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Meat Science > The Meat Industry History (Exam 1) > Flashcards

The Meat Industry History (Exam 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How did animal’s get here?

A

Brough by Christopher Columbus in the 1490s

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2
Q

What were animals brought for?

A

Draft power

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3
Q

What is the Longhorn known for?

A

Being one of the only Bos taurus that can handle a lot of stress

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4
Q

What happened in 1539?

A

People and animals moved form Desoto to Florida

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5
Q

Why did the move to Florida happen?

A

For gold

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6
Q

What happened in 1610?

A

Lord Delaware came to the US

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7
Q

When did the first meat packers come about? Who?

A

1662

William Pynchon

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8
Q

What did William Pynchon do?

A

Packed salted pork in barrels

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9
Q

What happened with meat packers in 1742?

A

Brighton Markets formed
1st public auction
Boston became the US slaughter center

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10
Q

What did Benjamin Franklin do?

A

In 1773, developed a more compassionate slaughter with electricity the electrical stunning

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11
Q

What did the electrical stunning do for meat?

A

Made it uncommonly tender

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12
Q

When was the first cattle drive? Where?

A

1779

San Antonio to Louisiana Territory

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13
Q

What historical event happened in 1779?

A

Revolutionary War

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14
Q

When was the first Northern cattle drive? Where?

A

1805

Ohio to Eastern US

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15
Q

What and where was Porkopolis?

A

First meat packer of pork in Cincinnati

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16
Q

When did Porkopolis start packing meat?

A

1818

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17
Q

When was Cincinnati named Porkopolis?

A

1850

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18
Q

What rivers surround Porkopolis?

A

Ohio River
Little Miami River
Great Miami River

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19
Q

What was the main source of transportation in 1818?

A

Railroads

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20
Q

How many hogs were slaughtered in 1833?

A

85,000

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21
Q

What were the steps to slaughtering in 1850?

A

Killing
Cutting
Rendering
Salting

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22
Q

How soon after harvest was the animal sold in 1850? Why?

A

Within 6-12 hours

No refrigeration

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23
Q

When did the first meat canner come about? Where? Who?

A

1812
Boston
Nicholas Appert

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24
Q

Timeline of McCormick Reaper (5)

A 
1801- father modified reaper
1829- passes on to Cyrus McCormick
1831- Allowed for more meat animal development
1834- patented 
1848- exclusive right to design ran out
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25
Q

After the rights ran out, how did McCormick keep his business running?

A

Focused on sales and service

Allowed for payments in installments

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26
Q

In 1802, how much of the US work force was ag related?

A

75%

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27
Q

In 1868, how much of the US work force was ag related?

A

5%

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28
Q

How many people did 1 reaper displace?

A

20-50

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29
Q

When did steam power come about?

A

1836

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30
Q

What did steam power do?

A

Decrease labor and cost

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31
Q

When did people start going west? Why?

A

1852-1865

Railroads came to Chicago

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32
Q

What historical event happened around 1852-1865?

A

Civil War

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33
Q

What did members of the meat industry do when railroads came to Chicago?

A

They bought railroad companies and established Union Stockyards

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34
Q

When did the meat industry hit the $1 billion mark?

A

1860

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35
Q

What was the Morrill Act?

A

Passed in 1862
Land-grant college act
Agriculture and the mechanic arts

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36
Q

What was the Hatch Act of 1887?

A

Allowed $15,000 per year for each university to establish an agricultural experiment station

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37
Q

When was the first shipment of beef? What did it use?

A

1867

Ice

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38
Q

When was the ice maker and mechanical refrigeration developed?

A

1893

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39
Q

What did mechanical refrigeration allow for?

A

Longer shelf life

40
Q

When did the first grocery store come to Chicago?

A

1883

41
Q

What did Oscar Mayer do?

A

Leased a failing Chicago meat market and made it popular with the help of his brothers, Gottfried and Max

42
Q

When do Oscar Mayer pass away?

A

1955

43
Q

When did Albertsons Food Center open? Where?

A

1939

Boise, Idaho

44
Q

When did Albertsons open 2 more stores?

A

1940

45
Q

When were mechanical mixers developed?

A

1880s

46
Q

What did mechanical mixers do?

A

Turned blood, bone, and meat scraps to edible by-products of meat packing
Improve nutritional status of Americans

47
Q

What happened in 1892?

A

Thyroid collection from pigs from hypothyroidism

48
Q

When was the smokehouse tree invented?

A

1899

49
Q

What happened in the 1900s?

A

Cure pump, slicing machines, and conveyorized table developed

50
Q

When were the first union stockyards developed?

A

1901

51
Q

Who developed union stockyards?

A

Nelson Morris
Phillips Amour
Gustavus Swift

52
Q

How many people were employed by the union stockyards?

