that processes all information in the computer.
* If all of the connections in a circuit are not intact, then the electrical current will be stopped on its way through the circuit.
(n) someone in a high position, especially in business, who makes decisions and puts them into action
(adj) concerned with making decisions and ensuring that decisions are carried out
اجرایی ، مدیر اجرایی
executive
* a high-ranking/senior/top executive مدیراجرایی ارشد
* Chief Executive مدیر اجرایی
* executive body/committee etc (=a group of people who have the power to make decisions)
* Susan wasn’t willing to wait for the others to make up their minds, so she made an executive decision to order pizza and garlic bread for dinner.
* In some countries, the office of the president holds executive power, while in others the president is mainly a figurehead, and real power belongs to the
* prime minister.
* National emergencies such as floods, tornados, and wildfires require prompt executive action to ensure the quick arrival of needed supplies.
* executive skills
* executive cars
* an executive suite یک مجموعه اجرایی
* advertising/marketing/oil executive
* company/corporate/industry executives
* a financial/sales executive
* The executive functions of the company were carried out by a group of managers who set plans and policies for all of the employees.
* The kings and queens of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are all heads of state, but none of them have any executive powers.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : execute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : execution / executive / executioner / executor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : executive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to warn someone that something might be dangerous or difficult
(n) a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful
(n) the quality of being very careful to avoid danger or risks
هشدار دادن ، هشدار، احتیاط
caution
✅ فعل ( verb ) : caution
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : caution / cautiousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cautionaryهشدار دهنده / cautious محتاط
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : cautiously
caution (somebody) against something
Business leaders are cautioning against hasty action that would hamper flexibility.
caution (somebody) that
Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace process.
caution somebody to do something
He cautioned them to avoid the forest at night.
advise caution (also counsel caution formal)
We advise caution if you are buying a property overseas.
exercise caution (=be careful)
Travellers are advised to exercise caution while travelling in remote areas.
proceed with caution
You should always proceed with caution in financial matters.
treat something with caution
The results of the survey should be treated with caution.
great caution
Exercise great caution when handling toxic waste.
extreme caution
Bears can be dangerous and walkers should proceed with extreme caution.
the utmost caution
You are advised to take the utmost caution when buying a second-hand car.
due caution formal (=the carefulness that is necessary)
An over-confident driver may overtake without due caution.
(take) precaution اقدام پیشگیرانه
(v) to change written or spoken words into another language
(v) the second thing happens as a result of the first
(v) to change something into a new form, especially to turn a plan into something real
(v) to mean the same as something else
ترجمه کردن، به چیزی منجر شدن، تبدیل کردن
translate
if one thing translates into another, the second thing happens as a result of the first
* translate (something) into something
* A small increase in local spending will translate into a big rise in property tax.
* These rates translate into a return of 8.5% for dollar investors.
* translate into=> So how does this theory translate into practical policy?
* translate well to=> The ways of working that he had learned at college did not translate well (= were not suitable) to the world of business.
Ordinary people are hoping that the recent economic recovery will translate into more jobs.
A raise in pay doesn’t always translate into more spending money, as much of it ends up going to taxes
✅ فعل ( verb ) : translate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : translation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : translatable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a group of people with special skills who work together( spescially on a ship or plane or for a tv/movie production)
خدمه
crew
crew member
a TV/film/camera/movie/stage crew
باتری
battery
flat (British English)/ dead( American English) battery (=with no more electricity in it)
یخچال
refrigerator / fridge
✅ فعل ( verb ) : refrigerate در یخچال قرار دادن ، خنک نگه داشتن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : refrigerator / refrigeration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : refrigerated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(n) a small round hard piece of medicine which you swallow = pill
(n) a piece of stone or other hard material used for writing, esp. in ancient times
(n) sheets paper that have been fastened together at one edge, used for writing or drawing; a pad:
لوح یا صفحه، قرص، تبلت
tablet
vitamin/sleeping/indigestion etc tablet
(n) an important job that involves traveling somewhere
(n) any work that someone believes it is their duty to do
ماموریت
mission
* the first manned space mission to Mars
* US troops taking part in the peacekeeping mission
* rescue mission
لهجه
accent
regional accent
نرم افزار - سخت افزار
software - hardware
(adj) capable of working successfully = feasible.
(adj) capable of surviving or growing successfully, especially under particular environmental conditions.
شدنی یا قابل اجرا، با قابلیت بقا و رویش پذیر
viable
a viable idea/ plan/ method
viable alternative/proposition/option/ solution etc
The committee came forward with one viable solution.
economically/commercially/financially viable شدنی و مقرون به صرفه بودن
Will a hotel here be financially viable?
a viable business/company/market
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : viability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : viable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : viably
(v) to move something with a quick sudden movement so that it is in a different position
(v) turn sth over quickly one or more times, and if something flips, it turns over quickly
برگرداندن( پشت و رو کردن)، چرخاندن ، ورق زدن
flip
I flipped the book (over) to look at the back cover.
I lost my place in my book when the pages flipped over in the wind.
flip someone/something over=> Carefully flip the cake over, so that it’s right-side-up.
Eventually a wave flipped him over, and he was able to call for help.
flip a switch=> You turn the machine on by flipping (= operating) the switch on the side.
(adj) light and small enough to be easily carried or moved
قابل حمل
portable
a portable radio/phone/computer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : portability
(adj) very clear and gives a lot of details, especially unpleasant ones = vivid
(adj) connected with or including drawing, printing, or designing
گرافیکی و ترسیمی ، مستهجن
graphic
* His illness is described in graphic detail.
* a graphic description/account
* the graphic arts
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : graphics هر گونه نمایش تصویری از داده ها
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : graphic بیشتر معنی اول / graphicalنشان داده شده توسط یک نمودار یا مربوط به آن
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : graphically
(v) to examine an area carefully but quickly, often because you are looking for a particular person or thing
(v) to read something quickly
(v) if a machine scans something, it passes an electrical beam over it to form a picture of what is inside it
اسکن کردن
scan
* He scanned the horizon, but there was no sign of the ship.
* scan something for something=> I scanned the street for people I knew.
* She scanned through the paper.
* They scanned his brain for signs of damage.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : scan
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : scan / scanner
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : scanned
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(adj) capable of attracting iron objects
مغناطیسی
magnetic
✅ فعل ( verb ) : magnetize اهن ربا کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : magnet/ magnetization / magnetism خاصیت مغناطیسی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : magnetic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : magnetically
(n) a form of a language that is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that is slightly different from other forms of the same language
گویش
dialect
(n) a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure = hike
پیاده روی طولانی
trek
a lonely trek through the forest
syn= journey , long trip, voyage سفر دریایی
(n)a very small piece of fire that flies out from something that is burning, or one that is made by rubbing two hard things together, or a flash of light made by electricity
(n) a small action or event that causes something to happen, especially trouble or violence
(n) a quality of intelligence or energy that makes someone successful or fun to be with
(v) to be the cause of something, especially trouble or violence = provoke
جرقه (زدن)، برانگیختن
spark
* sparks from the fire
* electric sparks from a broken wire
* spark of interest/excitement/anger
* Interest rate cuts were the spark the market needed.
* She was tired, and lacked her usual spark.
* The police response sparked outrage in the community.
* spark somebody’s interest/hope/curiosity etc
* provoke/spark/trigger debate (=cause a debate to start)
syn= start, launch, set in motion, provoke/trigger
(adj) possible and is likely to work = possible
امکان پذیر، شدنی
feasible
a feasible solution
economically/technically/politically etc feasible
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : feasibility
صفت ( adjective ) : feasible
قید ( adverb ) : feasibly
syn= practical, workable, possible
(adj) probably not honest, true, right etc
(adj) not sure whether something is good or true = doubtful
شک برانگیز ، مردد
dubious
* These claims are dubious and not scientifically proven.
* He has been associated with some dubious characters.
* I can see you are dubious; take some time to think about it.
* dubious about=> Some universities are dubious about accepting students over the age of 30.
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dubiousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dubious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dubiously
syn= doubtful, questionable, unpromising
(n) not fixed in one position, and easy to move and use in different places, and able to move or travel easily
(n) moving or able to move from one job, area, or social class to another
سیار ، متحرک
(im)mobile
* mobile air-conditioners
* People these days are much more socially mobile.
* She’s more mobile now that she has her own car.
mobile library/shop/clinic etc
mobile mouth/face/features = (written) features that can change their expression quickly
highly mobile (=very mobile)
We now live in a highly mobile society.
upwardly mobile (=moving up to a higher social class)
The restaurant’s customers are mainly upwardly mobile young professionals.
socially mobile (=moving from one social class to another, especially to a higher social class)
Children today are even less likely to be socially mobile.
syn= moveable, not fixed, transportable
(adj) useful to you because it saves you time, or does not spoil your plans or cause you problems(suitable for your purposes and needs and causing the least difficulty)
(adj) close and easy to reach
مناسب ، راحت ، دسترسی خوب و آسان
(in)convenient
* Mail-order catalogs are a convenient way to shop.
* My secretary will call you to arrange a convenient time to meet.
* convenient for=>Is three o’clock convenient for you?
* convenient to do something=> It is simple and convenient to use.
* a very convenient bus service
* Our new house is very convenient for/to (= near to) the kids’ school.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : (in)convenience
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (in)convenient
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (in)conveniently
(adj) relating to the whole world
جهان
global
✅ فعل ( verb ) : globalize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : globe / globalization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : global
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : globally
syn= international, large-scale, worldwide
(v) (of a solid) mixes with a liquid and becomes part of it
(v) to end an official organization or a legal arrangement( parliament, business arrangement, marriage etc)
(v) to gradually become smaller or weaker before disappearing, or to make something do this
حل کردن ، منحل کردن
dissolve
* Stir until the sugar dissolves.
* dissolve in=> Sugar dissolves in water.
* dissolve something in something=> Dissolve the tablet in water.
—————————————-
* Parliament has been dissolved.
* Their marriage was dissolved in 1968.
——————————————————————-
Her enthusiasm dissolved his shyness.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dissolve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dissolution / dissolvent / dissolubility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dissoluble / dissolvable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
dissolution vs termination
While both words are concerned with the end of a business partnership, dissolution refers to the process itself, and usually to the departure (or death) of one or more individuals from the entity, while termination refers to the cessation of all operations, including the disposal of all assets.
syn= mel, liquefy, soften
(v) to succeed in dealing with a difficult problem or situation
کنار آمدن
cope (with)
* He coped quite well as manager while still captaining the team.
* Local authorities have to cope with the problems of homelessness.
* No system is designed to cope with the floods we have had this year.
* cope with a situation
can/can’t cope
Older people can’t cope so well with the heat.
be able/unable to cope
Some young mothers feel that they aren’t able to cope on their own.
struggle to cope
Hospital wards are struggling to cope with the injured.
learn to cope
In this job, you’ll have to learn to cope with pressure.
cope well
Most schools coped well with the change.
cope easily
The exam was tough but she coped easily.
cope successfully
Careful planning will help you to cope successfully.
it is difficult/hard to cope
We were finding it difficult to cope financially.
somebody’s ability to cope
The bears’ survival will depend on their ability to cope with a changing environment.
a way of coping
Working hard was a way of coping with his grief.
coping skills
We help people learn coping skills to deal with these pressures.
a coping strategy (=a way of coping with something)
Some people use humour as a coping strategy.
syn= handle, deal with, manage
(adj) spoken, not written
(adj) relating to or involving the mouth
شفاهی، دهانی
oral
* an oral agreement
* oral hygiene
* oral examination
(adv)orally
The drug should be taken orally.
syn= spoken, verbal, by mouth
(n) the kind of food that a person or animal eats each day
(n) a way of eating in which you only eat certain foods in order to lose weight, or to improve your health
رژیم غذایی
diet
1- collocation for first meaning
* healthy/good/poor/unhealthy/a balanced/a varied
* a sensible/proper diet
* somebody’s staple diet (=the food that a group of people or type of animal normally eats)
* a vegetarian diet (=that does not include any meat or fish)
* a high-fibre/high-protein etc diet
* eat/have a diet
* live/exist on a diet of something
* feed somebody on a diet of something
* a diet high/rich in something (=which contains a lot of something)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
be on a diet (=to only eat certain foods in order to lose weight)
go on a diet (=start eating less or only some types of food)
follow a …. diet (=only eat certain types of food)
stick to a diet (=continue to follow a diet)
a strict diet (=in which you eat a very limited amount or range of food)
a crash diet (=a very sudden and strict attempt to lose weight)
a low-calorie/low-fat etc diet
a starvation diet (=in which you eat very little)
COMMON ERRORS
► Don’t say ‘she’s doing a diet’. Say she’s on a diet.Don’t say ‘keep a diet’. Say stick to a diet.
(n) a list of all the kinds of food that are available for a meal, especially in a restaurant
(n) a list of choices that can be made to appear on a computer screen
منو، فهرست انتخاب
menu
choose/order something from the menu
(n,v) (to use)a word or phrase used to describe a person, group, or thing, but is unfair or not correct
(n,v) ( to attach)a piece of paper or other material attached to something that gives information about it
برچسب ، عنوان
label
* He seems to be stuck with the label of “troublemaker”.
* a luggage label
…………………………………………….
label something sth=>The file was labelled ‘Top Secret’.
label something with something=> Each bag of seeds is labelled with the grower’s name.
……………………………………………………………………………
label somebody/something (as) something
The newspapers had unjustly labelled him a troublemaker.
designer label=
a famous and prestigious fashion brand.
(adj) good at using something, especially a tool
(adj) useful
بدردبخور ، ماهر
handy
* handy with=> He’s very handy with a screwdriver.
* It’s very handy having a light above your desk.
* Take your swimming trunks with you – they might come in handy
(v) to reduce pain or unpleasant feelings
(v) to make a problem less difficult or serious or to improve an unpleasant situation
(v) to replace someone when he or she has completed a duty or needs a rest
کاهش دادن یا تسکین بخشیدن،رفع کردن(وضعیت بد یا مشکل)، جایگزین کردن
relieve
relieve tension/pressure/stress/pain/anxieties
…………………………………………………………………………….
* programs aimed at relieving unemployment
* The addition to the school will relieve overcrowding.
* New toll roads could help relieve congestion on other routes.
* emergency food aid to help relieve the famine
* relieve congestion/overcrowding
………………………………………………………………………………
The guard will be relieved at midnight
فعل ( verb ) : relieve
اسم ( noun ) : relief
صفت ( adjective ) : relieved
قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= alleviate, lessen, ease
(n) the way objects in an area are arranged or the way in which something such as a town, garden, or building is arranged
(n) the way in which writing and pictures are arranged on a page
چیدمان، طرح بندی عکس یا نوشته
layout
* the layout of the park
* All the flats in the building had the same layout.
* the layout of a business letter
* page layout software
(n) a long, flat, narrow board attached to a wall or in a frame or cupboard, used for putting things on
(n) a flat, narrow surface of rock, especially under water
قفسه ، یک سطح صاف و باریک از سنگ، به ویژه در زیر آب
shelf
(v) to decide to start using a particular method, plan, or idea
(v) to take someone else’s child into your home and legally become his or her parent
اتخاذ کردن ، به فرزند خوندگی گرفتن
adopt
* I think it’s time to adopt a different strategy in my dealings with him.
* The new tax would force companies to adopt energy-saving measures.
* He’s adopted a remarkably light-hearted attitude towards the situation.
* They’ve adopted a baby girl.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : adopt
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : adoption
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : adopted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a very small amount or sign of something
(n) something that you say or do to suggest an idea to someone, without telling them directly
مقدار بسیار کمی از چیزی،معنی اشاره ی ریزی، یه راهنمایی ریز، . . رو میده
hint
There’s just a hint of brandy in the sauce.
I detected a hint of doubt in his voice.
……………………………
There have been hints that he may take up coaching.
(v) to get some food or sleep quickly because you are busy
(v) to take hold of someone or something with a sudden or violent movement
بقول خودمون غذا یا خواب زدن به بدن ، برداشتن/گرفتن ( چیزی یا کسی ناگهانی و با خشونت ) ، قاپیدن
grab
Why don’t you go and grab some sleep?
Hang on while I grab a cup of coffee.
Let’s grab a bite to eat before we go.
………………………………………………………………………………….
I grabbed my bag and ran off.
Two men grabbed her and pushed her to the ground.
Kay grabbed hold of my arm to stop herself falling.
grab a bite to eat= to get something to eat but to do quickly, because you don’t have a lot of time
(v) to experience something, especially problems or opposition
(v) to meet someone without planning to
(n) an occasion when you meet someone, or do something with someone you do not know, or an occasion when you experience something
مواجه شدن(به خصوص با مشکل یا مخالفت) ، روبرو شدن ، مواجهه
encounter (n,v)
encounter problems/difficulties/situations
* They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition were injured.
encounter opposition/resistance
* The government has encountered strong opposition to its plans to raise income tax.
* The doctor had encountered several similar cases in the past
………………………………………………………………….
