The Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
my/o
muscle
-oma
tumor
oste/o
bone
-plasm
living substance
angi/o
blood vessel, lymph vessel
aden/o
gland
anti-
against
carcin/o
cancerous
immun/o
immune, protection, safe
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic tissue
lymphaden/o
lymph gland, lymph node
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
neo-, ne/o
new, strange
onc/o
tumor
phag/o
eat, swallow
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland, soul
-tic
pertaining to
tox/o
poison, poisonous
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS
Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome
CA
Cancer
CIS
Carcinoma in Situ
DCIS
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ
LE
Lymphedema
MMR
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
Ag
Antigen
The lymphatic system absorbs ___ and ___ from the small intestine.
fats, fat-soluble vitamins
villi
small finger like projections which line the small intestine and contain blood vessels and lacteals
blood vessels
absorb most of the nutrients from digested food directly into the blood stream
lacteals
absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins to be transported throughout the body
The lymphatic system removes ___ and ___ from the tissues
waste, excess fluid
Lymph nodes work with the immune system to protect the body against ___ and ___
microorganism, disease
lymph
clear, watery fluid that transports waste products and proteins out of the spaces between the cells of the body tissues
lymphatic vessels and ducts
located deep within the tissues, carries the lymph fluid, have valves to prevent back flow
lymph nodes
small bean shaped, contain specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens
cervical
located along sides of the neck
axillary
located in the armpits
inguinal
located in the groin
tonsils
3 masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat
adenoids
nasopharyngeal tonsils: located in the nasopharynx
thymus
an endocrine gland that assists the immune system
Peyer’s Patch
located on the walls of the ileum (small intestine), helps protect against the entry of pathogens through the digestive tract
Vermiform Appendix
hangs from the lower portion of the cecum (1st portion of the large intestine), help protect against the entry of pathogens through the digestive track
location of the spleen
located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm
function of the spleen
filters microorganisms and other foreign materials from the blood, forms lymphocytes and monocytes, hemolytic function
hemolytic function
destroys worn-out red blood cell and releases their hemoglobin to be reused
compliment system cells
proteins that circulate in inactive form, when needed, they combine with antibodies to dissolve pathogens and other foreign cells
functions of the immune system
maintain good health, protect the body from harmful substances including pathogens, allergens, toxins, and malignant cells
pathogens
disease producing microorganisms
allergens
substances that produce allergic reactions
toxins
poisonous or harmful substances
malignant cells
potentially life-threatening cancer cells
first line of defense
skin, wraps the body in a physical barrier
respiratory system’s defense
traps breathed in foreign matter with nose hairs and moist mucous membrane lining
digestive system’s defense
uses acids and enzymes to destroy invaders
lymphatic system’s defense
attacks and destroys pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
antigen-antibody reaction
involves binding antigens to antibodies, labels potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed
antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign (viruses, bacteria, toxins, transplanted tissue)
antibody or immunoglobulins
disease fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen
lymphocytes
white blood cells that are formed in the bone marrow as stem cells
B cells
specialized lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies
dendritic cells
specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infection
T cells
small lymphocytes that mature in the thymus, coordinating immune defenses
leukocytes
white blood cells that defend the body against ineffective organisms and foreign substances
macrophage
type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells
lymphadenitis
aka “swollen glands” inflammation of the lymph nodes or glands
lymphadenopathy
any disease process affecting the lymph node or nodes
lymphangioma
benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the spleen, due to bleeding caused by an injury or an infectious disease such as mononucleosis “mono”
splenorrhagia
bleeding from the spleen
lymphoscintigraphy
diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations in the lymphatic vessels
lymphedema
swelling due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
lymphoma
malignant cancers of the lymphoid tissues
secondary lymphedema
lymphedema that is a result of damage to lymphatic vessels; can be caused by cancer treatment, burns, or trauma
Hodkin’s Lymphoma
distinguished by large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Non-Hodkin’s Lymphoma
describes all other lymphomas besides Hodkin’s. can be fast or slow growing
allergic reactions
body’s immune system reaction to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it was dangerous
allergy
“hypersensitivity” overreaction by the body to a particular antigen
localized allergic response
“cellular response” includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin comes into contact with the allergen
anaphylaxis
“anaphylactic shock” severe response to an allergen, symptoms develop quickly
scratch test
diagnostic test to identify troublesome allergens such as pollen and ragweed. swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction
antihistamines
medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, prevent the effect of histamine
histamine
the substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction
autoimmune disorders
any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues
examples of autoimmune disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Myasthenia Gravis, Crohn’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis
prime targets of autoimmune disorders
those with genetic predisposition, women during childbearing years
immunodeficiency disorder
occurs when immune system is compromised (weakened, reduced, absent or not functioning properly)
HIV stands for…
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
what is HIV?
blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk for developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections
AIDS stands for…
Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome
what is AIDS?
most advanced and fatal stages of HIV infection
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. this cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin and in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat and other organs
ELISA
“Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay” a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies
Western Blot Test
blood test that produces a more accurate result than the ELISA. it’s performed to confirm the diagnosis when the ELISA test is positive
immunotherapy
a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repression of the immune system
the immune system is ___ in cancer treatment immunotherapy
stimulated
the immune system is ___ in immunotherapy to treat allergic reactions
repressed
antibody therapy
synthetic immunoglobulins and synthetic interferon
synthetic immunoglobulins
“immune serum” used as post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses
synthetic interferon
the purpose is to introduce more interferons
interferon
proteins produced by the T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication
immunosuppression
treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
immunosuppressant
substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal response (ex: helps prevent the rejections of donor tissue or depress autoimmune disorders)
carticosteroid drug
hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory or as an immunosuppressant
cytotoxin drugs
used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy
brachytherapy
use of radioactive materials implanted in the tissues being treated
targeted therapy
use of cancer drugs to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells
adjuvant therapy
used after primary cancer treatments are completed to decrease the chance that cancer will recur
bacteria
single celled microscopic organisms. bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics
septic shock
a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body. toxins released can produce direct tissue damage causing vital organs to not function properly or fail completely
bacilli
rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria
spirochete
long, slender, spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
staphylococci
group of bacteria that form grape-like clusters
streptococci
bacteria that form a chain
antibiotic resistant bacteria
“superbugs” occur when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets. surviving bacteria become resistant to that particular drug making the treatment more difficult
fungus
simple parasitic organism, some are harmless and some are pathogenic
yeast
a type of fungus
parasite
a plant or animal that lives on, or within, another living organism at the expense of that organism
malaria
parasite transferred to humans from infected mosquitos
tinea pedis “athletes foot”
type of fungus
thrush
type of yeast
toxoplasmosis
parasite transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces
virus
very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. once inside they reproduce, then break the cell wall to release the newly formed viruses to go invade other cells and repeat the process
West Nile Virus
virus spread to humans from infected mosquitos
Mumps
virus characterized by swelling of the parotid glands
Herpes
virus which causes a variety of diseases in humans
cytomegalovirus
herpes virus which can be transmitted from mother to unborn child and cause serious congenital abnormalities
varicella zoster virus
herpes virus which causes chicken pox
herpes zoster
herpes virus which causes shingles
Epstein-Barr virus
herpes virus which causes infectious mononucleosis
tumors
AKA neoplasms, abnormal growth of tissues
benign
not cancerous
malignant
cancerous tumors that can metastasize
metastasize
cancer spreading to other parts of the body
metastasis
the new cancer site resulting from a tumor metastasizing
angiogenesis
the process through which a tumor creates its own blood supply
carcinoma
a malignant tumor in epithelial tissue
adenocarcinoma
large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
rare but aggressive form of breast cancer that can only be detected by an MRI
sarcoma
malignant tumor in connective tissue
hard tissue sarcomas
arise from bone or cartilage, eg: osteosarcoma
soft tissue sarcomas
arise from muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels, eg: myosarcoma
liquid tissue sarcomas
arise from blood and lymph, eg: leukemia