A

25,000 of the 68,000 in meat packing industry

53
Q

What did Upton Sinclair do?

A

Wrote The Jungle in 1904

54
Q

What federal legislation passes in 1906?

A

Meat Inspection Act

55
Q

What did the meat inspection act do?

A

Inspect all meat that crosses state line to be healthy and wholesome

56
Q

When did voluntary meat grading come about?

A

1916

57
Q

Why was meat gradin created?

A

Allow orderly marketing

58
Q

When was the federal meat grading service formed?

A

1927

59
Q

What happened in 1917?

A

WWI

Modern Meat Packing Industry

60
Q

How much meat went from Chicago to the battle field each week?

A

1.5 million pounds

61
Q

What did Sam Wilson do in 1812?

A

Supplied meat rations for the US Army

Labeles E.A. - US

62
Q

When was the Packer and Stockyards Act?

A

1921

63
Q

What do packers do before the Packer and Stockyards Act?

A

Colluded in price

64
Q

What did the Packer and Stockyards Act do?

A 
Protect armers
How to buy/sell
Scale inspection and calibration
Free market pricing
Pay within 24 hours
65
Q

When was meat fabrication improved?

A

1920s

66
Q

What came about when meat fabrication was improved?

A

New meat cuts
Improved yield
More specialized line workers

67
Q

What are the 5 principles of meat cutting?

A 
Separate more value from less value
Separate fat from lean
Separate thin from thick cuts
Separate tender from tough
Cut across the grain
68
Q

What did the extension service do in the 1920s?

A

Meat cut demonstration

Meat cookery demonstration

69
Q

What is prime rib?

A

A type of meat cut

70
Q

What was developed in the 1920s?

A

Bandsaw

“Monster” meat grinder

71
Q

What did the bandsaw do?

A

Made it easy to cut meat
One many’s wages were $2,000/yr
Solved rush hour problem

72
Q

What did the meat grinder do?

A

Large-scale equipment
Whole body grinder
No need to process

73
Q

What did the bandsaw do in the 1970s?

A

Breaking pork carcasses

74
Q

What was developed in the 1980s?

A

More commercial equipment
Freezing tunnel
Bowl chopper
Automatic stuffer

75
Q

What was developed in 1924?

A

Refrigerated truck

76
Q

What did the refrigerated truck allow for?

A

Include fresh meats

Weekly home delivery

77
Q

What happened in 1935-1940?

A

The Great Depression
The dust bowl
WWII

78
Q

How did the dust bowl happen?

A

Man made through bad agricultural practices

79
Q

How many cattle did the dust bowl kill? How?

A

7-8 million

Noses and mouth filled with dust

80
Q

What did the government start doing with food during WWII?

A

Started rationing it

81
Q

What did people start eating during WWII?

A

Edible tallow (9 cal/g)

82
Q

What was established and by whom in 1891?

A

George A. Hormel established Hormel Foods Corporation (Geo. A. Hormel and Co.) in Austin, Minn.

83
Q

What did Hormel’s company develop in 1937?

A

Spam

84
Q

Describe spam.

A

Ham in a can
Popular during WWII
7 billion sold in 2007

85
Q

What did people eat if the could not afford meats?

A

Meat and bone cakes

86
Q

Describe meat and bone cakes.

A

Edible
Nutritious
Can be cooked, season, etc

87
Q

Where did all the meat go since Americans did not eat all they produced?

A

WWII

88
Q

What was discovered in 1948? What did it do?

A

Aureomycin
Improved animal health and nutrition
Made confinement rearing possible

89
Q

In the 1950s, there was less labor, what changed?

A

Power equipment

90
Q

What came out in the 1950s-60s?

A

Grocery stores

91
Q

In the 1960s, what did retail grocery chains uses? What started to have an impact? What had a vast improvement?

A

Central meat cutting facilities
Boxed beef
Equipment

92
Q

What regulations came about in 1967-68? (5)

A 
Concentrated on OSHA issues
Animal welfare
Safety of food products
Wholesome Meat Act of 1967
Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968
93
Q

What happened with technology in the 1970s? (2)

A

Computers take over jobs in accounting, sausage formulation, yield tracking
On-rail boning of hot carcasses for sausage production

94
Q

In the 1970s, what happened with consumer-oriented industry?

A

Much consumer activism
Demand created for lean meat and frozen, prepared food items
Boxed beef use grew

95
Q

When did Chicago Stockyards close?

A

1970s

96
Q

What happened in the 1980s with regards to consumerism?

A

Hits by consumer activists for sat. fat, cholesterol

97
Q

What were the big four packers in the 1980s?

A

Armour
Swift
Cudahy
Wilson

Meat Science (14 decks)

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