I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
encounter with=> I had an alarming encounter with a wild pig.
encounter between=> This meeting will be the first encounter between the party leaders since the election.
a close encounter with a snake
(v) to quickly look at someone or something, or to read something very quickly
(n) a quick look
نگاه اجمالی یا سرسری
glance (v,n)
glance at/up/down etc
glance at/through etc=> for reading
…………………………………………………………………………
give something/somebody a glance
He gave Imran a quick glance.
take a glance (also have a glance British English)
She took a quick glance around the office.
exchange glances (=look at each other quickly)
Mai exchanged glances with Tatsuya.
a quick/brief glance
I had little time for more than a quick glance around the house.
a sidelong/sideways glance (=a way of looking by moving your eyes to the side)
Christina gave her husband a sidelong glance.
syn= quick look, glimpse
معمار
architect
(v) to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you
(v) to let someone have or do whatever they want, even if it is bad for them
کاری که دوست داری رو بکنی با زیاده روی کردن در آن ، لوس کردن
Indulge
indulge in
* Most of us were too busy to indulge in heavy lunchtime drinking.
* Eva had never been one to indulge in self-pity.
indulge yourself
* Even if you’re dieting, you can indulge yourself (=eat what you want) once in a while.
* Ray has enough money to indulge his taste for expensive wines.
فعل ( verb ) : indulge
اسم ( noun ) : indulgence
صفت ( adjective ) : indulgent
قید ( adverb ) : indulgently
syn= have something nice, treat
(v) to give money or goods to help a person or organization
(v) to allow some of your blood or a part of your body to be used for medical purposes
اهداء کردن
donate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : donation
syn= give, contribute
(v) to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received
(v) to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living
(v) to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them
(v) to have a bad effect on something or someone and to cause problems for them
تحمیل کردن
impose
The court can impose a fine.
impose something on something/somebody
The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory.
…………………………………………………………………………….
impose something on somebody
parents who impose their own moral values on their children
……………………………………………………………………………..
We could ask to stay the night, but I don’t want to impose on them.
……………………………………………………………………………………
impose a burden/hardship/strain etc (on somebody/ something)
Military spending imposes a considerable financial strain on the economy.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : impose
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : imposition
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : imposing
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= force, oblige
(adv) calmly, kindly, or softly
با ملایمت، به آرامی
gently
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : gentleness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : gentle
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : gently
(v) used to warn someone to be very careful about something or someone
برحذر بودن، مراقب چیزی بودن
beware
* Beware salespeople who promise offers that seem too good to be true.
* You should beware of undercooked food when staying in hot countries.
* Beware of falling asleep while sunbathing.
syn= be careful, be cautious
(n) someone who buys and uses products and services
consumer
consumer goods/products (=things that people buy for their own use)
consumer demand (=the demand for things to buy)
consumer spending (also consumer expenditure formal)
a consumer group (=an organization that protects consumers’ rights)
consumer prices
consumer choice
the consumer market (=the people who buy consumer goods)
a consumer society (=a society of people who want to buy a lot of things)
consumer debt (=money people owe because they buy too much)
a domestic consumer (=one that buys in the country where something is produced)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : consume
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : consumption / consumable / consumer / consumerism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : consumable / consumerist / consuming
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= customer, user
(n) someone’s way of living; the things that a person or particular group of people usually do
سبک زندگی
lifestyle
* a greener lifestyle
* a healthy lifestyle
* an active lifestyle (=in which you exercise)
* a sedentary lifestyle (=in which you sit down a lot and do not exercise much)
* a lavish/extravagant lifestyle (=in which you buy or do expensive things)
* a comfortable lifestyle (=in which you have enough money to buy things you want)
* an alternative lifestyle (=one that is different from most people’s)
* a busy/hectic lifestyle
* a stressful lifestyle
* have a healthy/simple etc lifestyle
* change your lifestyle
* maintain your lifestyle (=keep your lifestyle as it is)
* live a healthy/simple etc lifestyle
* a lifestyle choice (=a choice about how you live)
*comfortable lifestyle
syn= way of life, existence
not often
به ندرت
infrequently
(n)infrequency
(adj) infrequent
(adv) infrequently
syn= rarely, seldom
(v) to divide things or people into groups according to their type, or to say which group or type something or someone belongs to
طبقه بندی کردن
classify
classify something as/under something
✅ فعل ( verb ) : classify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : classification / class
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : classified / classifiable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to press something firmly together with your fingers or hand = press
(v) to get liquid from something by pressing it
(v) to try to make something fit into a space that is too small, or to try to get into such a space
(n) the act of pressing something firmly
چلاندن، فشار دادن
squeeze
He squeezed the trigger, but nothing happened.
………………………………………………………………………………..
squeeze something out =>Try to squeeze a bit more out.
squeeze something on/onto something => Squeeze a bit of lemon juice onto the fish.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
squeeze into =>Five of us squeezed into the back seat.
squeeze through/past =>He had squeezed through a gap in the fence.
squeeze somebody/something in =>We could probably squeeze in a few more people.
(n) a stupid person or someone who has done something stupid
یک فرد احمق
idiot
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : idiocy / idiot
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : idiotic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : idiotically
(adj) having very strong feelings or emotions
پرشور
passionate
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : passion
صفت ( adjective ) : passionate
قید ( adverb ) : passionately
(v) to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty = solve
(v) to make a definite decision to do something, or to make a formal decision
حل و برطرف کردن، تصمیم گرفتن
resolve
resolve a problem/ crisis/ situation/ dispute/ conflict/ issue/ matter/ question/ your differences
…………………………………………………………………………………
resolve to do something=> After the divorce she resolved never to marry again.
resolve that=> Mary resolved that she would stop smoking.
The Senate resolved to accept the president’s proposals.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : resolve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : resolution / resolve = strong determination to succeed in doing something
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
1
(n, spoken) something that is annoying, because it causes problems or is difficult to do
مایه دردسر
hassle
* I don’t feel like cooking tonight, it’s too much hassle.
* avoid a hassle
* worth the hassle
* reduce the hassle
annoyance
(n) the desire to know about something
کنجکاوی
curiosity
aroused sb’s curiosity بر انگیختن کنجکاوی
satisfy our curiosity
show their curiosity
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : curiosity
صفت ( adjective ) : curious
قید ( adverb ) : curiously
(v) to continue to do something, although this is difficult, or other people oppose it
(v) something bad continues to exist or happen
اصرار کردن و پافشاری کردن یا ادامه دادن به انجام کاری، اگرچه این کار دشوار است یا افراد دیگر با آن مخالفت می کنند ، چیزی بد به وجود یا اتفاق افتادن ادامه می دهد
persist
persist in (doing) something
He persisted in his refusal to admit responsibility.
persist with
She persisted with her studies in spite of financial problems.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
If the pain persists, you must see a doctor.
فعل ( verb ) : persist
اسم ( noun ) : persistence
صفت ( adjective ) : persistent
قید ( adverb ) : persistently
(n,v) (to make) sharp but usually temporary physical or emotional pain
نیش(زدن) ،سوزش
sting-stung-stung
* He was stung by a bee.
* Chopping onions makes my eyes sting.
* a bee sting
* The sting of not being invited to the party upset her until she realized she was now free to go to the play she wanted to see.
(v) to allow people to do, say, or believe something without criticizing or punishing them
(v) to be able to accept something unpleasant or difficult, even though you do not like it = stand, bear
(v) to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions
تحمل كردن
tolerate
We simply will not tolerate vigilante groups on our streets.
I couldn’t tolerate the long hours.
plants that tolerate drought
…………………………………………………………………………………………
endure means to keep pushing on ahead no matter the obstacle. Tolerate is putting up with something as long as you can without undue stress.
فعل ( verb ) : tolerate
اسم ( noun ) : toleration / tolerance
صفت ( adjective ) : tolerable / tolerant
قید ( adverb ) : tolerably
(v) to choose one thing or do one thing instead of another
انتخاب کردن، تصمیم گرفتن به انجام کاری
opt
opt for =>We finally opted for the wood finish.
opt to do something =>Many young people are opting to go on to college.
…………………………………………………………….
opt in to choose to be part of a group, system, activity, arrangement, etc.
Employees have the choice to opt in to the scheme.
Company policy is to leave new workers out of the pension scheme, unless they choose to opt in.
……………………………………………………………………….
opt out to choose not to be part of an activity, a group, system or to stop being involved in it / or to avoid doing a duty
You can’t just opt out of all responsibility for the child!
Britain wants to opt out of the new European regulations.
Within any society, there will usually be people who decide to opt out (= choose not to live the way most people do).
Employees can choose to opt out of the pension scheme.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : opt
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : option
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : optional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : optionally
(n) something funny that makes people laugh
شوخ طبعی
humor
a sense of humour
see/appreciate the humour
(adj) feeling annoyed and impatient about something
کلافه و عصبی
irritated
irritated about/at/with/by
John was getting irritated by all her questions.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : irritate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : irritability / irritation / irritant
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : irritable / irritated / irritating / irritant
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : irritably / irritatingly
کتری
kettle
(n) the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve something
کلافگی و سرخوردگی
frustration
* People often feel a sense of frustration that they are not being promoted quickly enough.
in/with frustration
* I was practically screaming with frustration.
* In spite of his frustrations, he fell in love with the country.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : frustrate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : frustration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : frustrated / frustrating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : frustratingly
(v,n) to suddenly feel so frightened that you cannot think clearly or behave sensibly
ترس ناگهانی و غیر منطقی
panic
The children fled in panic.
He started to panic when he saw the gun
panic somebody into doing something =>The protests became more violent and many people were panicked into leaving the country
✅ فعل ( verb ) : panic
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : panic
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : panicky
(adj) admired by many people, and having a value that has continued for a long time.
کلاسیک
classic
classic novel/car/study
(v) to make the meaning of something clearer by giving examples
(v) to be an example which shows that something is true or that a fact exists
(v) to draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc
نشان دادن چیزی، روشن کردن معنی موضوعی با مثال
illustrate
Let me give an example to illustrate the point
illustrate that=> This dispute illustrates that the regime is deeply divided.
illustrate how =>The following examples illustrate how this operates in practice.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : illustrate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : illustration / illustrator تصویرگر
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : illustrative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : illustratively
(n) a job or activity in which you make things with your hands, and that you usually need skill
(n) the skills needed for a particular profession
(v) to make something using a special skill, especially with your hands
صنایع دستی ، مهارت ، با مهارت چیزی را ساختن
craft
* traditional/rural/ancient/local crafts
* The musician spends years perfecting his craft.
* Each doll is crafted individually by specialists.
* craft fair
قسمت شیشه ای چراغ برق
پیاز گیاهان
bulb
tulip bulbs
1
(adj) designed to make something look attractive rather than to be used for a particular purpose (beautiful rather than useful)
تزیینی ، زینتی
ornamental
ornamental gardens
The pillars in the centre are purely ornamental.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : ornament = to add decoration to something = decorate
She ornamented her letters with little drawings in the margin.
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ornament = an object that is beautiful rather than useful / ornamentation = decoration
a shelf covered with books and ornaments
a bronze plate with gold ornamentation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ornamental = decorative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ornamentally = decoratively
(n) a machine or tool that does a special job = gadget
(n)a method that is used to produce a particular effect = technique, method
ابزار و دستگاه، شیوه و روش
device
modern labor-saving devices
device for doing something
a device for separating metal from garbage
device to do something
The company makes devices to detect carbon monoxide.
handheld/ labor-savingdevices
safety/security/medical device
……………………………………………………………………………………..
* A trademark can be a powerful marketing device.
* Her cool manner is just a device to avoid having to talk to people.
* Their proposal was only a device to confuse the opposition.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
devise to invent or plan
(v) to balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that there is no great difference as a result ( cost, payment or amount of something)
جبران کردن ما به التفاوت اثر چیزی
offset
* Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers.
* The extra cost of travelling to work is offset by the lower price of houses here.
* The extra cost of commuting to work from the suburbs is offset by cheaper rents.
offset something against somethingجبران کردن چیزی با چیزی
He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax.
offset the [costs, losses, increase, risk, the effects of]
(n) the quality of always supporting something or somebody
وفاداری
loyalty
loyalty to/towards
brand loyalty
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : loyalty / loyalist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : loyal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : loyally
(n) a device, machine, or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that is used in the house, such as a cooker or washing machine
لوازم و تجهیزات خانگی
appliance
domestic/household/electrical etc appliance
energy-efficient appliances
چانه
chin
گونه
cheek
(n) a room or building that is used for showing works of art, sometimes so that they can be sold
گالری
gallery
(adj) more than enough = abundant(فرمال تره )
فراوان - بیشتر از اندازه
ample
There is ample evidence that climate patterns are changing.
She found ample room for her things in the wardrobe.
ample time/evidence/opportunity/ room/space
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ample
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : amply
Recent US history has amply demonstrated the risks of foreign intervention.
syn= enough, sufficient
(n) something that you get because you have done something good or helpful or have worked hard
(n) an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner
(v) to give something to someone because they have done something good or helpful or have worked for it
جایزه(دادن)
reward
The school has a system of rewards and punishments to encourage good behaviour.
reward for (doing) something
Parents often give their children rewards for passing exams.
financial/economic reward (also monetary reward formal)
………………………………………………………………………………..
reward of =>A reward of $20,000 has been offered.
reward for => a reward for information leading to the capture of the murderers
………………………………………………………………………………
reward somebody with something
The club’s directors rewarded him with a free season ticket.
reward somebody for (doing) something
She wanted to reward the cleaners for their efforts.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : reward
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reward
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rewarding
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
جریمه (کردن)
fine
pay a fine
عرق) کردن)
sweat
a cold sweat =a state of nervousness or fear, especially one in which you are sweating
in/into a (cold) sweat
I woke up from the nightmare in a cold sweat.
وسواس فکری
obsession
Gambling became an obsession, and he eventually lost everything.
obsession with=> an unhealthy obsession with being thin
فک
تعریف: هریک از دو ساختار استخوانی در بیشتر مهره داران که تعیین کنندۀ حدود دهان است و دندان ها در آن قرار دارند
jaw
لب
lip
جراح
surgeon
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : surgery جراحی / surgeon
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : surgical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : surgically
(v) to put something into a small space, especially in
order to protect, hide, carry, or hold it
(v) to push a loose end of a piece of clothing or material into a particular place or position, especially to make it tidy or comfortable
جا کردن و چپوندن ،
tuck
Giles was tucking his pile of books under his arm.
He took the glasses off and tucked them in his pocket.
………………………………………………………………………
tuck something in =>Jack tucked his shirt in.
tuck something into/under/behind etc something => She tucked an unruly lock of hair behind her ear.
عصبی ، مضطرب
nervous
✅ فعل ( verb ) : nerve
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : nerve / nervousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : nervous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : nervously
syn= anxious, worried, frightened
(adv) in a fast or sudden way
به طور سریع
rapidly
rapid growth/expansion/development/increase
Their debts mounted with alarming rapidity.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : rapidity
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : rapid
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : rapidly
syn= speedily, quickly, hurriedly
1
(n) the need for something
(n) something that you need, especially in order to live
ضرورت
necessity
* The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.
* With a personal fortune of sixty million dollars, she certainly doesn’t work out of necessity
…………………………………………………………………………………
* She saw books as a necessity, not a luxury.
* A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the country.
the basic/bare necessities
* A lot of families cannot even afford to buy the basic necessities of life.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : necessitate ضروری کردن انجام کاری
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : necessity / necessaries چیزهایی مانند غذا یا لباس های اولیه که برای زندگی به آن نیاز دارید
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : necessary
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : necessarily
syn= obligation, need, requirement
(v) produces young plants or animals
(v) to make a photograph or printed copy of something
(v) to make something happen in the same way as it happened before
تکثیر کردن(تولید دوباره)
reproduce
The turtles return to the coast to reproduce.
……………………………………………………………………….
Klimt’s artwork is reproduced in this exquisite book.
……………………………………………………………………….
British scientists have so far been unable to reproduce these results.
………………………………………………………………………………….
With a good set of speakers, you can reproduce the orchestra’s sound in your own home.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : reproduce
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : reproduction
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reproducible / reproductive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= copy, duplicate(دومعنی آخر), imitate, replicate (معنی آخر یا تکثیر مولوکول و ویروس) , propagate (معنی اول)
(v) to communicate or express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people(with or without using words)
(v) to take or carry someone or something to a particular place
منتقل کردن
convey
convey something to somebody
I want to convey to children that reading is one of life’s greatest treats.
convey a sense/an impression/an idea/ information/ image/feeling/meaning etc
…………………………………………………………………………..
Your luggage will be conveyed to the hotel by taxi.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : convey
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conveyance انتقال / conveyor انتقال دهنده
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : -
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= pass on, transmit, give
(n) the ability of the land or soil to produce good crops
(n) the ability of a person, animal, or plant to produce babies, young animals, or seeds
باروری، حاصلخیزی
(in)fertility
declining fertility rates
He runs a fertility clinic.
the fertility of the soil
✅ فعل ( verb ) : fertilize حاصلخیز و بارور کردن،کود دادن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : fertilization / fertilizer کود / fertility
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : fertile باروری و حاصلخیز
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= fruitfulness, richness, productiveness
(n) the movement of blood around your body
(n) the exchange of information, money, or goods etc from one person to another in a group or society
گردش(جریان حلقه ای) ، گردش خون
circulation
* Exercise improves the circulation.
* blood circulation
* good/bad circulation => Doctors had to remove her leg because of bad circulation.
……………………………………………………………………………….
in/out of circulation
* Police believe there are thousands of illegal guns in circulation.
