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Meat Science > Muscle Ultrastructure (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Muscle Ultrastructure (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

The basis of all movement and essential biological functions
Contraction and relaxation
Maintain body temperature
Communication

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2
Q

What are some of examples of what muscle tissue is the basis of? (5)

A 
Locomotion
Digestion
Breathing
Vision
Circulation
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3
Q

How much of body mass is muscle tissue?

A

30-40%

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4
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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5
Q

What is skeletal muscle like?

A

Voluntary, striated, multinucleated, non-branched

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6
Q

What is cardiac muscle like?

A

Involuntary, striated, uninucleated, branched

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7
Q

What is smooth muscle like?

A

Involuntary, non-striated, uninucleated, tapered

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8
Q

What are the differences between the different types of muscle tissues?

A

Microstructure

How to contract

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9
Q

What is striation caused by?

A

Organization of protein filaments

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10
Q

If the muscle is highly organized, is it striated or non-striated?

A

Striated

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11
Q

If the muscle is lacking organized, is it striated or non-striated?

A

Non-striated

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12
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle originated (origin)?

A

On one side of the joint

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13
Q

Where is skeletal muscle terminated?

A

On the other side of the articulation (insertion)

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14
Q

Which end of skeletal muscle moves?

A

Articulation

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15
Q

What does attachment occur through in skeletal muscle?

A

Tendon

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16
Q

What is the tendon?

A

Dense connective tissue–myotendinal junction

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17
Q

What can skeletal muscle be terminated on?

A

A thin sheet connective tissue call fascia or aponeurosis

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18
Q

What are connective tissue the basis for?

A

Structural integrity of a muscle

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19
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Large cells within a vast network of connective tissues

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20
Q

What are the 3 major connective tissues?

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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21
Q

What does epimysium do?

A

Separates muscles

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22
Q

What is epimysium made of?

A

Nerves
Blood vessels
At least 1 artery, 1 vein, and a bundle of nerves

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23
Q

What does perimysium do?

A

Separates muscle bundles

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24
Q

How many muscle fibers are in a primary bundle of perimysium?

A

20 to 40

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25
Q

What do primary bundles of perimysium form?

A

Secondary bundle

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26
Q

What is within the perimysium?

A

Intramuscular fat

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27
Q

What does endomysium do?

A

Separates muscle fibers

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28
Q

What is the endomysium adjacent to?

A

Muscle cells membrane

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29
Q

What is the endomysium responsible for?

A

Meat tenderness

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30
Q

Know the summary of physical characteristics on slide 11 and 23

A

Know the summary of physical characteristics on slide 11 and 23

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31
Q

How do the connective tissues vary?

A

Greatly in physical and functional characteristics

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32
Q

What are 3 types of connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagenous
Reticular
Elastic

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33
Q

What is the ground substances of connective tissue?

A

Proteoglycans: chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid

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34
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

Fluid at articulations of the skeletal system

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35
Q

What is the most abundant protein in an animal?

A

Collagen

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36
Q

How much of body protein is collagen?

A

20-30% of body protein

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37
Q

What is the polypeptide composition of collagen fibers? (5)

A 
α-chain
1014 to 1023 aa residues
Unique and repeating sequences
3 α helices
Pentafibrils
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38
Q

What is the repeating sequences of polypeptide composition made of?

A

Proline
Hydroxyproline
glycine

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39
Q

What is the process of collagen formation? (8)

A 
Gene–DNA
Hydroxylation
Glycosylation
Helix formation
Procollagen
Tropocollagen
Crosslinking
Collage
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40
Q

What do different types of collagen differ in?

A

α-chains in triple helical collagen molecules

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41
Q

What are the differences of α-chanis of collagen?

A

AA composition

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42
Q

What is reticular fibers?

A

Smaller bundle of fibers with small fibers, high reticulin content, high % ground substance, and delicate connective tissues around organs

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43
Q

What are the 2 unique aa of elastic fibers?

A

Desmosine and isodesmosine

44
Q

What are loose connective tissues like? (4) Example?

A 
Porous, highly flexible
Few collagen and elastic fibers
Highly vascularized
Numerous cells
Blood
45
Q

What are dense connective tissues like? (3) Example?

A

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Numerous fibers
Bone

46
Q

What are adipose tissues?

A

Specialized loose connective tissues

47
Q

What are adipose tissues capable of doing?

A

Storing lipids

48
Q

What is adipose tissue surrounding?

49
Q

What are functions of adipose tissue?

