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BIOL 140 > The Muscular System: CHP 6 > Flashcards

The Muscular System: CHP 6 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 functions of the muscular system.

A
  1. Body movement
  2. Regulate organ volume
  3. Heat Production
  4. Stabilize body positions
  5. Move substances in the body
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2
Q

How much of the body mass do muscles make up?

A

40-50%

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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4
Q

Which types of muscle are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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5
Q

What is skeletal muscle responsible for?

A

Body movements (voluntary/involuntary)

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6
Q

What is cardiac muscle responsible for?

A

Generation of force to pump blood

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7
Q

What is a unique ability of the cardiac muscle?

A

The ability to contract without oversight from the nervous system (autorhythmic)

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8
Q

What is smooth muscle responsible for?

A

Moving substances in the body and regulating organ volume.

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9
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Hollow body organ walls (stomach, uterus), attached to skin/hair follicles

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10
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle.

A

Smaller cell size
Single nucleus
Spindle shaped
No T-tubules
Irregular filament arrangement

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11
Q

Which muscle tissues are completely involuntary?

A

Cardiac and smooth

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12
Q

How does cardiac muscle communicate?

A

Through gap junctions in intercalated discs

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13
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

The junction of two adjoining cardiac cells

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14
Q

What do cardiac cells look like?

A

Branched

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15
Q

What are pacemaker cells?

A

Heart muscle cells

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16
Q

How many twitch contractions does cardiac muscle have per minute?

A

70-80 per min

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17
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Connections that mechanically bind cells like velcro

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18
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Connections that mechanically bind cells to the basement membrane

19
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A building block of muscle fibers

20
Q

What is thin filament made of?

A

Actin protein

21
Q

What is thick filament made of?

A

Myosin protein

22
Q

What is a z disc?

A

The boundary of a sarcomere unit

23
Q

Explain the relationship between perimysium, endomysium, and epimysium.

A

All are a connective tissue. The epimysium surrounds the muscle, the perimysium surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers, the endomysium surrounds each muscle fiber.

24
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of muscle cells/fibers wrapped in connective tissue.

25
Q

True or False: Skeletal muscle is multinucleated.

A

True

26
Q

What is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle tissue called?

A

Sarcolemma

27
Q

What does the sarcolemma form?

A

T-tubules (transverse)

28
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle called?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Serves a calcium reservoir, located near the T-tubules

30
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

Threadlike proteins that allow muscle fibers to shorten

31
Q

Explain the function of a joint.

A

A joint is 2 bones, working together for movement. One bone is stationary and the other is moveable.

32
Q

What is the origin of the muscle?

A

The end of the muscle attached to the stationary bone

33
Q

What is the insertion of the muscle?

A

The end of the muscle attached to the moveable bone

34
Q

What is the belly of the muscle?

A

The part of the muscle between origin and insertion tendons (middle)

35
Q

How do muscles work?

A

In antagonistic pairs, opposing

36
Q

What does the agonist do?

A

Starts the desired action or movement

37
Q

What does the synergist do?

A

Reduces unnecessary movements to help agonist function efficiently

38
Q

What do the fixators do?

A

Stabilize the bones to allow the agonist to move other bones more efficiently

39
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A

Insufficient ATP
Depleted creatine or glycogen
Inadequate delivery of oxygen to muscle
Lactic acid buildup

40
Q

Describe the first 3 steps of Excitation/Contraction Coupling.

A
  1. Nerve impulses arrive @ axon terminal of motor neuron & trigger ACh release.
  2. ACh diffuses synaptic cleft, binds to receptors, & triggers muscle action potential (AP).
  3. Acetylcholinesterase destroys ACh so another muscle action potential does not arise unless ACh is released from motor neuron.
41
Q

Describe steps 4-6 of Excitation/Contraction Coupling.

A
  1. Muscle AP traveling along transverse tubule opens Ca+ release channels in SR membrane, allowing calcium ions to flood sarcoplasm.
  2. Ca2+ binds to troponin on the thin filaments, exposing binding sites for myosin.
  3. Contraction: power strokes use ATP, myosin heads bind to actin, swivel, and release. Thin filaments are pulled toward the center or sarcomere.
42
Q

Describe steps 7-9 of Excitation/Contraction Coupling.

A
  1. Ca2+ release channels close and Ca2+ active transport pumps use ATP to restore low levels of Ca2+ in sarcoplasm.
  2. Troponin and tropomyosin slide back into position.
  3. Muscle relaxes.
43
Q

The oxygen binding protein in skeletal muscle is…

A

Myoglobin

BIOL 140 (11 decks)

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