* The book was taken out of circulation.
remove/withdraw something from circulation
The Treasury Department plans to remove older coins from circulation and replace them with new ones.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : circulate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : circulation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : circulated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= flow, movement, distribution
(adj) great in number; many.
متعدد (دفعات زیاد)
numerous
* Numerous attempts have been made to hide the truth.
* The two leaders have worked together on numerous occasions.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : number
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : numeracy توانایی انجام محاسبات و درک ریاضیات ساده/ numeral نمادی که یک عدد را نشان می دهد/ number
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : numerous / numerical
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : numerously / numerically
syn= many, lots of, countless
(adj) better, more powerful, more effective etc than a similar person or thing, especially one that you are competing against
(adj) thinking that you are better than other people – used to show disapproval
(adj) having a higher position or rank than someone else
برتر، والاتر، مافوق
superior
Fletcher’s superior technique brought him victory.
superior performance/quality/strength
superior to =>Your computer is far superior to mine.
…………………………………………………………
She had that superior tone of voice.
……………………………………………………………….
Don’t you usually salute a superior officer?
ant= inferior
syn=better, greater, advanced
(n) a country that has agreed officially to give help and support to another one, especially during a war
(n) someone who helps and supports you when other people are trying to oppose you
(v) to help and support other people or countries, especially in a war or disagreement
متحد (شدن)
ally
* a meeting of the European allies
* Ridley was one of the Queen’s closest allies
* ally yourself to/with somebody => Some of the northern cities allied themselves with the emperor.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : ally
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : ally / alliance اتحاد
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : allied
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= combine, group, unite
1
(n) darkness caused by something preventing light from reaching a place
(n) the bad effect or influence that something has, which makes other things seem less enjoyable, attractive, or impressive
سایه
shadow
the long dark shadow of an old oak tree
………………………………………………………………………….
in/under the shadow of something
For years, people had been living under the shadow of communism.
cast a shadow over/on something (=make something seem less enjoyable, attractive, or impressive)
The events of September 11th cast a shadow over the celebrations.
(n) a thick oily substance, often put on the moving parts of a machine to make it move smoothly
(n) a fatty or oily substance that comes off meat when it is cooked, or off food made using butter or oil
گریس و چربی
grease
* You ought to put some grease on that hinge
* There’s always a lot of grease when you cook lamb.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : grease
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : grease
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : greasely
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(n) a set of instructions for making and cooking something, particularly food
(n) (be a recipe for something) to be likely to cause a particular result, often a bad one
دستور العمل ، دستور پخت
recipe
a recipe for tomato soup
……………………………………………………………………………
She said that five small boys on skis was a recipe for disaster, not a holiday.
1
(n) a small piece of metal with a hole through the middle, which is screwed onto a bolt to fasten things together
(n) a dry brown fruit inside a hard shell, which grows on a tree
آجیل، مهره(توی ابزارها)
nut
(v) to press something so hard that it breaks or is damaged
(v) to press something in order to break it into very small pieces or into a powder
خرد و له کردن
crush
* His leg was crushed in the accident.
* Crush two cloves of garlic.
* crush a rebellion/uprising/revolt etc
* crush somebody’s hopes/enthusiasm/confidence etc
* Sara was crushed by their insults.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : crush
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : crush
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : crushed / crushing
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n) a dry substance in the form of very small grains
(n) dry light snow
(v) to put powder on something, especially your skin
پودر، باروت، برف که سبک وخشکه
powder
✅ فعل ( verb ) : powder
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : powder
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : powdered / powdery
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
2
(v) to be made to seem much less important
(adj) a skin color that is very white, or whiter than it usually is
رنگ پریده شدن ، کم رنگ
pale
pale into insignificance
to seem much less important when compared to something bigger, worse, more serious
* The amounts of money involved pale into insignificance when compared with the sums spent each year on research.
pale in/by comparison
to seem small or unimportant compared to something else
* The amount of money spent on advertising milk pales in comparison to the money spent on advertising beer
* Today’s economic problems pale in comparison with those of the 1930s.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
He looked very pale and drawn.
turn/go pale =>He suddenly went pale.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pale
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : paleness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : pale
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
جیوه، سیاره عطارد
mercury
(v) to leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for
(v) to go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay = leave
(v) to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue
(v) to stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude
رها کردن
abandon
How could she abandon her own child?
…………………………………………………………………………….
Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.
…………………………………………………………………………………
They abandoned their attempt to recapture the castle.
………………………………………………………………………………..
They were accused of abandoning their socialist principles.
فعل ( verb ) : abandon
اسم ( noun ) : abandonment
صفت ( adjective ) : abandoned
قید ( adverb ) : _
1
(n) a solid substance made of fat or oil and used to make candles, polish etc
(n) a natural sticky substance in your ears
پارافین، موم ، (گوش) چرک
wax
(n) the usual order in which you do things, or the things you regularly do
(n) a set of movements, jokes etc that form part of a performance
روتین و روال
routine
* somebody’s daily/normal/usual/regular routine
* get (somebody) into a routine
* break a routine (=do something different)
…………………………………………………………………………..
a dance routine
(adv) next to the side of something
(adv) used to say that people or things do something or exist together at the same time
به موازات، در کنار
alongside
Children’s prices are shown alongside adult prices.
Organized crime continued to flourish alongside the mainstream economy.
syn= with, next to
(n) a liquid with a strong pleasant smell that women put on their skin or clothing to make themselves smell nice, or a sweet or pleasant smell
(v) to make a place have a sweet pleasant smell, or to put perfume on something
عطر، معطرکردن
perfume
✅ فعل ( verb ) : perfume
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : perfume / perfumery
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : perfumed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= scent, aroma
تمدن
civilization
✅ فعل ( verb ) : civilize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : civilization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : civilized
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) relating to marriage
زناشویی
marital
marital problems
marital breakdown
marital status
✅ فعل ( verb ) : marry
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : marriage
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : married / marital
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn = marriage, union
کویر
desert
barren/dry/vast desert
dessert دسر
syn= wasteland, arid region
(n) a substance that is formed naturally in the earth, such as coal, salt, stone, or gold. Minerals can be dug out of the ground and used
(n) a natural substance such as iron that is present in some foods and is important for good health
معدنی
mineral
* rich in minerals.
* mineral resources
* a mineral deposit (= substance or layer that is left)
* rich mineral reserves
……………………………………………………………………
* A healthy diet should supply all necessary vitamins and minerals.
* a mineral supplement
a mineral deposit is the total amount of minerals present, whereas mineral reserves are the subset of the deposit that can be economically extracted.
syn= rock, raw material
سخت گیرانه
strict
strict rules/regulations/guidelines/code (=set of rules about what is acceptable)/limits/discipline/ diet/ requirements/criteria
syn= firm, stern
(n) a substance that can cause death or serious illness if you eat it, drink it etc
(v) administer poison to (a person or animal), either deliberately or accidentally.
سم، مسموم کردن
poison
✅ فعل ( verb ) : poison
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : poison / poisoning / poisoner
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : poisonous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : poisonously
(v) walked slowly across or around an area, usually without a clear direction or purpose
پرسه زدن
wander
For an hour and a half we wandered around the streets of Venice, totally lost.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : wander
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : wanderer / wanderings
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : wandering
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n) the way in which something is made up of different parts, things, or members
(n) a piece of music, a poem, or a piece of writing, or the art or process of writing pieces of music, poems etc
ترکیب یا ساختار، قطعه هنری مثل موسیقی و شعر و نوشته، آهنگ سازی
composition
* The composition of the group that is studied depends on the interests of the researcher.
* Some minerals have complex chemical compositions.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : compose
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : composition
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : compositional
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : compositionally
……………………………………………………………………………………….
* a composition by jazzman Dave Brubeck, called ‘Chromatic Fantasy’
* The Journals contain accounts of literary composition.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : compose
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : composure خونسردی / composition / composer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : composed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
………………………………………………………………………………………
compose
1-be composed of something=> to be formed from a number of substances, parts, or people = consist of
* Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
آب از هیدروژن و اکسیژن تشکیل شده است
2-to combine together to form something = make up
* More than 17.6 million firms compose the business sector of our economy.
بیش از 17.6 میلیون شرکت بخش تجاری اقتصاد ما را تشکیل می دهند
3- to write a piece of music
* Barrington has composed the music for a new production of ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’
بارینگتون موسیقی تولید جدید «رویای یک شب نیمه تابستان» را ساخته است.
(adj) extremely interesting
بسیار جذاب و جالب
fascinating
That sounds absolutely fascinating.
find somebody/something fascinating
I found him quite fascinating.
فعل ( verb ) : fascinate
اسم ( noun ) : fascination
صفت ( adjective ) : fascinating / fascinated
قید ( adverb ) : fascinatingly
(adj) relating to or happening in a sequence
متوالی ، سلسله وار
sequential
* The first chapter describes the strange sequence of events that led to his death.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : sequence = arrange in a particular order = order = ترتیب و توالی دادن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : sequence ترتیب و توالی/ sequencing ترتیب و توالی دهی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : sequential
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : sequentially
(n) food and other household items
خواربار
groceries
(v) to go somewhere secretly and quietly in order to avoid being seen or heard = creep
یواشکی و دزدکی رفتنِ
sneak - snuck - snuck
sneak in/out/away/off etc
* They sneaked off without paying
* The thieves snuck into the store while the owner had his back turned.
(adj) happening or existing before, but not now
(adj) having a particular position in the past
سابق
former
* Their farm has been reduced to half its former size.
* former President Clinton
* former boss/life/world champion
(v) to hold someone or something very close to you with your arms around them, especially to show that you love them = hug
در اغوش گرفتن یا بقل کردن کسی یا چیزی
cuddle
* Dawn and her boyfriend were cuddling on the sofa
* She had fallen asleep cuddling her favorite doll
✅ فعل ( verb ) : cuddle
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : cuddle
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : cuddly
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n) something that you are trying hard to achieve, especially in business or politics = goal, aim, purpose
(adj) based on facts, or making a decision that is based on facts rather than on your feelings or beliefs
هدف، عینی (بر اساس واقعیت ها)
objective
* have an objective
* set an objective (=decide what you are trying to achieve)
* achieve/accomplish an objective (also attain an objective formal)
* pursue an objective (=try to achieve something you want)
* the main/principal/primary/prime/key objective
* an economic/military/business/political etc objective
* aims and objectives
……………………………………………………………………………….
objective assessment/measurement/ description etc
* It’s hard to give an objective opinion about your own children.
* Scientists need to be objective when doing research.
purely/totally/completely objective
* the importance of a completely objective, independent press
✅ فعل ( verb ) : object = to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something / objectify= to treat a person or idea as a physical object
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : object هدف یا شی / objection اعتراض / objectivity عینیت (بر اساس واقعیت ها)/ objectification برخورد با کسی یا چیزی مثل شی/ objective
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : objective / objectionable ناخوشایند و به احتمال زیاد باعث آزار مردم می شود = offend
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : objectively
هورمون
hormone
hormone levels
(n) someone who is guilty of a crime
مجرم
offender
* Many of the young men here are likely to offend again.
* She was released from jail, only to offend again three weeks later.
* a small hard core of young criminals who offend again and again
✅ فعل ( verb ) : offend توهین و ازرده کردن، ارتکاب جرم = to commit/perpetrate a crime or crimes
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : offenseیاoffence=جرم،توهین، تهاجم=crime / offender / offensive یک حمله نظامی برنامه ریزی شده / offensiveness توهین آمیزی،تهاجمی بودن،بسیار ناخوشایندی /
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (in)offensive توهین آمیز،تهاجمی،بسیار ناخوشایند / offended توهین شده
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : offensively
SYN= criminal, lawbreaker,culprit
(v) to form a picture or idea in your mind about what something might be like or to happen in the future
تصور کردن(آینده)، (به صورت پسیو) متصور شدن
envisage
* The new football stadium cost a lot more than had been originally envisaged.
* I cannot envisage what life will be like in fifty years.
* envisage sth or doing something
envisage the future/change/plan
(adj) a tragic event or situation makes you feel very sad, especially because it involves death or suffering
غم انگیز
tragic
tragedy = سوگ
tragic = غم انگیز
tragically
(n) a way of dealing with a problem or making a bad situation better = solution
(v) to deal with a problem or improve a bad situation
(n) a medicine to cure an illness or pain that is not very serious = cure
راه حل، رفع ، دارو و درمان
remedy
The problems in our schools do not have a simple remedy.
remedy for =>The program is one remedy for discrimination.
…………………………………………………………………………..
To remedy the situation, the water must be chemically treated.
……………………………………………………………………………
cold/cough remedy or a remedy for colds
herbal/natural/traditional remedy
نوزاد - نوزادی
infant - infancy
(adj) having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way = intricate=complex
(v) to give more details or new information about something = enlarge
پیچیده و با جزئیات ، توضیح بیشتر دادن (تشریح موضوعی)
elaborate
pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns
a very elaborate telecommunications network
elaborate hoax (collocation) حقه
elaborate system
…………………………………………………………………………….
He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further.
elaborate on
McDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning.
(v) to recognize and understand the difference between two or more things or people = differentiate
تمیز دادن
distinguish
distinguish between
His attorney argued that Cope could not distinguish between right and wrong.
distinguish somebody/something from
a method of distinguishing cancer cells from normal tissue
✅ فعل ( verb ) : distinguish
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : distinction / distinctiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : distinct / distinctive / distinguishable / distinguished
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : distinctly / distinctively
……………………………………………
Distinct means easily separable or discrete, but distinctive is used to describe a unique feature or quality belonging to one person or thing.
………………………………………………………
“differentiate” is used when you want to show the difference between two or more things, while “distinguish” is used when you want to mark something as unique or different from others.
(v) to be able to remember something = remember
به یاد آوردن
recollect
All I recollect is a grey sky.
recollect that
She recollected sadly that she and Ben used to laugh a lot.
recollect how/when/what etc
Can you recollect how your brother reacted?
recollect doing something
I recollect seeing Ryder some years ago in Bonn.
(v) to order someone to come to or be present at a particular place, or to officially arrange a meeting of people
(v) to gather or call forth (your courage, memories, energy, or strength) because you need it especially with effort
احضار کردن ، فرا خواندن
summon
Robert summoned the waiter for the bill.
summon somebody to something
The president summoned Taylor to Washington.
summon somebody to do something
He was summoned to attend an emergency meeting.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
* He had to summon the energy to finish the race.
* The music of the ice cream truck summoned memories of childhood vacations at the seashore.
* I had to summon all of my courage to walk past the barking dogs
1
(v) to put furniture and other things into a house or room
(v) to supply or provide something; be a source of
مبله کردن و دارای اثاثیه کردن ، عرضه کردن یا تامین کردن چیزی
supply,provide فرمال این دوتاست و میشه به جاشون استفاده کرد
furnish
* Having bought the house, they couldn’t afford to furnish it.
furnish something with something
a room furnished with a desk and swivel chair
………………………………………………………………………….
Will these finds furnish more information on prehistoric man?
Jeanne’s catering company furnished all the food for the party.
fish furnish an important source of protein
furnish somebody/something with something
John was furnished with a list of local solicitors.
We aim to furnish our business customers with all their IP solutions.
furnish information/details
furnish sth to sbThe fund may include information on its investment results in reports furnished to present or prospective shareholders.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : furnish
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : furniture / furnishings
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (un)furnished
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(v) to act in a particular way
رفتار كردن
behave
Learning/start/try to behave
فعل ( verb ) : behave
اسم ( noun ) : behavior
صفت ( adjective ) : behavioral
قید ( adverb ) : behaviorally
syn= conduct one’s self
(adj) not real or not made of natural things, but made to seem like something that is real or natural
مصنوعی، ساختگی
artificial
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : artificiality
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : artificial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : artificially
…………………………………………………………………………………..
artificial would generally mean something not found in Nature and synthetic would mean something that is man-made
(v) to change someone’s appearance so that people cannot recognize them
(v) to change the appearance, sound, taste etc of something so that people do not recognize it
(v) to hide a fact or feeling so that people will not notice it
(n) something that you wear to change your appearance and hide who you are, or the act of wearing this
تغییر قیافه) دادن، تغییر دادن یا پنهان کردن برای شناخته نشدن)
disguise
disguise yourself as somebody/something
There’s no way you can disguise that southern accent.
……………………………………………………………………………..
disguise something as something
a letter bomb disguised as a musical greetings card
…………………………………………………………………………
Try as he might, Dan couldn’t disguise his feelings for Katie.
disguise the fact (that)
There’s no disguising the fact that business is bad.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : disguise
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : disguise
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disguised
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
بلوغ(جنسی)
مرحله ای نشانگر آغاز جوانی که در آن رشد اعضای جنسی کامل می شود و ویژگی های ثانویۀ جنسی ظاهر می شود
puberty
(n) the importance, honor, and praise that people give someone they admire a lot
شکوه و افتخار
glory
✅ فعل ( verb ) : glorify تجلیل کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : glory / glorification تجلیل
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : glorious با شکوه
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : gloriously
(adj) causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed
بحث برانگیز، جنجالی
controversial
فعل ( verb ) : -
اسم ( noun ) : controversy
صفت ( adjective ) : controversial
قید ( adverb ) : controversially
syn= contentious (formal), something is a moot point (formal),
قمار
gambling
(n) an event in which someone, especially someone important, behaves in a bad way that shocks people
رسوایی
scandal
* cause a scandal
* be involved in a scandal
* a big/major scandal
* a financial scandal (=involving money)
* a political scandal (=involving politicians)
* a corruption scandal (=involving illegal payments)
* a sex scandal
* a public scandal (=one that people know about and discuss)
فعل ( verb ) : scandalize رسوا کردن
اسم ( noun ) : scandal
صفت ( adjective ) : scandalous
قید ( adverb ) : scandalously
ابریشم(ی)
silk
(adj) silky
پشم(ی)
wool
(adj) woolen
بی سابقه
unprecedented
(adv) unprecedentedly
(v) to start something, usually something big or important
(v) to make a new product, book etc available for sale for the first time
راه اندازی ، عرضه کردن محصول برای اولین بار
launch
launch an attack/assault/offensive/career/campaign/ investigation
…………………………………………………………………………
The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October.
