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Medical Terminology > The Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

The Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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2
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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3
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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4
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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5
Q

-plasm

A

living substance

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6
Q

angi/o

A

blood vessel, lymph vessel

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7
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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8
Q

anti-

A

against

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9
Q

carcin/o

A

cancerous

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10
Q

immun/o

A

immune, protection, safe

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11
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, lymphatic tissue

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12
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph gland, lymph node

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13
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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14
Q

neo-, ne/o

A

new, strange

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15
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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16
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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17
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh, connective tissue

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18
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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19
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland, soul

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20
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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21
Q

tox/o

A

poison, poisonous

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22
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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23
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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24
Q

CA

A

Cancer

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25
Q

CIS

A

Carcinoma in Situ

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26
Q

DCIS

A

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ

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27
Q

LE

A

Lymphedema

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28
Q

MMR

A

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

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29
Q

Ag

A

Antigen

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30
Q

The lymphatic system absorbs ___ and ___ from the small intestine.

A

fats, fat-soluble vitamins

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31
Q

villi

A

small finger like projections which line the small intestine and contain blood vessels and lacteals

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32
Q

blood vessels

A

absorb most of the nutrients from digested food directly into the blood stream

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33
Q

lacteals

A

absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins to be transported throughout the body

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34
Q

The lymphatic system removes ___ and ___ from the tissues

A

waste, excess fluid

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35
Q

Lymph nodes work with the immune system to protect the body against ___ and ___

A

microorganism, disease

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36
Q

lymph

A

clear, watery fluid that transports waste products and proteins out of the spaces between the cells of the body tissues

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37
Q

lymphatic vessels and ducts

A

located deep within the tissues, carries the lymph fluid, have valves to prevent back flow

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38
Q

lymph nodes

A

small bean shaped, contain specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens

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39
Q

cervical

A

located along sides of the neck

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40
Q

axillary

A

located in the armpits

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41
Q

inguinal

A

located in the groin

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42
Q

tonsils

A

3 masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat

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43
Q

adenoids

A

nasopharyngeal tonsils: located in the nasopharynx

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44
Q

thymus

A

an endocrine gland that assists the immune system

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45
Q

Peyer’s Patch

A

located on the walls of the ileum (small intestine), helps protect against the entry of pathogens through the digestive tract

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46
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum (1st portion of the large intestine), help protect against the entry of pathogens through the digestive track

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47
Q

location of the spleen

A

located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm

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48
Q

function of the spleen

A

filters microorganisms and other foreign materials from the blood, forms lymphocytes and monocytes, hemolytic function

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49
Q

hemolytic function

A

destroys worn-out red blood cell and releases their hemoglobin to be reused

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50
Q

compliment system cells

A

proteins that circulate in inactive form, when needed, they combine with antibodies to dissolve pathogens and other foreign cells

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51
Q

functions of the immune system

A

maintain good health, protect the body from harmful substances including pathogens, allergens, toxins, and malignant cells

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52
Q

pathogens

A

disease producing microorganisms

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53
Q

allergens

A

substances that produce allergic reactions

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54
Q

toxins

A

poisonous or harmful substances

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55
Q

malignant cells

A

potentially life-threatening cancer cells

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56
Q

first line of defense

A

skin, wraps the body in a physical barrier

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57
Q

respiratory system’s defense

A

traps breathed in foreign matter with nose hairs and moist mucous membrane lining

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58
Q

digestive system’s defense

A

uses acids and enzymes to destroy invaders

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59
Q

lymphatic system’s defense

A

attacks and destroys pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

60
Q

antigen-antibody reaction

A

involves binding antigens to antibodies, labels potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed

61
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as being foreign (viruses, bacteria, toxins, transplanted tissue)

62
Q

antibody or immunoglobulins

A

disease fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen

63
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that are formed in the bone marrow as stem cells

64
Q

B cells

A

specialized lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies

65
Q

dendritic cells

A

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infection

66
Q

T cells

A

small lymphocytes that mature in the thymus, coordinating immune defenses

67
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells that defend the body against ineffective organisms and foreign substances

68
Q

macrophage

A

type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

69
Q

lymphadenitis

A

aka “swollen glands” inflammation of the lymph nodes or glands

70
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

any disease process affecting the lymph node or nodes

71
Q

lymphangioma

A

benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

72
Q

splenomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the spleen, due to bleeding caused by an injury or an infectious disease such as mononucleosis “mono”

73
Q

splenorrhagia

A

bleeding from the spleen

74
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations in the lymphatic vessels

75
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

76
Q

lymphoma

A

malignant cancers of the lymphoid tissues

77
Q

secondary lymphedema

A

lymphedema that is a result of damage to lymphatic vessels; can be caused by cancer treatment, burns, or trauma

78
Q

Hodkin’s Lymphoma

A

distinguished by large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells

79
Q

Non-Hodkin’s Lymphoma

A

describes all other lymphomas besides Hodkin’s. can be fast or slow growing

80
Q

allergic reactions

A

body’s immune system reaction to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it was dangerous