A

Energy storage
Insulation
Protection

50
Q

What are makes up muscle fibers?

A

Muscle cell
Muscle fiber
Myocyte
Myofibril

51
Q

What do muscle fibers classify as due to the nuclei?

A

Multinucleated

52
Q

What is the basement membrane of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Sarcolemma

53
Q

What does the transverse tubule (T-tubule) do?

A

Extend deep into the interior of the muscle fiber

54
Q

What is the triad?

A

T-tubules and terminal cisternae of SR

55
Q

What does the triad do?

A

Calcium release for muscle contraction

56
Q

What is the terminal cisternae?

A

Association between SR and t-tubules

57
Q

What are the 3 types of filaments in the cellular cytoskeleton of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

58
Q

Of the 3 filaments, which is a majority of all?

A

Microfilaments

59
Q

What is the amount of intermediate filaments like? Microtubules?

A

Abundant

Not in an appreciable amount

60
Q

What is myofibril?

A

Unique microfilaments of muscle fiber

61
Q

How much myofibril does an adult muscle cell have?

62
Q

What is the myofibril structure like? (4)

A

Highly organized
Cylindrical structure
Extend entire length of muscle cell
1 μm in diameter

63
Q

What is the myofibril bathed in?

64
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Smallest contractile unit of myofibril

65
Q

What is the size of a sarcomere in resting?

66
Q

What is the size of a sarcomere when it is super contracted?

67
Q

What is the size of a sarcomere when it is severely stretched?

68
Q

What is a Z-line?

A

Outer boundary of sarcomere

69
Q

What is the thin filament?

A

Emits from Z-line

70
Q

What is the thick filament?

A

Center of sarcomere that overlaps with thin filaments

71
Q

What do Z-lines and filaments do?

A

Alternate light and dark banding patterns to give a striated appearance

72
Q

What is the A band of myofibrils?

A

Dense area in the middle of the sarcomere

73
Q

What is the A band the location of?

A

Thick filament

74
Q

Where is the H zone?

A

Within the A band

75
Q

What happens in the H zone of myofibrils?

A

Thin filaments are terminated

76
Q

What is the pseudo H zone?

A

Highly dense area in the middle of the sarcomere

77
Q

What is the I band of myofibrils?

A

Z line and thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

78
Q

What is the M line of myofibrils?

A

Crosslinking proteins

79
Q

What is the Z line of myofibrils?

A

Anchor for thin filaments

80
Q

What is the cap Z protein?

A

End cap of the thin filament

81
Q

What does α-actinin do?

A

Attaches thin filament to z-line structure

82
Q

What 4 things are responsible for suspension the Z-line?

A

Ankyrin
Desmin
Dystrophin
Vinculin

83
Q

What is the primary protein of the thin filament?

84
Q

What happens in the Z-disk structure?

A

Actin filaments terminate

85
Q

What do Z-filaments do?

A

Connect thin filament and Z line

86
Q

What is 1 thin filament connected by?

A

4 Z filaments

87
Q

What does the thin filament constitute?

88
Q

In the A band, how many actin filaments surround 1 myosin filament?

89
Q

What makes up the thin filament?

A 
G-actin
F-actin
Cap Z 
Troponin
Tropomyosin
90
Q

What is actin classified as?

A

Contractile

91
Q

How much of myofibril proteins is actin?

92
Q

How much of wet muscle tissue is actin?

93
Q

How many strands of tropomyosin are there for every 2 strands of F-actin?

94
Q

What does tropomyosin cover?

A

Myosin-binding sites on actin subunits of thin filaments

95
Q

What are the 3 types of troponin?

96
Q

What is troponin I?

97
Q

What is troponin C associated with?

98
Q

What is troponin T associated with?

A

Tropomyosin

99
Q

What is the size of the thick filament?

A

14-16 nm in diameter

1.5 μm in length

100
Q

What does the thick filament constitute?

101
Q

What does the thick filament mostly contain?

102
Q

What is the head/neck of the thick filament made of?

A

Heavy meromyosin

103
Q

What is the rodlike tail of the thick filament made of?

A

Light meromyosin

104
Q

What is HMM?

A

Globular head heavy S1 and light portion

105
Q

What does the M line do?

A

Acts as an anchor for thick filament

106
Q

What is the banding patterns of skeletal muscle? (6)

A 
Sarcomere
Thin and thick filaments
Z disk
M line
A/I bands
H/Pseudo H zones

Meat Science (14 decks)

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