1
(n) small stones, used to make a surface for paths, roads etc
سنگ ریزه
gravel
(adj) designed to soften the impact of one thing hitting another or sth falling
طراحی شده برای کاهش تاثیر برخورد یا سقوط
cushioned
His landing was cushioned by the fresh snow that had fallen.
(v,n) cushion کاهش تاثیر برخورد یا سقوط،کوسن
(n) a rule, problem etc that prevents people from doing something, or limits what they can do
(n) a type of fence or gate that prevents people from moving in a particular direction(a physical object that keeps two areas, people etc apart)
مانع
barrier
* barrier to => Problems with childcare remain the biggest barrier to women succeeding at work.
* trade barriers (=things such as taxes that make trade between countries difficult)
* the language barrier (=the problem of understanding people who do not speak the same language)
* cultural/racial/class barriers
* technical/legal/political barriers.
* institutional/organizational barriers
* break/tear/remove/eliminate/lift down barriers
* overcome barriers
کلاه خود،کلاه کاسکت
helmet
(adj) very similar
(adv) in a similar way
(adv) used to emphasize that you mean both the people, groups, or things that you have just mentioned
شبیه و یکسان، به طور یکسان
alike
My mother and I are alike in many ways.
…………………………………………………………………………….
* The twins were dressed alike.
* Sports writers and researchers alike argue that the occurrence of the performance improvement at the same time as the launch of the swimsuit could not be just chance
……………………………………………………………………………
I learned a lot from teachers and students alike.
syn= comparable, equal, similar
(v) to say that something must not be done, seen, used etc = prohibit = not allow
(n) an official order that prevents something from being used or done
ممنوع کردن،منع و ممنوع
ban
Smoking is banned in the building.
ban somebody from doing something
Charlie’s been banned from driving for a year.
a banned substance/drug
…………………………………………………………………………
ban on =>a total ban on cigarette advertising
put/place/impose/enforce a ban
global ban
syn= disallow, forbid, outlaw, prohibit, not allow
(n) he act of taking part in an activity or event
مشارکت(مستقیم در یک کار یا کنش گفتاری)
participation
Thank you for your participation.
participation in => We want more participation in the decision-making.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : participate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : participation / participant
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : participatory / participative
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= doing, involvement, taking part
قهرمان
champion
syn= title holder, victor, winner
(adj) extremely big, and much bigger than other things of the same type
بسیار بزرگ، و بسیار بزرگتر از چیزهای دیگر از همان نوع
giant
* a giant electronics company
* a giant tortoise
* the emergence of japan as an industrial giant
syn= enormous, huge, massive
(v) to have an accident in a car, plane etc by violently hitting something else
(v) to hit something or someone extremely hard while moving, in a way that causes a lot of damage or makes a lot of noise
تصادف کردن یا سقوط کردن ، برخورد کردن
crash
* The jet crashed after take-off.
* Two planes crashed in midair.
* Two planes crashed with each other in midair.
* One plane crashed with another in midair.
* plane crash
crash into/onto etc
The plane crashed into a mountain.
crash a car/bus/plane etc
He was drunk when he crashed the car.
……………………………………………………………………………….
crash into/through etc
* A brick crashed through the window.
* We watched the waves crashing against the rocks.
* The plates went crashing to the ground.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
crash => to hit another vehicle, a tree, the ground etc, with a lot of force, causing a lot of damage
* The plane crashed a kilometre from the runway.
* He was scared I’d crash his car.
* The car crashed into a tree.
hit => to move into something quickly and with force
* He wasn’t paying attention, and almost hit another car.
* The car hit a lamppost.
collide => if two cars, trains, planes etc collide, they hit each other, especially when they are moving in opposite directions
* The two planes collided in mid-air.
* An express train collided with a freight train in the morning rush hour.
smash into something phrasal verb => to crash into something, causing a great amount of damage
An army helicopter smashed into the side of the mountain.
pile-up => a traffic accident involving many vehicles
syn= collision, pile-up, smash
2
(n) a house, apartment etc where people live
خانه،واحد مسکونی
dwelling
residential dwelling
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dwell- dwelt or dwelled = to live in a particular place
syn= house, residence, abode, apartment, habitation,
(v) to send out radio or television programmes
(n) a programme on the radio or on television
پخش(تلویزیونی یا رادیویی) کردن ، پخش(تلویزیونی یا رادیویی)
broadcast
The interview was broadcast live across Europe.
……………………………………………………………………………..
a news broadcast
CNN’s live broadcast of the trial
syn= program, show, transmission
(n) when someone is in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant
(n) the action of showing the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad
در معرض قرار داشتن ، افشاگری
exposure
exposure to => Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer.
exposure of => the exposure of his underground political activity
exposure as => her fear of exposure as a spy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : expose
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exposure
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exposed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= awareness, contact, familiarity
(adj) sb who works very hard at what they do because they care a lot about it
متعهد و وفادار
dedicated
* a dedicated and thoughtful teacher
* She is a dedicated socialist.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dedicate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dedication
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dedicated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
……………………………………………………………………….
dedicate =>to give all your attention and effort to one particular thing
dedicate yourself/your life to something
The actress now dedicates herself to children’s charity work.
syn= devoted, enthusiastic
(n) a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developments
واکنش منفی یا شدید جمعی
backlash
backlash against => The 1970s saw the first backlash against the women’s movement.
backlash from => The management fear a backlash from fans over the team’s poor performances.
(n) a large, thick piece of something that does not have an even shape(a roughly cut piece)
(n) a large part or amount of something (informal)
تکه(بزرگ،کلفت،بدون شکل) ، بخش بزرگی از چیزی(اینفرمال)
chunk
ice chunks
chunk of => a chunk of bread
a chunk of cheese/meat
pineapple/tuna chunks
…………………………………………………………………………………..
The rent takes a large chunk out of my monthly salary.
chunk of => A huge chunk of the audience got up and left before the end of the show
1
(v) to complain about someone or something in an annoyed way = moan = complain
(v) to make a low continuous sound = rumble
غر زدن
grumble
grumble about/at => Farmers are always grumbling about the weather.
grumble that => A few passengers grumbled that their cabins were too small.
………………………………………………………………………..
Thunder grumbled overhead.
(v) to make someone feel better when they are feeling sad or disappointed
(n) the control unit of a mechanical, electrical, or electronic system
دلداری دادن ، کنسول
console
No one could console her when Peter died.
console yourself with something
She consoled herself with the fact that no one else had done well in the exam either.
console yourself that
He consoled himself that he would see Kate again soon.
…………………………………………………………….
game consoles
= comfort sb
(v) to tear something or be torn quickly and violently
(v) to remove something quickly and violently, using your hands
پاره کردن یا شدن ، کندن چیزی
rip
Her clothes had all been ripped.
The sails ripped under the force of the wind.
……………………………………………………………………….
rip something out/off/away/down
Gilly ripped out a sheet of paper from her notebook.
The buttons had been ripped off.
(n) the state of being far away from any others(when one group, person, or thing is separate from others)
انزوا
isolation
Because of its geographical isolation, the area developed its own unique culture.
isolation of => the isolation of rural areas
international/diplomatic/political/social isolation
in isolation => The political prisoner had been held in complete isolation.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : isolate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : isolation / isolationism / isolationist
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : isolated / isolationist
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
(adj) someone who does not want to talk about their abilities or achievements
(adj) not very great, big, or expensive
متواضع،نه خیلی زیاد یا بزرگ یا گران(کم یا کوچک در اندازه غیرقابل شماره)
modest
You’re too modest! You’ve been a huge help to us.
modest about
He was always modest about his role in the Everest expedition.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
* a modest increase in costs
* She had saved a modest amount of money.
* The new service proved a modest success.
* a modest house with a small garden
* modest amounts of interaction
* modest sum
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : modesty
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : modest
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : modestly
*
(v) likely or wanting to do something or behave in a particular way
(n) slope = شیب
تمایل داشتن یا متمایل بودن
inclined(passive) to
Tom is inclined to be lazy.
No one seemed inclined to help.
………………………………………………………………………………
be inclined to agree/think/believe etc
to hold a particular opinion, but not very strongly
داشتن یک نظر خاص، اما نه خیلی قوی
* Arthur has some strange ideas, but on this occasion I’m inclined to agree with him.
………………………………………………………………………………….
be inclined to do something/inclined to something
to be likely to do something or behave in a particular way
احتمال دارد کاری انجام دهد یا رفتار خاصی داشته باشد
* Commandos are inclined to shoot first and ask questions later.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
be/feel inclined (to do something)
want to do something, but without having a strong desire.
می خواهید کاری انجام دهید، اما بدون داشتن میل شدید
* It was Sunday morning, and she was not inclined to get up yet.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
artistically/musically/mathematically/technically etc inclined
naturally interested in or good at art, music etc
✅ فعل ( verb ) : incline
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : inclination / incline
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inclined
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
syn= tend to, to be prone to do
(n) complete absence of sound or noise
(n) failure or refusal to discuss something or answer questions about something
(v) to make someone stop talking, or stop something making a noise
(v) to make someone stop expressing opposition or criticisms – used especially in news reports
سکوت، ساکت کردن
silence
Nothing disturbed the silence of the night.
………………………………………………………………………………..
silence on
The government’s silence on such an important issue seems very strange.
………………………………………………………………………………….
She held up her hand to silence the children.
…………………………………………………………………………………
attempts to silence the rumours
Barnes has failed to silence his critics.
فعل ( verb ) : silence
اسم ( noun ) : silence / silencer
صفت ( adjective ) : silent
قید ( adverb ) : silently
(adj) very damaging or destructive
ویرانگر
devastating
a devastating effect/impact
The recession has had a devastating impact on employment in this area.
devastating consequences/results
a terrible disease with devastating results
a devastating flood/fire/earthquake/disease/ illness etc
فعل ( verb ) : devastate
اسم ( noun ) : devastation
صفت ( adjective ) : devastating / devastated
قید ( adverb ) : devastatingly
…………………………………………………….
devastate
1-to make someone feel extremely shocked and sad
کسی را به شدت شوکه و غمگین کردن
* Rob was devastated by the news of her death.
2-to damage something very badly or completely
ویران کردن
* The city centre was devastated by the bomb.
فعل ( verb ) : devastate
اسم ( noun ) : devastation
صفت ( adjective ) : devastating / devastated
قید ( adverb ) : devastatingly
(adj) extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist = crucial
حیاتی
vital
The work she does is absolutely vital.
vital to
These measures are vital to national security.
vital for
Regular exercise is vital for your health.
it is vital (that)
It is vital that you keep accurate records.
it is vital to do something
It is vital to keep accurate records.
a vital role/part
a vital part/element/ingredient/component
a vital source of something
something is of vital importance
چیزی اهمیت حیاتی دارد
Reading is of vital importance in language learning.
(v,n) to offer something to a god, especially in the past, by killing an animal or person in a religious ceremony
(v,n) to decide not to have something valuable in order to get something that is more important
sacrifice
They made sacrifices to ensure a good harvest.
……………………………………………………………………………
* sacrifice something for something
* A Labour government chose to sacrifice defence for welfare.
* sacrifice something to do something
* He sacrificed a promising career to look after his kids.
* sacrifice yourself (for something)
* mothers who sacrifice themselves for their children
- The minister stressed the need for economic sacrifice.
- The workforce were willing to make sacrifices in order to preserve jobs.
- She brought three children up single-handedly, often at great personal sacrifice.
- without sacrificing privacy
(n) the state of being able to be alone and not seen or heard by other people
(n) the state of being free from public attention
حریم خصوصی
privacy
With seven people squashed in one house, you don’t get much privacy.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
each individual’s right to privacy
protect/invade/violate somebody’s privacy
ensure privacy
somebody’s right to privacy
Children feel more comfortable when parents respect their right to privacy.
personal privacy
without sacrificing privacy
فعل ( verb ) : privatize
اسم ( noun ) : privatization / privacy
صفت ( adjective ) : private
قید ( adverb ) : privately
(n) a statement or way of saying something that makes something seem better, larger etc than it really is
اغراق
exaggeration
✅️ فعل ( verb ) : exaggerate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : exaggeration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : exaggerated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : exaggeratedly
syn=overstatement, embellishment
ant=understatement
پرسشنامه
questionnaire
syn= survey, opinion poll نظرسنجی
حساس
sensitive
a sensitive and intelligent young man
Throughout her career she remained very sensitive to criticism.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : sense حس کردن / sensitize حساس کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : sense حس/ sensibility عقلانیت/ sensitivity حساسیت / sensitization حساس کردن/ sensor حسگر
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : sensible معقول / sensitive حساس/ senseless غیر معقول/ sensory حسی
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : sensibly معقولانه/ sensitively با حساسیت/ senselessly غیر معقولانه
syn= delicate, private
(adj) gradually increasing – often used about things that cause problems or trouble
فزاینده
mounting
* There was mounting pressure on him to resign.
* The government has come under mounting criticism in the press.
* They faced mounting debts.
syn= growing, escalating
(v) to become smaller, or to make something smaller, through the effects of heat or water
(v) to become or to make something smaller in amount, size, or value
کوچک کردن یا شدن(آب رفتن)
shrink-shrank-shrunk
I’m worried about washing that shirt in case it shrinks
………………………………………………………………………………….
The city continued to shrink.
shrink to
* The firm’s staff had shrunk to only four people.
* Treatment can shrink a tumour.
* We want to expand the business, not shrink it.
syn= reduce in size, become smaller
(n) a large system consisting of many similar parts that are connected together to allow movement or communication between or along the parts, or between the parts and a control centre
شبکه
network
* a high-speed European rail network
* an elaborate network of canals
* the four biggest TV networks
* We could reduce our costs by developing a more efficient distribution network.
syn= system, set of connections
(adj) very pleasing or attractive
دلربا و فریبنده
charming
syn= appealing, charismatic
(adj) using a lot of energy and strength or determination
(adj) strong and healthy
شدید(از نظر انرژی و قدرت یا اراده) ، قوی
vigorous
* Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day.
* Environmentalists have begun a vigorous campaign to oppose nuclear dumping in the area.
…………………………………………………………………………….
a vigorous young man
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vigor ( vigour ) = physical or mental energy and determination
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vigorous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : vigorously
syn= strong, energetic
(adj) worried about something
(adj) feeling strongly that you want to do something or want something to happen = keen
نگران و مضطرب ، مشتاق
anxious
anxious about sth
anxious for sb
……………………………………………………………………………..
anxious to do something
The company is anxious to improve its image.
anxious for somebody to do something
Why was she so anxious for me to stay?
anxious for
We were all anxious for news.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : anxiety
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : anxious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : anxiously
syn= worried, apprehensive
نگران بودن از اتفاقی که قراره انجام بدیم یا قراره رخ بدهapprehensive
خرده فروشی(کردن)
retail
the retail trade/business
retail outlet/shop/store/chain
syn= store, market / ant= wholesale
(v) to discover whether something is correct or true
(v) to state that something is true = confirm
تایید کردن
verify
verify that/whether
* A computer program verifies that the system is working.
* American forces will remain to verify compliance with the treaty.
* His statement was verified by several witnesses
✅ فعل ( verb ) : verify
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : verification
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : verifiable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : verifiably
syn= confirm, check
(v) to combine, or to join things together to form one thing
ادغام کردن
merge
* The company plans to merge its subsidiaries in the US.
merge with
* The bank announced that it was to merge with another of the high street banks.
merge something into something
* proposals to merge the three existing health authorities into one
merge together
* The villages have grown and merged together over the years.
merge into
* Because of the economic recession, the two companies decided to merge into one.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : merge
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : merger
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : merged / merging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(n) equipment that converts signals into sounds or pictures
گیرنده(دریافت کننده)
receiver
✅ فعل ( verb ) : receive گرفتن ، دریافت کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : receipt /receipts /receiver /reception receivership /receiving /receptionist /receptor
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (un)receptive / received / receiving
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
……………………………………………………………………………………..
receive = to be given something = get
All the children will receive a small gift.
receive something from somebody
She received an honorary degree from Harvard.
receive attention/affection/support
She received no support from her parents.
receive payment/money/a pension etc
They will be entitled to receive unemployment benefit.
receive a prize/award/gift etc
He went up to receive his award from the mayor.
receive education/training
استفاده شود در رایتینگgetبه جای
(n) a legal process in which a judge and often a jury in a court of law examine information to decide whether someone is guilty of a crime
(n) a process of testing to find out whether something works effectively and is safe
دادگاه ، آزمایشات
trial
The trial is due to start next week.
on trial (for something)
Brady was on trial for assault.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
* a new drug that is undergoing clinical trials آزمایشات بالینی
* New drugs must go through extensive trials before they can be used to treat people.