81
Q

allergy

A

“hypersensitivity” overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

82
Q

localized allergic response

A

“cellular response” includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin comes into contact with the allergen

83
Q

anaphylaxis

A

“anaphylactic shock” severe response to an allergen, symptoms develop quickly

84
Q

scratch test

A

diagnostic test to identify troublesome allergens such as pollen and ragweed. swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction

85
Q

antihistamines

A

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, prevent the effect of histamine

86
Q

histamine

A

the substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction

87
Q

autoimmune disorders

A

any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues

88
Q

examples of autoimmune disorders

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis, Myasthenia Gravis, Crohn’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis

89
Q

prime targets of autoimmune disorders

A

those with genetic predisposition, women during childbearing years

90
Q

immunodeficiency disorder

A

occurs when immune system is compromised (weakened, reduced, absent or not functioning properly)

91
Q

HIV stands for…

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

92
Q

what is HIV?

A

blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk for developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections

93
Q

AIDS stands for…

A

Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome

94
Q

what is AIDS?

A

most advanced and fatal stages of HIV infection

95
Q

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

A

an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. this cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin and in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat and other organs

96
Q

ELISA

A

“Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay” a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies

97
Q

Western Blot Test

A

blood test that produces a more accurate result than the ELISA. it’s performed to confirm the diagnosis when the ELISA test is positive

98
Q

immunotherapy

A

a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repression of the immune system

99
Q

the immune system is ___ in cancer treatment immunotherapy

A

stimulated

100
Q

the immune system is ___ in immunotherapy to treat allergic reactions

A

repressed

101
Q

antibody therapy

A

synthetic immunoglobulins and synthetic interferon

102
Q

synthetic immunoglobulins

A

“immune serum” used as post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses

103
Q

synthetic interferon

A

the purpose is to introduce more interferons

104
Q

interferon

A

proteins produced by the T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication

105
Q

immunosuppression

A

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

106
Q

immunosuppressant

A

substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal response (ex: helps prevent the rejections of donor tissue or depress autoimmune disorders)

107
Q

carticosteroid drug

A

hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory or as an immunosuppressant

108
Q

cytotoxin drugs

A

used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy

109
Q

brachytherapy

A

use of radioactive materials implanted in the tissues being treated

110
Q

targeted therapy

A

use of cancer drugs to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

111
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

used after primary cancer treatments are completed to decrease the chance that cancer will recur

112
Q

bacteria

A

single celled microscopic organisms. bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics

113
Q

septic shock

A

a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body. toxins released can produce direct tissue damage causing vital organs to not function properly or fail completely

114
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria

115
Q

spirochete

A

long, slender, spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

116
Q

staphylococci

A

group of bacteria that form grape-like clusters

117
Q

streptococci

A

bacteria that form a chain

118
Q

antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

“superbugs” occur when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets. surviving bacteria become resistant to that particular drug making the treatment more difficult

119
Q

fungus

A

simple parasitic organism, some are harmless and some are pathogenic

120
Q

yeast

A

a type of fungus

121
Q

parasite

A

a plant or animal that lives on, or within, another living organism at the expense of that organism

122
Q

malaria

A

parasite transferred to humans from infected mosquitos

123
Q

tinea pedis “athletes foot”

A

type of fungus

124
Q

thrush

A

type of yeast

125
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

parasite transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

126
Q

virus

A

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. once inside they reproduce, then break the cell wall to release the newly formed viruses to go invade other cells and repeat the process

127
Q

West Nile Virus

A

virus spread to humans from infected mosquitos

128
Q

Mumps

A

virus characterized by swelling of the parotid glands

129
Q

Herpes

A

virus which causes a variety of diseases in humans

130
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

herpes virus which can be transmitted from mother to unborn child and cause serious congenital abnormalities

131
Q

varicella zoster virus

A

herpes virus which causes chicken pox

132
Q

herpes zoster

A

herpes virus which causes shingles

133
Q

Epstein-Barr virus

A

herpes virus which causes infectious mononucleosis

134
Q

tumors

A

AKA neoplasms, abnormal growth of tissues

135
Q

benign

A

not cancerous

136
Q

malignant

A

cancerous tumors that can metastasize

137
Q

metastasize

A

cancer spreading to other parts of the body

138
Q

metastasis

A

the new cancer site resulting from a tumor metastasizing

139
Q

angiogenesis

A

the process through which a tumor creates its own blood supply

140
Q

carcinoma

A

a malignant tumor in epithelial tissue

141
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

142
Q

Inflammatory Breast Cancer

A

rare but aggressive form of breast cancer that can only be detected by an MRI

143
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor in connective tissue

144
Q

hard tissue sarcomas

A

arise from bone or cartilage, eg: osteosarcoma

145
Q

soft tissue sarcomas

A

arise from muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels, eg: myosarcoma

146
Q

liquid tissue sarcomas

A

arise from blood and lymph, eg: leukemia

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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