* run trials
* underwent trials
(adj) having a lot of experience of life, and good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion etc
(adj) very well designed and very advanced, and often wor,king in a complicated way
فرهیخته ، پیشرفته و پیچیده ( دررمورد تجهیزات و ماشین آلات )
sophisticated
a sophisticated, witty American
…………………………………………………………………….
sophisticated software/ technology/ versions
a highly sophisticated weapons system
sophisticated approach to tackling the problem.
غرق شدن یا کردن ( انسانی )
غرق شدن یا کردن ( کشتی و . . . )
drown انسانی
sink-sank-sunk کشتی و اشیا و غیره
✅ فعل ( verb ) : drown
✅️ اسم ( noun ) :drowning
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : drowning / drowned
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
ویروس
virus
دزدیدن چیزی
steal / stole / stolen
Boys broke into a shop and stole £45 in cash.
steal from
He stole money from his parents.
steal something from somebody/something
He’d stolen the flowers from our garden.
………………………………………………………………………………
Inventors know that someone is always going to try to steal their designs/ideas.
——————————————–
steal to illegally take something that belongs to someone else
* The thieves stole over £10,000 worth of computer equipment..
take to steal something – used when it is clear from the situation that you mean that someone takes something dishonestly
* The boys broke into her house and took all her money.
burgle (British), burglarize (American) to go into someone’s home and steal things, especially when the owners are not there
* Their house was burgled while they were away.
rob to steal money or other things from a bank, shop, or person
* The gang were convicted of robbing a bank in Essex.
shoplifting stealing things from a shop by taking them when you think no one is looking
* Shoplifting costs stores millions of pounds every year.
kidnap to take someone somewhere illegally by force, often in order to get money for returning them
steel = فولاد
(n) something that prevents or saves someone or something from danger, loss, or failure
نجات و رستگاری
salvation
be somebody’s/something’s salvation
A drug treatment program was Ron’s salvation.
salvation of
The Internet turned out to be the salvation of the company.
(n) a mistake
خطا،اشتباه ، فرمال میستیک
error
error in
There must be an error in our calculations.
commit an error formal (=make an error, especially a serious one)
find/spot/notice an error
correct an error (also rectify an error formal)
compound an error (=make it worse)
an error arises/occurs formal (=happens)
human/computer error
(v) to prevent someone or something from continuing – used especially in news reports = stop
(n) a stop or pause
متوقف کردن یا توقف کردن ،توقف، مکث (کردن)
فرمال stop
halt
The government has failed to halt economic decline
……………………………………………………………………………………
grind/come to a halt
bring something to a halt (=make something or someone stop moving)
order a halt to something (=officially say that something must stop)
demand a halt to something (=firmly ask for something to stop)
put a halt to something (=stop something suddenly)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : halt
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : halt
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : halting / halted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : haltingly
(n) words or actions that show that you do not want someone to do something or that you dislike something very much
(v) to come together to publicly express disapproval or opposition to something
اعتراض (کردن)( به صورت علنی و گروهی )
protest
……… protest
protest against
Students held a protest march against the war.
…………………………………………………………………………………
protest against/at/about
Thousands of people blocked the street, protesting against the new legislation.
protest something
Students protested the decision.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : protest
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : protest / protester
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : protesting
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to break apart into lots of little pieces
(v) to lose power, become weak, or fail = disintegrate
فروپاشیدن
crumble
* The old stonework was crumbling away.
* The fall leaves crumbled in my fingers.
…………………………………………………………………………..
* The Empire began to crumble during the 13th century.
* our crumbling economy
* My determination to finish the marathon crumbled when I saw the “15 miles to go” sign.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : crumble
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : -
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : crumbling / crumbled
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to establish political control over an area or over another country, and send your citizens there to settle
(v) to start living somewhere in large numbers
استعمار کردن
colonize
* Plans for humans to colonize Mars have been put on hold for the time being.
* Dead trees are frequently colonized by ants.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : colonize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : colony / colonization / colonizer / colonialist / colonialism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : colonial
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : colonially
(v) to remove unwanted substances, objects, or people from something
فیلترکردن یا تصفیه کردن
filter
* Some villages in sub-Saharan Africa use sand to filter their water.
* There is a huge choice of software available that can be used to filter e-mails to avoid spam.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : filter
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : filter / filteration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : filtered
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
(adv) for all future time
برای همیشه
forever
* Some of the documents from the ancient library in Alexandria have been lost forever.
* Environmentalists are worried that continued destruction of forests may result in the loss of some species forever.
(v) to give information about something to the public so that they know about it
عمومی کردن
publicize
television’s failure to publicize the unemployment issue
✅ فعل ( verb ) : publicize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : public / publication انتشارات / publicist روزنامه نگار / publicity تبلیغات و عمومیت
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : public
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : publicly
الکترونیکی
electronic
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : electronics
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : electronic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : electronically
1
(adj) complicated and difficult
حساس (پیچیده و دشوار)
thorny
a thorny question/problem/issue etc
* the thorny issue of immigration policy
* مسئله حساس سیاست مهاجرت
……………………………………….
thorn=> خار و تیغ
(v) to stop or make a mistake when you are reading to people or speaking
تلو خوردن، از دست دادن تعادل ( هنگام راه رفتن )
● تته پته کردن ( هنگام صحبت یا سخنرانی )
■ اگر با حرف اضافه across یا upon بیاد معنی “ برخوردن به چیزی ( اتفاقی ) “ میده
stumble
stumble over/at/through =>I hope I don’t stumble over any of the long words.
* I was so nervous during the first performance that I kept stumbling over my words.
* She recited the whole poem without stumbling once.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
stumble on/across/upon something
to find or discover something by chance and unexpectedly = come across= encounter
* Researchers have stumbled across a drug that may help patients with Parkinson’s disease
(v) to spoil or destroy something completely
خراب کردن
ruin
* This illness has ruined my life.
* His career would be ruined.
* All this mud’s going to ruin my shoes.
* ruined my appetite.
* ruined her day.
* ruined the economy.
………………………………………………………………………………
destroy to damage something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be used or repaired
devastate to damage a large area very badly and destroy many things in it
demolish to completely destroy a building, either deliberately or by accident
flatten to destroy a building or town by knocking it down, bombing it etc, so that nothing is left standing
wreck to deliberately damage something very badly, especially a room or building
obliterate formal to destroy a place so completely that nothing remains
ruin to spoil something completely, so that it cannot be used or enjoyed
دوست دار محیط زیست
Environmentally Friendly not harmful to the environment
* Cycling is very environmentally friendly.
* environmentally friendly products
eco-friendly not harmful to the environment – used especially about products
* eco-friendly products
green not harmful to the environment – used especially in the following phrases ( relating to the protection of the environment)
* green products
* green technology
* green energy
* It was voted the greenest building in Britain.
* green politics/issues
* a green campaigner/activist
* Green Party
clean clean fuels or forms of energy do not release any harmful substances into the atmosphere
* We need cleaner fuels for cars and other road vehicles.
* clean energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines
renewable renewable energy comes from sources that can be easily replaced naturally, so that there is always more available
* The building is heated using renewable energy from the sun.
* The government needs to invest more in renewable energy sources.
* Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during operation.
sustainable using the Earth’s resources, without causing damage to the environment – used especially about farming, ways of living, and development
* The flowers are produced to high environmental standards using sustainable farming methods.
* Many people want to lead more sustainable lifestyles and to conserve the planet’s resources.
* sustainable use of the world’s resources
carbon-neutral balancing the amount of carbon gases that you put into the Earth’s atmosphere with other activities that will effectively reduce the amount of carbon gases, for example by planting trees
* a carbon-neutral company
* Stirling is aiming to become the UK’s first carbon neutral city.
* All new homes will be carbon-neutral.
(n) when strong and often violent action is taken against something, particularly the government = rebellion
(v) take strong and often violent action against the government, usually with the aim of taking power away from them = rebel
شورش (کردن)
revolt
The prime minister is now facing a revolt by members of his own party.
revolt against
a revolt against authority
revolt over
a revolt over the proposed spending cuts
in revolt
French farmers are in revolt over cheap imports.
revolt of
the successful revolt of the American colonies
…………………………………………………………………………………..
It was feared that the army would revolt against the government.
فعل ( verb ) : revolt
اسم ( noun ) : revolt / revolution / revolutionary
صفت ( adjective ) : revolutionary
قید ( adverb ) : -
…………………………………………………………………………….
A revolt is a spontaneous uprising of people against their government or ruler, while a revolution is a planned and organized movement aimed at overthrowing the existing government or social system.
کمونیست
communist
دشمن
enemy
enemysomeone who does not like you because you have had a big disagreement with them in the past or someone who opposes you in business or politics
* If that’s how he treats his friends, I’d hate to be his enemy.
adversary (formal) an enemy
* When he retired, he was replaced by his old adversary.
foe (literary) an enemy
* his former foes
opponent someone you are competing against, for example in a sports game, competition, or election
* He is admired even by his political opponents.
nemesis written an enemy or opponent that is impossible to defeat – a rather formal use
* In the final, he met his old nemesis, Rafael Nadal.
(adj) respected and liked because of something good you have done
تحسین شده
admired
✅️ فعل ( verb ) : admire
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : admiration / admirer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : admirable / admiring / admired
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : admirably / admiringly
(n) an exciting experience in which dangerous or unusual things happen
ماجراجویی
adventure
(adj) very good, beautiful and impressive = excellent = magnificent
عالی
splendid
* a splendid idea
* a splendid opportunity
* The staff are doing a splendid job.
(adv) splendidly
(n) the quality of being brave when you are facing a difficult or dangerous situation, or when you are very ill = bravery
جرعت
courage
Sue showed great courage throughout her illness.
courage to do something
Gradually I lost the courage to speak out about anything.
summon/have the courage (to do something)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : encourage تشويق و ترغیب كردن یا جرعت دادن / discourage دلسرد کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : courage / encouragement / discouragement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : courageous شجاع / encouraging / discouraging
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : courageously / encouragingly / discouragingly
ant= cowardice, cowardliness
(n) a short description that gives important details about a person, a group of people, or a place
مشخصات
profile
a job profile
profile of
a short profile of the actor
قاره
continent
سرباز
soldier
(n) the state of being known about by a lot of people because of your achievements
شهرت
fame
He claims he is not really interested in fame.
of … fame (=used to show what someone is famous for)
Muhammad Ali, of boxing fame
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : fame
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : (in)famous / famed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : (in)famously
(n) a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people
(v) to treat some people or things better than others
امتیاز یا مزیت یا حق ویژه
privilege
the privilege of a good education
………………………………………………………………………..
Family endowments were nearly all male-centric, privileging men and their descendants over female lines of descent.
(n) someone who is important in the early development of something, and whose work or ideas are later developed by other people(to lead or be part of the early development of something)
(v) to be the first person to do, invent, or use something(to lead or be part of the early development of something)
پیشرو ، برای اولین بار کاری کردن یا چیزی ابداع و اختراع یا تاسیس کردن
pioneer
* John Whitney was a pioneer of computer animation.
* He was a pioneer in the field of biotechnology.
………………………………………………………………………………….
* The new cancer treatment was pioneered in the early eighties by Dr Sylvia Bannerjee.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : pioneer
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : pioneer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : pioneering
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : _
رتبه (قرار داشتن)، مقام
rank
syn= order, grade, categorize
2
(n) the act of making an improvement, especially by changing a person’s behaviour or the structure of something
اصلاحات
reformation
* He’s undergone something of a reformation - he’s a changed man.
* They are committed to the radical reformation of their society.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : form / reform / transform
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : form / formation / transformation / reformer / reform / reformation / reformist / transformer / formlessness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : reformed / reformist / formless
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : formlessly
………………………………………………………………………………………
reform
(n) a change or changes made to a system or organization in order to improve it
* implement/make/carry out reforms
* reform of
* a reform of the legal system
* economic/political/educational reform
* far-reaching/sweeping/radical reforms
(v) to make an improvement, especially by changing a person’s behaviour or the structure, system or organization of something
* plans to radically reform the tax system
………………………………………………………………………………………..
reform is frequently used to refer to a specific change itself, whereas reformation is more often used to denote the set of changes made
syn= improvement, reorganization, development
(v) happens faster than usual or sooner than you expect(increase speed of sth)
سرعت بخشیدن یا تسریع
accelerate
measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth
(n) acceleration
syn= speed up, quicken, hurry
ant= decelerate
(adj) easy to see, notice, or understand = obvious, clear
مشهود و اشکار
evident
Bob ate his lunch with evident enjoyment
evident that
It was evident that she was unhappy.
evident to
It was evident to me that he was not telling the truth.
evident in
The growing popularity of the subject is evident in the numbers of students wanting to study it.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : evidence
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : evidence
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : evident
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : evidently
syn= obvious, plain, apparent, clear
(adj) extremely frightening
وحشتناک
terrifying
terrifying experience
syn= scary, causing panic, frightening, horrifying
(adj) frightening and terrible = horrific = bad
وحشتناک و بد
horrendous
* a horrendous experience
* She suffered horrendous injuries.
(adv) horrendously
syn= awful, terrible, horrible, horrific, bad
(adj) extremely good = excellent
فوق العاده و عالی
superb
* The food was superb.
* superb weather
(adv) superbly
syn= terrific, wonderful, excellent
(n) a period of time in history that is known for a particular event, or for particular qualities
era
* We live in an era of instant communication.
* a new era of world peace
* His death marked the end of an era.
* the Victorian era
syn= age, period, time
(adj) is the place where you were born = home
(adj) growing, living, produced etc in one particular place = indigenous
(n) a person who was born in a particular place, or someone who lives in a place all the time or has lived there a long time
بومی
native
* They never saw their native land again.
* He spent most of his professional life outside his native Poland.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
native New Yorker/population/inhabitants etc
native language/tongue
……………………………………………………………………………………..
Singapore has many native species of palm.
native to
These fish are native to North America.
…………………………………………………………………………………
a native of Switzerland
syn= resident, original, local, indigenous
(v) to make something return to its former state or condition
(v) to give back to someone something that was lost or taken from them = return
بازگرداندن
restore
* restore something to something
* The government promises to restore the economy to full strength.
* She was hoping that the Mediterranean climate would restore her to full health.
* The National Guard was called in to restore order (=make people stop fighting and breaking the law) when riots broke out.
* initiatives to restore peace in the Middle East
* restore (diplomatic) relations with somebody
* Vietnam restored diplomatic relations with South Korea on December 22.
* restore somebody’s sight/hearing (=make someone who cannot hear or who is blind, hear or see again)
………………………………………………………………………………..
The treaty restored Okinawa to Japan.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : restore
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : restoration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : restored
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
syn= return, renew, bring back
(adj) amusing and making you want to laugh
(n) a type of book or magazine that tells a story using rows of pictures
طنز ، کمیک
comic
(adj) extremely good, attractive, enjoyable
fantastic
(adj) something that is unpleasant or uncomfortable; difficult to live in
(adj) severe, cruel, or unkind in manner or treatment of someone or something
harsh
* The hostages are being held in harsh conditions.
* harsh winter/weather/climate
* harsh realities
…………………………………………………………………………………….
harsh criticism/treatment/punishment etc
the harsh measures taken against the protesters
a harsh authoritarian regime
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : harshness
صفت ( adjective ) : harsh
قید ( adverb ) : harshly
syn= strict یا stark
(n) a short written or spoken description
(n) a simple, quickly made drawing that does not show much detail
یک نقاشی ساده و سریع که جزئیات زیادی را نشان نمی دهد که اغلب برای کمک به ایجاد یک تصویر کامل تر ساخته می شود.
شرح کوتاه نوشتاری یا گفتاری
sketch
a brief sketch of the main weaknesses of the British economy
……………………………………………………………………………………
sketch of
Cantor drew a rough sketch of his apartment on a napkin.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : sketch
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : sketch
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : sketchy
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
2
(adj) very plain in appearance, with little or no colour or decoration
(adj) unpleasantly clear and impossible to avoid = harsh
stark
* In the cold dawn light, the castle looked stark and forbidding.
* the stark beauty of New Mexico
……………………………………………………………………………………
* The movie shows the stark realities of life in the ghetto.
* We are faced with a stark choice.
* a stark reminder of life under Communist rule
stark contrast کنتراست شدید
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : starkness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : stark / starkers
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : starkly / stark
(adj) sticking out in a rounded shape, especially because something is very full or too tight
(adj) sudden temporary increase in the amount or level of something
برآمدگی
bulging
The gun made a bulge under his jacket.
bulging muscles
……………………………………………………………………………………..
a bulge in the birthrate
(n) clothes that are typical of a particular place or period of time in the past
(n) a set of clothes worn by an actor or by someone to make the person look like something else, such as an animal or famous person
لباس مخصوص
costume
The dancers were in national costume.
(v) to catch a person and keep them as a prisoner
(v) to get control of a place or object that previously belonged to an enemy, during a war
(v) to catch an animal after chasing or following it
(v) to succeed in recording, showing, or describing a situation or feeling, using words or pictures
1-اسیر کردن - دستگیر کردن - گرفتن
2 - تصرف کردن - تسخیر کردن
3- اسیر کردن
4-به تصویر کشیدن ، ثبت و ضبط کردن
capture
Government troops have succeeded in capturing the rebel leader.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
The town was captured after a siege lasting ten days.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
The tiger was finally captured two miles outside the village.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
These photographs capture the essence of working-class life at the turn of the century.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : captivate اسیر کردن یا محصور کردن و شیفته خود کردن/ capture
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : captivation اسیر شدن / captive اسیر / captivity اسارت/ captor / capture / capturer
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : captivating محصور کننده و شیفته خود کننده/ captive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : captivatingly
(adj) not able to live forever
(adj) something very serious, that may cause the end of something
فانی، مرگبار و مهلک
mortal
Her father’s death reminded her that she was mortal.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
* mortal blow/danger/wound etc
* The computer has dealt a mortal blow to traditional printing methods.
* Our health service is in mortal danger.
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : mortal / mortality مرگ و میر
صفت ( adjective ) : mortal
قید ( adverb ) : mortally
(v,passive) to naturally have a good feature or quality
به طور طبیعی ویژگی یا کیفیت خوبی داشتن
be endowed with something
* She was endowed with good looks.
* heros are endowed with superhuman abilities
(adj) continuing all the time without changing or stopping = continuous = permanent
(adj) repeated many times in a way that annoys you = continual
دائمی و مداوم، همیشگی و مستمر
perpetual
the perpetual noise of the machines
a little girl with a perpetual smile
……………………………………………………………………………………….
my mother’s perpetual nagging
✅ فعل ( verb ) : perpetuate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : perpetuation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : perpetual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : perpetually
……………………………………………………………………………………..
perpetuate تداوم بخشیدن
to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time
* an education system that perpetuates the divisions in our society
syn= continuous, unending, permanent, continual
(v) to become worse = get worse
بدتر شدن
deteriorate
* Ethel’s health has deteriorated.
* America’s deteriorating economy
✅ فعل ( verb ) : deteriorate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : deterioration
syn= become worse, weaken
پرستیده شده
adored
✅ فعل ( verb ) : adore
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : adoration
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : adorable / adoring
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : adorably / adoringly
syn= loved, admired
(preposition) different from
متفاوت ، برخلاف
unlike
* Tammy was unlike any other woman I have ever known.
* Unlike most people in the office, I don’t come to work by car.
* unlike many musical instruments, Scottish bagpipes are meant to be played outdoors.
(n) a piece of furniture like a large cupboard that you hang clothes in
(n) the clothes that someone has
کمد لباس ، لباس
wardrobe
Can you hang these in the wardrobe, please?
…………………………………………………………………………….
You can win a complete new wardrobe.
(adj) not guilty of a crime
(adj) people who get hurt or killed in a war or crime although they are not directly involved in it
بی گناه
innocent
He’s innocent of murder.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Many innocent civilians are among the casualties.
innocent civilians/victims/bystanders/people etc
فعل ( verb ) :
اسم ( noun ) : innocence / innocent
صفت ( adjective ) : innocent
قید ( adverb ) : innocently
syn= not involved, harmless
(adj) someone who deliberately does very cruel things to harm other people = BAD
(adj) something that is morally wrong because it harms people = wrong
(adj) very unpleasant = UNPLEASANT
(adj) connected with the Devil and having special powers to harm people = Devil
شرور و شرارت ، ناخوش آیند، شیطانی
evil
an evil dictator responsible for the deaths of millions
his evil deeds
…………………………………………………………………………………….
They condemned slavery as evil.
………………………………………………………………………………………
an evil smell
……………………………………………………………………………………..
evil spirits
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : evil
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : evil
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : evilly
syn= something very bad, vice
(v) (business, trade, or a particular area) increasing and being very successful
(n) a quick increase of business activity(INCREASE IN BUSINESS)
(n) an increase in how popular or successful something is, or in how often it happens (WHEN SOMETHING IS POPULAR)
(رونق (داشتن
boom
Business was booming, and money wasn’t a problem.
Tourism on the island has boomed.
booming market
………………………………………………………………………………….
The boom has created job opportunities.
boom in
a sudden boom in the housing market
consumer/investment/property/ housing /economic/ spending/ building/construction etc boom
the post-war property boom
boom years/times
In boom times, airlines do well.
cause/lead to a boom
trigger/spark a boom (=start it)
………………………………………………………………………………………
the disco boom of the 1970s
boom in
the boom in youth soccer in the U.S.
syn= increase, be very successful
(v) to print or broadcast a story in several separate parts
به صورت سریالی منتشر شدن
serialized
His book was serialized in The New Yorker.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : serialize
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : serial / serialization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : serial / serialized
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : serially
syn= made in a series, produced in several parts
(adv) not involving anything or anyone else = only
انحصارا ( منحصرا ) / صرفا / به تنهایی
solely
* Scholarships are given solely on the basis of financial need.
* I shall hold you solely responsible for anything that goes wrong.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : -
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : sole
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : solely
syn= only, involving nothing else
(adj) not having much experience of how complicated life is, so that you trust people too much and believe that good things will always happen
آدم ساده (لوح)
naive
Jim can be so naive sometimes.
it is naive to think/suppose/assume etc
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : naivety
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : naive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : naively
syn= inexperienced, overly trusting
(adj) worrying or upsetting
نگران کننده یا ناراحت کننده
disturbing
a disturbing increase in the crime rate
فعل( verb ) : disturb
اسم ( noun ) : disturbance
صفت ( adjective ) : disturbing
قید ( adverb ) : disturbingly
(adj) strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising
عجیب
peculiar
* There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen.
* Something peculiar is going on.
* It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone.
(n) the distance it is possible to see, especially when this is affected by weather conditions
(n) the situation of being noticed by people in general
دید، دیده شدن
visibility
Visibility on the roads is down to 20 metres due to heavy fog.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
The exhibition helped increase the visibility of women artists.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : visualize / envision
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : visibility / vision / visionary / visualization
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : visible / visionary / visual
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : visibly / visually
(v) to use something new or different instead of something else
(n) a person or thing that you use instead of the one that you usually have, because the usual one is not available
جایگزین (کردن) یا تعویض کردن
substitute
substitute something for something
The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.
………………………………………………………………………………….
a sugar substitute
a father substitute
✅ فعل ( verb ) : substitute
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : substitute / substitution
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) :
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(adj) raised up or higher than other things = raised = high or important
بالا،مرتفع، بالاتر از حد معمول
elevated
* The train runs on an elevated track.
* elevated blood sugar levels
* She holds a more elevated position in the company.
(adj) used about a feeling, thing, or person that really is what they seem to be
واقعی
genuine
genuine effort/concern/desire
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : genuineness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : genuine
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : genuinely
………………………………………………………………………………………..
genuine used about a feeling, thing, or person that really is what they seem to be
real not false or artificial
authentic authentic food, music, clothes etc are correct for the place or the period in history that they are supposed to be from
true having all the qualities you would expect a particular type of person or thing to have
(n) natural ability to do something well
استعداد (توانایی طبیعی برای انجام کاری خوب)
talent = aptitude
(n) something that you get legally from your work in addition to your wages, such as goods, meals, or a car(bonuses, benefits, extra things)
مزیت(کاری)
perk
theatre tickets and other perks
perk of
the perks of working at a large law firm
(adv) used when talking about a situation in which the opposite of what you expected happens or is true
به شکل طعنه آوری، بر خلاف انتظار
Ironically
Ironically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : -
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : irony
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : ironic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : ironically
(v) to gradually disappear
محو شدن کم رنگ شدن
fade (away)
* Our hopes for a win this season faded when the opposing team scored its fourth goal.
* Hopes of a peace settlement are beginning to fade.
* Over the years her beauty had faded a little.
memories/light/hope be fading
(n) a plastic or rubber tube containing wires that carry telephone messages, electronic signals, television pictures etc
(n) a system of broadcasting television by using cables, paid for by the person watching it
کابل ، شبکه های کابلی تلویزیونی
cable
cables and switches for computers
………………………………………………………………………………………..
I’ll wait for the movie to come out on cable.
(n,adj) someone who does an activity just for pleasure, not as their job
غیر حرفه ای
amateur
* Mickelson won his first major golf tournament while still an amateur.
* an amateur golfer
ant= professional
(v) to ask for something that you want very much, in a sincere and emotional way = beg
(v) to present in argument in a court of law for example-to argue whether or not you are guilty of a crime
التماس کردن، اعتراف کردن ، مطرح کردن
plead
‘Don’t go!’ Robert pleaded.
plead for
Civil rights groups pleaded for government help.
plead with somebody (to do something)
Moira pleaded with him to stay.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
plead guilty/not guilty/innocent
Henderson pled guilty to burglary.
plead their case in court
(v) cannot understand or explain sth at all
گیج کردن
baffle
* The question baffled me completely.
* We were all utterly baffled.
* a baffling mystery
✅ فعل ( verb ) : baffle
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : bafflement
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : baffling / baffled
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : bafflingly
برند
brand
* brand loyalty
* brand names
* brand identity
(n) when other people do not know who you are or what your name is
ناشناس بودن
anonymity
Every step will be taken to preserve your anonymity.
فعل ( verb ) : anonymize
اسم ( noun ) : anonymity / anonymization
صفت ( adjective ) : anonymous
قید ( adverb ) : anonymously
(adj) a quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful
(adj) to regard as belonging to, or being caused or produced by somebody or something
1. to say or think that something is the result of a particular thing
2. to say that a particular person was the first person to say something, do something, invent something, etc.
3. to believe or say that someone or something has a particular quality
ویژگی ، (نسبت دادن) تلقی کردن به عنوان تعلقات و دارایی، یا ایجاد شده یا تولید شده توسط کسی یا چیزی
attribute
What attributes should a good manager possess?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
* The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.
* Her success can be attributed to three main factors.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
* This idea has long been attributed to Keynes, but in fact he was not the first to think of it.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
* One should not attribute human motives to animals.
فعل ( verb ) : attribute
اسم ( noun ) : attribution / attribute
صفت ( adjective ) : attributed
قید ( adverb ) : -
(adj) when things can be used instead of other things
قابل تعویض
interchangeable
* These two words are almost interchangeable.
* a camera with interchangeable lenses
✅ فعل ( verb ) : interchange=to exchange something, especially ideas or information معاوضه کردن ایده فکر اطلاعات
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : interchange = an exchange, especially of ideas or thoughts معاوضه ایده فکر اطلاعات / interchangeability قابلیت تعویض
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : interchangeable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : interchangeably
(n) information that is passed from one person to another about other people’s behavior and private lives, often including unkind or untrue remarks
(v) to talk about other people’s behaviour and private lives, often including remarks that are unkind or untrue
شایعه (پراکنی کردن)
gossip (about)
Here’s an interesting piece of gossip about Mrs Smith.
idle gossip شایعات بیهوده
……………………………………………………………………………………….
The whole town was gossiping about them.
(n) the cost of insurance, especially the amount that you pay each year
(n) an additional amount of money, above a standard rate or amount
(adj) of very high quality
حق بیمه (هزینه بیمه، به خصوص مبلغی که هر سال پرداخت می کنید) ، (بها) گرانتر و اضافی به خاطر یک سرویس ویژه یا کیفیت بالاتر ، درجه یک
premium
insurance premiums
……………………………………………………………………………………….
* Consumers are prepared to pay a premium for organically grown vegetables.
* Top quality cigars are being sold at a premium
* If you want a hotel room with an ocean view, there is a premium of $100 per night compared to a room with a city view.
* Movie theaters are charging a $3 premium for tickets to 3-D movies compared to ticket prices for normal 2-D movies.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
* premium ice cream
* premium quality
(adj) likely to do or say something or to behave in a particular way, especially because of a fault or natural tendency = likely
(adj) legally responsible for the cost of something
(adj) likely to be affected by a particular kind of problem, illness etc = prone
(adj) likely to be legally punished or forced to do something by law
محتمل بودن ( برای اتفاقات معمولا منفی ) ، مسئول پرداخت هزینه ای بودن، مستعد چیزی بودن ، مشمول مجازات قانونی بودن
liable
liable to do something
The car is liable to overheat on long trips.
………………………………………………………………………………………
liable for => people who are liable for income tax at a higher rate
……………………………………………………………………………………..
liable to => You’re more liable to injury when you don’t get regular exercise.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
liable to/for => Anyone found trespassing is liable to a maximum fine of $100.
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : liability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : liable
(n) the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time
(n) the action of spending or using time, money, energy etc
هزینه، صرف (زمان،پول،انرژی،…)
expenditure (on)
* expenditure on research and development
* huge cuts in public expenditure
………………………………………………………………………………………
expenditure the total amount of money that a government or person spends
expense the amount of money that you spend on something
spending the amount of money spent, especially by a government or organization
cost the amount of money you need to buy or do something.
outgoings the money that you have to spend regularly, for example on rent or food
charge the amount that you have to pay for a service or to use something
fee the amount you have to pay to enter a place or join a group, or for the services of a professional person such as a lawyer or a doctor
fare the amount you have to pay to travel somewhere by bus, plane, train etc
دوختن
sew, sewed, sewn or sewed
✅ فعل ( verb ) : sew
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : sewing
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : sewn
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
1
(n) any type of woven cloth that is made in large quantities – used especially by people in the business of making clothes etc
منسوجات - نساجی
حیوانات ( پشم و ابریشم) ، گیاهان ( پنبه ، کتان ، کنف ) ، مواد معدنی ( آزبست ، الیاف گلس ) و مصنوعی ( نایلون ، پلی استر و اکریلیک )هر نوع پارچه بافته شده ای که در مقادیر زیاد ساخته می شود - به ویژه توسط افرادی که در تجارت لباس و غیره استفاده می کنند
textile
Their main exports are textiles, especially silk and cotton.
textile industry/design/manufacture etc
textile design and technology
a textile mill
(v) to put used objects or materials through a special process so that they can be used again
بازیافت کردن
recycle
✅ فعل ( verb ) : recycle
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : recycling
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : recyclable / recycled / recycling
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : recyclingly
(n) the parts of plants that you eat but cannot digest. Fibre helps to keep you healthy by moving food quickly through your body
(n) a mass of threads used to make rope, cloth etc
فیبر(غذایی) ، الیاف
fiber or fibre
Fruit and vegetables are high in fibre content.
food that is high in dietary fibre
……………………………………………………………………………………
natural/synthetic مصنوعی/man-made etc fibre
Nylon is a man-made fibre.
fiber optics فیبر نوری
(n) cloth used for making clothes, curtains etc = material
(n) basic structure, way of life, relationships, and traditions of a society
پارچه، بافت و ساختار جامعه
fabric
our new range of fabrics and wallpapers
cotton/silk/syntheticمصنوعی etc fabric
……………………………………………………………………………………
* Drug abuse poses a major threat to the fabric of our society.
* The country’s social fabric is disintegrating.
وجدان
conscience
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : conscience / conscientiousness با وجدان و وظیفه شناسی
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : conscientious با وجدان و وظیفه شناس
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : conscientiously
(n) the amount of business done during a particular period
(n) the number of times a particular stock of goods is
sold and restocked during a given period of time
(n) the rate at which a particular kind of goods is sold
حجم و گردش معاملات ، گردش مالی ، گردش سهام
turnover
The illicit drugs industry has an annual turnover of some £200 billion.
turnover rose/fell => Turnover rose 9%.
………………………………………………………………………………………
However, even charities cannot keep up with the turnover of clothing and end up selling the excess for recycling or export
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Tri-Star’s fast turnover of stock
(n, v) (to use) a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc for a period of time, in return for rent
(n) sth is changed or repaired so that it can continue
اجاره(کردن) یا (دادن) ، زندگی جدیدی
lease (on)
They took out a lease on a seven-acre field.
The landlord refused to renew his lease.
The 99-year lease expired in 1999.
Do you understand all the terms of the lease?
I’m interested in leasing your cottage.
lease something from somebody
They lease the site from the council.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
a new lease of life زندگی جدیدی
Historic buildings can have a new lease of life through conversion.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : lease
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : lease
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : leased
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
…………………………………………………………………………………….
TO PAY MONEY TO USE SOMETHING
1. rent to pay money to use a house, room, vehicle, piece of equipment, area of land etc
* He rented a room in a house on the Old Kent Road.
* They flew out to New York and rented a car at the airport.
2. hire British English to pay money to use a car or a piece of clothing or equipment for a short period of time
* Why don’t we hire a van for the day?
* You can hire suits for weddings.
3. lease to have a legal agreement under which you pay money to a person or company in order to use a building, area of land, vehicle, piece of equipment etc for a fixed period of time
* They leased the offices from an American company.
* The car is leased from BMW.
…………………………………………………………………………………
TO ALLOW SOMEBODY TO USE SOMETHING FOR MONEY
1. rent/rent something out to allow someone to use a house, room, vehicle, piece of equipment, area of land etc in return for money
* She rents the flat out to students.
2. let/let something out to allow someone to use a room, house, building etc in return for money
* Some people don’t want to let rooms to foreigners.
* They let the house out while they were on holiday.
3. lease/lease something out to make a legal agreement which allows a person or company to use something that you own for a fixed period of time
* Santa Clara ‘ s Redevelopment Agency leased the existing city golf course to developers.
(adj) able to continue without causing damage to the environment
(adj) able to continue for a long time
sustainable
* The government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture.
* he sustainable use of rainforest resources
* Cycling is a totally sustainable form of transport.
* environmentally sustainable development
………………………………………………………………………………..
The party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic growth.
فعل ( verb ) : sustain
اسم ( noun ) : sustenance / sustainability
صفت ( adjective ) : sustainable
قید ( adverb ) : sustainably
……………………………………………………………………………………
sustain
1- to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time = maintain حفظ کردن
* She found it difficult to sustain the children’s interest.
* He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.
* the policies necessary to sustain economic growth
2- to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of money متحمل شدن آسیب یا از دست دادن پول
* Two of the firefighters sustained serious injuries.
* Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage.
* The company has sustained heavy financial losses this year.
3- make a person, animal, or plant able to continue living
They gave me barely enough food to sustain me
……………………………………………………………………………….
sustenance
1- food that people or animals need in order to live امرارمعاش ، غذایی که مردم یا حیوانات برای زندگی به آن نیاز دارند
Without sustenance, the animals will soon die.
Potatoes were their only means of sustenance.
2- when something is made to continue حفظ
Elections are necessary for the sustenance of democracy.
1
(n) قبر
(adj) very bad or serious(problems, situations, or worries) جدی = serious => جاش استفاده کنیم
grave
grave danger/concern/doubts/ problems/ situations/worries/consequences/mistake/risk/
threat
The situation is becoming very grave.
(n) رمان
(adj) not like anything known before, and unusual or interesting
نو ظهور و جدید
novel
novel idea/approach/method/way/ suggestion etc
syn= fresh, new, original
(adj) very unusual or remarkable
خارق العاده
extraordinary
extraordinaire => used, often humorously, to describe someone who is very good at doing something
syn= amazing, astonishing, unexpected
(v) to get rid of something = throw away
دور انداختن
discard
* Discard any old cleaning materials.
* discarded paper
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : discarded
syn= cast off, get rid of, throw away
1
(v) to repair a tear or hole in a piece of clothing, or to repair something that is broken or not working
تعمیر کردن
mend
My father used to mend our shoes.
Tim can mend any broken toy.
syn= fix, patch up, repair
(adj) sth with a mark on something, especially one that cannot be removed, or to be marked in this way
لکه دار شده
stained
✅ فعل ( verb ) : stain
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : stain
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : stained
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
syn= blemished, marked, tainted
(adj) near or around a particular place
محیط
surrounding
* He switched on the light and examined his surroundings.
* I need to work in pleasant surroundings.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : surround
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : surroundings / surround
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : surrounding
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
syn= encircling, enfolding, enveloping
surround= to be all around someone or something on every side
encircle= to surround someone or something completely
enfold= to cover or surround someone or something completely
envelop= to cover or wrap something or someone up completely
enclose = to surround something, especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate
encompass = to completely cover or surround something
(v) make (something unpleasant or intense) less serious or severe
(v) to make a process happen more easily=MAKE EASIER => خیلی رایج نیست
ease
ease the pain/stress/tension
He’ll give you something to ease the pain.
ease the pressure/burden/problem
This should ease the burden on busy teachers.
measures to ease congestion in the city
……………………………………………………………………………….
The agreement will ease the way for other countries to join the EU
syn= alleviate, lessen, relieve
alleviate= to make something less painful or difficult to deal with
alleviate the problem/situation/suffering etc
- a new medicine to alleviate the symptoms of flu
- measures to alleviate poverty
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : alleviation
(n) a group of organizations, clubs, or people that have joined together to form a single group
فدراسیون
federation
✅ فعل ( verb ) : federate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : federation / federalist / federalism
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : federal / federated
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : federally
1
(n) a piece of clothing
لباس ( مخصوصا وقتی صحبت در مورد تولید، خرید و یا فروش است. )
garment
* She pulled the garment on and zipped it up.
garment industry/factory/district etc
* She works in the garment district of Manhattan. outer/upper garment
* The outer garment was a loose-fitting robe.
(n) an animal that kills and eats other animals
حیوان شکارچی
predator
apex predator = a predator that is at the top of a food chain
ant= prey
(n) a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result relating to politics or business, or a social improvement
1. marketing materials and public actions that are intended to persuade people to buy, use, or support a product, service, or cause
2. to promote your candidacy as you run for a political office
کمپین
campaign
an advertising campaign
campaign for/against
a campaign for equal rights
Jones ran a good campaign.
Police have launched a campaign to crack down on drug dealers.
launch/mount a campaign (=begin a campaign)
run/wage/conduct a campaign (=carry out a campaign)
✅ فعل ( verb ) : campaign
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : campaign / campaigner
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : campaign
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc
(v,n) to sit or stand in a particular position in order to be photographed or painted, or to make someone do this
- ایجاد مشکل کردن
- ژست ( گرفتن ) برای عکس یا خودنمایی
pose
pose a threat/danger/risk/problem/difficulties/ challenge/dilemma
Officials claim the chemical poses no real threat.
pose something to/for somebody/something
* The events pose a challenge to the church’s leadership.
* Rising unemployment is posing serious problems for the administration.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
We posed for photographs.
غواص-شیرجه زن
diver
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dive
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dive / diver
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : diving
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(n) something or someone that is dangerous = threat
(v) to threaten
(n) a threatening quality, feeling, or way of behaving
تهدید (کردن)
menace
menace of =>It’s the only way to deal with the menace of drug dealing.
menace to => That man’s a menace to society. He should be locked away.
the growing menace of oil pollution at sea
a menace to society
……………………………………………………………………………………
The elephants are still menaced by poachers.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
There was menace in his voice.
air/sense of menace
* He had a slight air of menace which made me uneasy.
* He spoke with a hint of menace.
باله عمودی ماهی ها یا هواپیما
fin
(v) to gently cook food, especially fish, in a small amount of boiling water, milk etc
(v) to illegally catch or shoot animals, birds, or fish, especially on private land without permission
شکار کردن غیر قانونی ، پختن غذا در مایع
poach
Poach the salmon in white wine and water.
……………………………………………………………………………….
Deer have been poached here for years.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : poach
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : poaching / poacher
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : poached
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
گونه های جانوری
species
(v) to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want
(v) to make someone feel worried and not confident
ترساندن
intimidate
intimidate somebody into doing something
* They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.
* Attempts to intimidate her failed.
…………………………………………………………………………
The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : intimidate
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : intimidation
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : intimidated / intimidating
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : -
syn= frighten, scare
(adj) easily broken or damaged
شکننده
fragile
syn= delicate, easily broken, frail
(n) a person, thing, or situation that annoys you or causes problems
مزاحمت ، مزاحم
nuisance
a real/awful/terrible etc nuisance
The dogs next door are a real nuisance.
public nuisance = an act that is illegal because it interferes with the rights of the public generally.
syn= annoyance, bother
(n) a large area that is different from other areas around it in some way
zone
* a danger zone
* a war/battle/combat zone
* an earthquake zone (=where earthquakes are quite likely to happen)
* a disaster zone
* an economic zone (=an area with special trade or tax conditions)
* an enterprise zone (=where businesses are encouraged)
* a no-parking zone
* a pedestrian zone (=where no vehicles are allowed)
* a demilitarized zone (=where soldiers and military activities are not allowed)
* a no-fly zone (=an area that aircraft are not allowed to fly in)
* a nuclear-free/smoke-free etc zone (=where nuclear weapons, smoking etc is not allowed)
* set up/establish/create a zone
* enter a zone
syn= area, region
(adj) violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically
(adj) very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someone’s feelings or make their character seem bad
(adj) unpleasantly strong or severe
شرور، آسیب زننده به احساسات یا شخصیت، به طور ناخوشایند قوی یا شدید
vicious
a vicious murder/killer
Keep away from that dog, he can be vicious.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Sarah can be quite vicious at times.
She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
a vicious gust of wind
a vicious headache
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : viciousness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vicious
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : viciously
syn= mean, fierce
(adj) behaving in an angry threatening way, as if you want to fight or attack someone
تهاجمی یا پرخاشگرانه
aggressive
* Jim’s voice became aggressive.
* Teachers apparently expect a certain amount of aggressive behaviour from boys.
فعل ( verb ) : aggress
اسم ( noun ) : aggression / aggressiveness
صفت ( adjective ) : aggressive
قید ( adverb ) : aggressively
syn= forceful, violent
(adv) very rarely or almost never
به ندرت
seldom
syn= hardly ever, rarely
(n) a feeling of liking or love and caring
علاقه یا محبت
affection
Bart had a deep affection for the old man.
She looked back on those days with affection.
Their father never showed them much affection.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : affection
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : affectionate
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : affectionately
syn= fondness, love
(adj) causing a lot of destruction, suffering, or death
(adj) extremely bad
مصیبت بار - فاجعه آمیز
catastrophic
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : catastrophe فاجعه = a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, suffering, or death = disaster
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : catastrophic
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : catastrophically
syn= disastrous, terrible
(v) to break something such as corn or coffee beans into small pieces or powder, either in a machine or between two hard surfaces, or to cut food, especially raw meat, into very small pieces by putting it through a machine
(v) to stop gradually (vehicle, a country, organization, or process)
آسیاب یا چرخ کردن (مواد غذایی) ، به تدریج متوقف شدن
grind (up), ground (up), ground (up)
freshly ground pepper
ground beef
……………………………………………………………………………………..
grind to a halt به تدریج متوقف شدن
Traffic ground to a halt as it approached the accident site.
After two days the talks had ground to a halt.
1
(adj) used to emphasize that something is very heavy, large, a lot amount
زیاد بزرگ سنگین
sheer
the sheer weight/size/amount/volume/number etc of
sheer luxury/madness of
(adv) to or in a foreign country that is across the sea = abroad
(adj) coming from, existing in, or happening in a foreign country that is across the sea
خارج از کشور
overseas
* Chris is going to work overseas.
* Most applications came from overseas.
* Many species of birds migrate overseas to find food during the winter.
………………………………………………………………………….
* overseas students/aid/travel
* overseas investment
(v) to control or limit something in order to prevent it from having a harmful effect = hold back
(n) an influence which helps to control or limit something
(مهار کردن(کنترل یا محدود کردن چیزی به منظور جلوگیری از تأثیر مضر آن
curb
* measures to curb the spread of the virus
* In an effort to save the firm money, the executives were required to curb their expenses, especially when traveling.
* curbed their excesses
* curb tax evasion
* curb the growth
* curb its activities.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
curb on => We are trying to keep a curb on their activities.
جزر و مد
tide
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : tide
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : tidal
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
1
(adj) small and not very important(action, change etc), and is usually only done so that someone can pretend that they are dealing with a problem
کوچک و نه چندان مهم
token
The government thinks it can get away with token gestures on environmental issues.
The troops in front of us either surrendered or offered only token (= not much) resistance.
واحد پول
currency
foreign/local/strong currency
(n) a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas = MATERIAL
ماده
substance
- The leaves were covered with a strange sticky substance.
- dangerous/toxic/hazardous/poisonous etc substance
- harmful substances in the atmosphere
(n) the range of things that a subject, activity, book etc deals with
محدوده ، دامنه
scope
scope of
the need to define the scope of the investigation
measures to limit the scope of criminals’ activities
scope of possibilities
beyond/outside/within the scope of something
A full discussion of that issue is beyond the scope of this book.
widen/broaden/extend etc the scope of something
Let us extend the scope of the study to examine more factors.
narrow/limit etc the scope of something
The court’s ruling narrowed the scope of the affirmative action program.
limited/wider etc in scope
His efforts were too limited in scope to have much effect.
The police are broadening the scope of their investigation.
Britney severely limited the scope of the biography being written about her.
Teaching ESL to immigrants falls within the scope of adult literacy.
(n) a hollow area in the surface of something, usually made by something hitting it
(v) hit or press it so that its surface is bent inwards
(n) a reduction in the amount of something
فرورفتگی ، فرورفته کردن، کاهش در مقدار
dent
dent in => There was a large dent in the passenger door.
……………………………………………………………………………….
No one was injured, but the car was scratched and dented.
………………………………………………………………………………..
dent in
The trip made a big dent in our savings.
Eight years of effort have hardly put a dent in drug trafficking.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
(v) to remove something that has been written down or stored in a computer
delete
His name was deleted from the list.
I deleted the file by mistake.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : delete
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : deletion
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : deleted
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
……………………………………………………………………………..
remove to take something away from, out of, or off the place where it is, or to get rid of something so that it does not exist any longer
get rid of somebody/something to remove someone or something that you do not want.
eliminate to completely get rid of something that you do not want, especially because it is unnecessary or causing problems
eradicate to completely get rid of a disease or a problem
erase to remove recorded sounds or pictures from a tape, or writing from paper
cut to remove a part from a film, book, speech etc
(n) a new and clever idea or product
اختراع
invention
✅ فعل ( verb ) : invent
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : invention / inventor / inventiveness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : inventive
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : inventively
(n) a large building for storing a large quantity of goods = storehouse
انبار
warehouse
warehousing = the business or practice of storing large quantities of goods, especially in warehouses انبارداری
(n) when you get rid of something, especially something that is difficult to get rid of
دفع
disposal
* safe/illegal disposal.
* waste disposal (=getting rid of unwanted materials or substances)
* refuse disposal formal (also rubbish disposal British English, garbage disposal American English) (=getting rid of things people throw out of houses, shops etc)
* sewage disposal (=getting rid of waste water and waste products from toilets etc)
……………………………………………………………………………….
* a disposal site (=place to put waste and rubbish)
* a disposal facilities
* a disposal problem
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dispose of
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : disposal
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : disposable / disposed
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(adj) extremely unpleasant = terrible = bad, horrible
وحشتناک (فوق العاده ناخوشایند)
dreadful
✅ فعل ( verb ) : dread
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : dread
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : dreadful / dreaded
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : dreadfully
………………………………………………………………………………….
dread
(v) to feel anxious or worried about something that is going to happen or may happen
(n) a strong fear of something that is going to happen or may happen
(n) the land along the edge of a large area of water such as an ocean or lake
ساحل
shore
shore the area of sand, mud, or low land along the edge of the sea, a lake etc
coast the land next to the sea
beach an area of sand or small stones at the edge of the sea
offshore => in or under the sea and not far from the coast
(v) to plan, organize, and begin an event or a course of action
(v) to increase gradually in amount or degree
برپا کردن ، افزایش یافتن
mount
The National Gallery mounted an exhibition of Danish painting.
mount a campaign/challenge/search/protest rescue/production etc
Friends of the Earth are mounting a campaign to monitor the illegal logging of trees.
mount an assault/attack
Guerrillas have mounted an attack on the capital.
………………………………………………………………………………….
* Tension here is mounting, as we await the final result.
* Casualties on both sides of the battle have continued to mount.
* mounting numbers/ evidence/ criticism / pressure
(adj) dangerous, especially to people’s health or safety
خطرناک
hazardous
hazardous ……..
hazardous to ……..
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : hazard
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : hazardous
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : hazardously
(v) to make cloth, a carpet, a basket etc by crossing threads or thin pieces under and over each other by hand or on a loom
(v) to put many different ideas, subjects, stories etc together and connect them smoothly
بافتن (پارچه،فرش،داستان،ایده،موضوع) ، به هم تنیده شدن
weave, wove, woven
hand-woven scarves
Only a few of the women still weave.
……………………………………………………………………………
She weaves a complicated plot of romance and intrigue.
weave something together به هم تنیده شدن
the complex patterns which evolve when individuals’ lives are woven together
✅ فعل ( verb ) : weave
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : weaver
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : woven
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(v) to avoid obeying a rule, system, or someone in an official position
(n) (to go) a road that goes around a town or other busy area rather than through it
=go around
دور زدن(یک قانون، سیستم یا شخصی که در یک موقعیت رسمی قرار دارد) ، جاده کمربندی ( کنارگذر ) (رفتن)
bypass
Francis bypassed his manager and wrote straight to the director.
= circumvent
(n) a punishment for breaking a law, rule, or legal agreement
جریمه - کیفر-مجازات
penalty
Withdrawing the money early will result in a 10% penalty.
penalty for
The penalty for a first offense is a fine.
severe/stiff/heavy/tough/harsh penalty
Drug dealers face severe penalties.
If he is convicted, he could receive the death penalty (=be killed as a punishment).
a financial penalty
impose a penalty
face a penalty
✅ فعل ( verb ) : penalize = to punish someone or treat them unfairly جریمه و مجازات کردن
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : penalty
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : penalty
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(n) the state of being responsible for the effects of your actions and willing to explain or be criticized for them
مسئولیت پذیری و پاسخگویی
accountability
* There were furious demands for greater police accountability.
* Accountability is important these days, and managers aren’t always willing to adopt risky strategies.
* held accountablity
* social accountability
………………………………………………………………………………….
accountable مسئولیت پذیر و پاسخگو
responsible for the effects of your actions and willing to explain or be criticized for them
* accountable to
* The government should be accountable to all the people of the country.
* accountable for
* Managers must be accountable for their decisions.
* The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it gives.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : account (for)
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : accountability
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : accountabe
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
(adj) unclear because someone does not give enough detailed information or does not say exactly what they mean
مبهم
vague
The governor gave only a vague outline of his tax plan.
vague about
Julia was vague about where she had been and what she had been doing.
✅ فعل ( verb ) :
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : vagueness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : vague
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
= obscure
(n) calm sensible controlled behaviour, especially in a situation when it is difficult to stay calm = self-control
(n) a rule or principle that limits what people can do
(n) physical force that is used to hold someone back, especially because they are likely to be violent
خویشتنداری ، محدودیت(قانون یا اصول اخلاقی) ، مانع
restraint
The police were praised for their restraint in handling the demonstrators.
show/exercise restraint
He urged the millions of protesters to exercise restraint.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
restraint on
Opposition politicians have called for restraints on public spending.
The government has imposed restraints on corporate mergers.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Sometimes police officers have to use physical restraint to control dangerous prisoners.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : restrain
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : restraint
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : restrained خویشتندار ≠ unrestrained
✅️ قید ( adverb ) :
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
restrain
1. to stop someone from doing something, often by using physical force جلوی کسی از انجام کاری را گرفتن
* restrain somebody from doing something
* I had to restrain her from running out into the street.
* He had to be restrained from using violence.
- to control your own emotions or behaviour کنترل احساسات یا رفتار را گرفتن
* Renwick restrained a feeling of annoyance.
* restrain yourself (from doing something)
* She could barely restrain herself from hitting him. - to control or limit something that is increasing too muchکنترل یا محدود کردن چیزی که بیش از حد در حال افزایش است
* Price rises should restrain consumer spending.
(v) to try very hard to do sth
تلاش کردن
endeavour - endeavor
he is endeavouring to help the Third World
1
(v) to become worse, or to become something bad instead of something good
degenerate
Relations between the two countries have degenerated.
degenerate into => The conference degenerated into a complete fiasco.
The debate degenerated into an argument between the two sides.
(n) degeneration
(v) to surprise someone very much
شگفت زده کردن
astonish
* I was astonished by how much she’d grown.
* What astonished me was that he didn’t seem to mind.
فعل ( verb ) : astonish
اسم ( noun ) : astonishment
صفت ( adjective ) : astonishing / astonished
قید ( adverb ) : astonishingly
syn=amaze, surprise, stun, shock
to start a process or series of events that will continue for some time
set/put something in motion
The Church voted to set in motion the process allowing women to be priests.
Once the house had been sold, Jane set the wheels in motion (=started the process) to find somewhere smaller to live.
(v) to make something less painful or difficult to deal with
alleviate
alleviate the problem/situation/suffering etc
a new medicine to alleviate the symptoms of flu
measures to alleviate poverty
—alleviation /əˌliːviˈeɪʃən/ noun [uncountable]
(n) a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly
glimpse
glimpse of => They caught a glimpse of a dark green car.
brief/fleeting/quick glimpse (=a very short look)
We only had a fleeting glimpse of the river.
(v) to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining
(v) to remain alive or continue to exist for a long time
endure
It seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain.
endure doing something
He can’t endure being apart from me.
In everyday English, people usually say stand rather than endure:
I couldn’t stand the pain.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
friendships which endure over many years
✅ فعل ( verb ) : endure
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : endurance
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : enduring / endurable
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : enduringly
(v) to copy something exactly
(v) to repeat something in exactly the same way
duplicate
New copies of the form can be duplicated from a master copy.
The video was duplicated illegally.
…………………………………………………………………………
We don’t want staff to duplicate each other’s work.
(n) duplication
(v) if you …….. someone’s work, a scientific study etc, you do it again, or try to get the same result again
(v) if a virus or a molecule …….., or if it replicates itself, it divides and produces exact copies of itself
replicate
There is a need for further research to replicate these findings.
………………………………………….
the ability of DNA to replicate itself
(n) replication
(v) to spread an idea, belief etc to many people
(v) if you ……….. plants, or if they ………, they start to grow from a parent plant to produce new plants قلمه زدن
(v) if an animal, insect etc ………… itself or is …………, it increases in number = reproduce
propagate
The group launched a website to propagate its ideas.
………………………………………………………………….
Propagate your plants in fresh soil.
………………………………………………….
(n) propagation
(n) a strong pleasant smell
aroma
the aroma of fresh coffee
2
(adj) serious and strict, and showing strong disapproval of someone’s behaviour
stern
sterner penalties for drug offences
stern look/voice/expression etc
‘Wait!’ I shouted in my sternest voice.
stern warning/rebuke
His actions have earned him stern rebukes from human rights organizations.
sternly adverb
sternness noun
1
(n) worry that is caused by having to deal with a problem or work too hard over a long period of time = stress = tension
(n) a difficulty or problem that is caused when a person, relationship, organization, or system has too much to do or too many problems to deal with = difficulty = pressure
strain
I couldn’t look after him anymore; the strain was too much for me.
the stresses and strains of police life
strain for
The trial has been a terrible strain for both of us.
strain on
It’s quite a strain on me when he’s drinking heavily.
put/place a strain on somebody
The long working hours put a severe strain on employees.
under (a) strain
I know you’ve been under a lot of strain lately.
crack/collapse/buckle etc under the strain (=become unable to deal with a problem or work)
I could see that she was beginning to crack under the strain.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
strain on
The dry summer has further increased the strain on water resources.
put/place (a) strain on something
The flu epidemic has put a huge strain on the health service.
strain in
The attack has led to strains in the relationship between the two countries.
under (a) strain
His marriage was under strain.
break/crack/collapse etc under the strain
The party split under the strain.
(v) to tell someone that they are not allowed to do something, or that something is not allowed = permit
منع کردن
forbid, forbade, forbidden
forbid somebody to do something
He was forbidden to leave the house, as a punishment.
forbid somebody from doing something
Women are forbidden from going out without a veil.
strictly/expressly/explicitly etc forbid
The law strictly forbids racial or sexual discrimination.
In everyday English, people usually say that someone is not allowed to do something rather than is forbidden to do something
(v, usually passive) to say that an action is illegal or not allowed = ban, forbid
ممنوع کردن
prohibit
Smoking is strictly prohibited inside the factory.
be prohibited from doing something
They are prohibited from revealing details about the candidates.
1
(n) someone’s home – sometimes used humorously
abode
Welcome to my humble abode.
a homeless person with no fixed abode (=no permanent home)
2
(v) to make something more beautiful by adding decorations to it = decorate
(v) to make a story or statement more interesting by adding details that are not true = embroider
embellish
embellish something with something
The dress was embellished with gold threads.
……………………………………………………………………………….
She gave an embellished account of what had happened.
1
(adj) worried or nervous about something that you are going to do, or about the future
نگران بودن از اتفاقی که قراره انجام بدیم یا قراره رخ بده
apprehensive
apprehensive about/of
We’d been a little apprehensive about their visit.
apprehensive that
I was apprehensive that something would go wrong.
Some had apprehensive looks on their faces.
………. people or things have always been in the place where they are, rather than being brought there from somewhere else = native
بومی
indigenous
Blueberries are indigenous to America.
the many indigenous cultures which existed in Siberia
(n) a small mark or flaw which spoils the appearance of something.
(v) spoil the appearance or quality of (something).
عیب یا لکه(دار کردن)
blemish
the girl’s hands were without a blemish
…………………………………………………………………….
his reign as world champion has been blemished by controversy
(v) to surround someone or something completely
احاطه کردن
encircle
The island was encircled by a dusty road.
(n) encirclement
(v) to cover or surround someone or something completely
enfold
The wizard screamed as the darkness enfolded him.
He reached out to enfold her in his arms.
(v) to cover or wrap something or someone up completely
envelop
envelop in
mountain peaks enveloped in mist
the enveloping darkness
(v) to put something inside an envelope as well as a letter
(v, usuallu passive) to surround something, especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate
enclose
Please enclose a cheque with your order.
please find enclosed (=used in business letters to say that you are sending something with a letter)
Please find enclosed an agenda for the meeting.
………………………………………………………………
The pool area is enclosed by a six-foot wall.
an enclosed area
(v) to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc
(v) to completely cover or surround something
شامل بودن-در بر گرفتن
encompass
The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.
………………………………………………………….
The houses encompassed about 100 square metres.
(adj) living in the water
آبزی
aquatic
(n) a large number, a collection (a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive)
مجموعه-طیف
array
a dazzling array of flowers
a bewildering array of options
a vast/impressive/wide array
There was a vast array of colours to choose from.
(v) cause to cover a wider area; make larger
1. to continue for a longer period of time, or to make something last longer
2. to continue for a particular distance or over a particular area
3. to make a room, building, road etc bigger or longer
4. to affect or include people, things, or places, or to make something affect more people, situations, areas etc than before
توسعه دادن، گسترش
extend
something last longer
Management have agreed to extend the deadline.
extend for/into/over etc
Some of our courses extend over two years.
extend something for/by/until something
The government has extended the ban on the import of beef until June.
……………………….
across/over/through etc
The River Nile extends as far south as Lake Victoria.
extend 100 km/30 yards etc (from something)
The shelf extends 20 cms from the bookcase.
……………………………..
We plan to extend the kitchen by six feet.
…………………………………………
extend to/beyond etc
My duties at the school extend beyond just teaching.
The vote was extended to all women aged 21 and over in 1928.
British Coal is planning to extend its operations in Wales.
extend something to somebody/something
We can extend our insurance cover to travel abroad.
(v) to cut down a tree
قطع کردن
fell
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
(adj) many, numerous
بی شمار
myriad
the myriad causes of homelessness
a myriad
We were plagued by a myriad tiny flies.
1
(adj) living on the land
زمینی
terrestrial
(v) to think about something that you might do in the future SYN consider
(v) to think about something seriously for a period of time SYN consider
contemplate
He had even contemplated suicide.
contemplate doing something
Did you ever contemplate resigning?
……………………………………..
Jack went on vacation to contemplate his future.
contemplate what/whether/how etc
She sat down and contemplated what she had done.
contemplate your navel (=think so much about your own life that you do not notice other important things – used humorously)
فعل ( verb ) : contemplate
اسم ( noun ) : contemplation
صفت ( adjective ) : contemplative
قید ( adverb ) : contemplatively
(adj) directly relating to something that is being considered SYN relevant
مناسب و مربوط
pertinent
He asked me a lot of very pertinent questions.
pertinent to
The last point is particularly pertinent to today’s discussion.
—pertinently adverb
—pertinence noun [uncountable]
(Phrasal verb) to manage (to be able to live or deal with a situation with difficulty, usually by having just enough of something you need, such as money)
سر کردن
get by
My French isn’t good, but it’s enough to get by. (= enough to manage)
get by on
How can he get by on so little money?
get by with
We can get by with four computers at the moment, but we’ll need a couple more when the new staff arrive.
(Phrasal verbs) to visit somebody at home without arranging to do this
یه سر زدن
drop in/by
I dropped in to see Chris on my way home
Drop in whenever you’re in the neighborhood.
(Phrasal verb) stop before you have completely finished college / university / a course / a race (to not do something that you were going to do, or to stop doing something before you have completely finished)
ترک کردن کالج / دانشگاه / یک دوره / یک مسابقه
drop out
Gary went to university but dropped out aft er a year.
drop out of
He dropped out of the race after two laps.
(Phrasal verb) avoid doing sth that you arranged to do
پیچوندن یا زیر انجام کاری زدن
get out of something that you arranged to do
promised I’d go to the wedding. I don’t want to go, but I can’t get out of it now.
(Phrasal verb) omit it, not include it
leave out
In the sentence ‘She said that she was ill’, you can leave out the word ‘that’.
(Phrasal verb)(often passive) deceive somebody
گول زدن و فریب دادن
take in
The man said he was a policeman and I believed him. I was completely taken in.
(Phrasal verb)extinguish something that is burning.
put out = extinguish
I put the fire out with a fire extinguisher.
(Phrasal verb) be used up (to finish, use, or sell all of something, so that there is none left)
تمام شدن مقدار چیزی
run out
We ran out of petrol on the motorway.
(Phrasal verb) cancel a planned event or agreement.
لغو کردن یک برنامه
call off
The concert in the park had to be called off because of the weather.
Union leaders called the strike off at the last minute.
(Phrasal verb) postpone or delay something(to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date)
(Phrasal verb) cause someone to lose interest or enthusiasm.
عقب انداختن - منصرف کردن
put off
The meeting has been put off for a week.
[ + -ing verb ] I can’t put off going to the dentist any longer.
………………………………………………………………..
put somebody off (doing) something so that they don’t want it or want to do it any more
We wanted to go to the exhibition, but we were put off by the long queue.
(= we didn’t go because of the long queue)
What put you off applying for the job? Was the salary too low?
= postponeوdeferوdelay = hold off
(Phrasal verb) start a journy
راه افتادن
set off
We set off early to avoid the traffic. (= We left early)
(phrasal verb) go with them to the airport/station to say goodbye
بدرقه کردن
see somebody off
Helen was going away. We went to the station with her to see her off.
(phrasal verb) become fatter or heavier= gain weight
وزن اضافه کردن و چاق شدن
put on weight = gain weight
I’ve put on two kilos in the last month.
(phrasal verb) fall asleep
3تا
doze off / drop off / nod off
I dozed off during the lecture. It was very boring.
(phrasal verb) reject something offered or proposed.
turn down
I applied for several jobs, but I was turned down for all of them.
Rachel was offered the job, but she decided to turn it down.
(phrasal verb) occupy time, space, or attention
اشغال کردن
take up
Most of the space in the room was taken up by a large table.
(phrasal verb) tolerate or endure something
تحمل کردن
put up with
We live on a busy road, so we have to put up with a lot of noise from the traffic.
(adj) extremely large or great = enormous
immense
There is still an immense amount of work to be done.
The benefits are immense.
a project of immense importance
To my immense relief, he didn’t notice my mistake.
✅ فعل ( verb ) : _
✅️ اسم ( noun ) : immensity / immenseness
✅️ صفت ( adjective ) : immense
✅️ قید ( adverb ) : immensely
(phrasal verb) to become friendly with or spend time with someone
(phrasal verb) to begin discussing a subject with someone
1- با کسی پلکیدن ( معمولا با افراد منفی )
2- چیزی را با کسی در میان گذاشتن ، چیزی را با کسی مطرح کردن
take up with
She’s recently taken up with a strange group of people.
…………………………………………..
You’ll have to take this up with the head of the department.
(phrasal verb) to arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned
سر و کله پیدا شدن، ظاهر شدن، حاضر شدن
turn up
Do you think many people will turn up?
She turned up at my house late one night.
all the missing documents had turned up
(phrasal verb) to begin to do something or deal with something
شروع به انجام کاری یا پرداختن به چیزی
go about
What’s the best way of going about this?
[ + -ing verb ] How can we go about solving this problem?
(phrasal verb) اشاره کردن به
حالا چه با دست و چه مترادف
= mention something in order to give somebody information about it or make them notice it
point out
She tried in vain to point out to him the unfairness of his actions.
He pointed out the dangers of driving alone.
As you so rightly pointed out, our funds are not unlimited.
point out (to somebody) that…
I should point out that not one of these paintings is original.
وقتی صحبت از. . . میشه
when it comes (down) to ….., ………….
We know we should cut down on fat but that doesn’t help when it comes to eating.
However, when it comes down to somebody that they know, they have a different feeling
diurnal
Unlike most other bats, this species is diurnal.
(of animals) active during the day
(از جانوران) فعال در روز
nocturnal
owls and other nocturnal creatures
These animals are strictly nocturnal.
These insects are largely nocturnal.
(of animals) active at night
(از حیوانات) فعال در شب
imperative
imperative (that…)
It is absolutely imperative that we finish by next week.
imperative (to do something)
It is imperative to continue the treatment for at least two months.
……………………………………………………………………….
the economic imperative of quality education for all
the biological imperatives that guide male and female behaviour
(adj) [not usually before noun] (formal) very important and needing immediate attention or action = vital
(n) a priority, an ergent need
ضروری
sparse
a sparse population/audience
sparse vegetation/woodland/rainfall
a sparse beard
Information coming out of the disaster area is sparse.
(adv) sparsely
(adj) small in numbers or amount, often spread over a large area
petal
گلبرگ
fungus (fangi جمع)
قارچ
twig
شاخه کوچک
horticulture
باغبانی علمی
plough
(شخم (زدن
sow
Sow the seeds in rows.
بذر افشاندن
vicious circle
چرخه معیوب
centerpiece
The reduction of crime levels is the centrepiece of the president’s domestic policies.
The centrepiece of the shopping centre is a giant fountain.
(n) the main or most important part or feature of something
رکن اصلی یا گل سر سبد
clog
clog something (up) (with something)
The narrow streets were clogged with traffic.
Cholesterol clogs the arteries and makes them narrower.
The wheels got clogged up with mud.
clog (up) (with something)
Within a few years the pipes began to clog up.
(v) to block something or to become blocked so that movement or activity is difficult:
pedestrian
Two pedestrians were injured when the car skidded.
a pedestrian walkway/bridge
The purpose of the project is to improve pedestrian safety.
عابر پیاده
ant = motorist
hamper
High winds hampered the rescue attempt.
Our efforts were severely hampered by a lack of money.
This has hampered the growth of the export market.
(v) to prevent somebody from easily doing or achieving something; get in the way
با مشکل مواجه کردن (سخت کردن کارها؛ سر راه قرار گرفتن)
(v) goods that are transported by ships, planes, trains or lorries; the system of transporting goods in this way
بار
freight
to send goods by air freight
a freight business
passenger and freight transportation services
(v) to get used to a new place, situation or climate
acclimate ( UK: acclimatize)
Competitors should arrive two weeks earlier to get acclimated to the sweltering heat.
this should help new students acclimate to college life
