The lungs

Question 1

Layers of intercostal muscles

Answer 1

External, internal, innermost

Question 2

Upper limb muscles

Answer 2

Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

Question 3

What does pectoralis major attach to

Answer 3

upper humerus, clavicle, sternum, upper 6 ribs

Question 4

What does pectoralis minor attach to

Answer 4

coracoid process of scapula and ribs 3-5

Question 5

What does serratus anterior attach to

Answer 5

scapula and upper 8/9 ribs

Question 6

How are external intercostal muscles orientated

Answer 6

antero-inferiorly

Question 7

How are internal and innermost intercostal muscles orientated

Answer 7

postero-inferiorly

Question 8

Costal groove

Answer 8

a groove on the inferior surface of the rib that contains the neurovascular bundle

Question 9

Where is the intercostal space located

Answer 9

below the rib

Question 10

What are anterior intercostal arteries a branch of?

Answer 10

Subclavian –> Internal thoracic artery

Question 11

What are the posterior intercostal arteries a branch of?

Answer 11

the descending aorta (in posterior thorax)

Question 12

Where do anterior intercostal veins drain into?

Answer 12

The internal thoracic vein

Question 13

Where do posterior intercostal veins drain into?

Answer 13

The azygos system of veins

Question 14

Are the intercostal nerves somatic or autonomic?

Answer 14

somatic, they come from T1-T11

Question 15

What is the pleura

Answer 15

Parietal and visceral membranes that cover the lungs and structures passing out of the lungs

Question 16

Where is the pleural cavity

Answer 16

Between the parietal and visceral membranes

Question 17

Which pleura membrane is visible

Answer 17

Parietal is visible, visceral is not

Question 18

What are the 4 divisions of the parietal pleura?

Answer 18

Cervical = top
Costal = sides
Mediastinal = centre
Diaphragmatic = bottom

Question 19

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 19

The sharp corner between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae

Question 20

Importance of the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 20

Where fluid most commonly collects

Question 21

What is the costomedial recess

Answer 21

The corner between the mediastinal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae

Question 22

Importance of the costomedial recess

Answer 22

Area the lung expands into during forced inhalation

Question 23

What are the parietal vs visceral pleura innervated by

Answer 23

Parietal = somatic, v painful
Visceral = autonomic, not conscious

Question 24

How many lobes does right lung have

Answer 24

3 - superior, middle, inferior

Question 25

How many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 25

2 - superior and inferior

Question 26

What is the lingula?

Answer 26

Extension the the superior lobe of left lung that extends over the heart

Question 27

Oblique fissure in left vs right lung

Answer 27

Right = between middle and inferior Left = between superior and inferior

Question 28

Where is the horizontal fissure

Answer 28

In right lung between superior and middle lobes

Question 29

Surface of the lungs

Answer 29

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

Question 30

Borders of the lungs

Answer 30

anterior, posterior (rounded), inferior

Question 31

What are the indentations on the mediastinal surfaces of the lungs from

Answer 31

Left = left ventricle + descending aorta Right = superior vena cava + azygous vein

Question 32

What is the root of the lung

Answer 32

the combination of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchi between the heart and the lung

Question 33

Hilum of the lung

Answer 33

the region where the PA,PV and bronchi enter the lungs

Question 34

At the hilum of the right lung...

Answer 34

the pulmonary artery and right bronchus are next to each other, with the bronchus being on the inside

Question 35

At the hilum of the left lung...

Answer 35

The pulmonary artery is at the top

Question 36

Where does the trachea bifurcate

Answer 36

At the sternal angle (2nd rib)

Question 37

Which bronchi is most likely to be obstructed

Answer 37

Right, it is shorter, wider and descends more vertically

Question 38

Divisions of bronchus

Answer 38

Trachea--> Main bronchi --> lobar bronchi --> segmental bronchi --> bronchioles

Question 39

What is a bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 39

A functionally independent region of the lung. There are 10 in each lung

Question 40

What do parasympathetic fibres in the lungs stimulate

Answer 40

Bronchoconstriction + secretion from glands in bronchial tree

Question 41

What do sympathetic fibres in the lungs stimulate

Answer 41

Bronchodilation + inhibits secretion from glands in bronchial tree

Question 42

Where do the lungs end vs the parietal pleura

Answer 42

The parietal pleura ends lower (2 ribs lower) than the lungs

Question 43

Along which ribs does the oblique fissure run

Answer 43

From the 4th rib posteriorly to the 6th rib anteriorly

Question 44

What kind of muscle makes up the diaphragm

Answer 44

skeletal muscle

Question 45

What is the diaphragm attached to

Answer 45

the xiphoid process, the costal margin , tips of ribs 11 + 12, lumbar vertebrae

Question 46

What is the costal margin

Answer 46

the line formed by ribs 7-10

Question 47

Is the diaphragm only muscle

Answer 47

No, the middle part is the central tendon

Question 48

How many/which openings are there in the diaphragm

Answer 48

1) Caval hiatus = inferior vena cava, T8 2) Oesophageal hiatus = oesophagus, T10 3) Aortic hiatus = aorta, T12

Question 49

What are the accessory muscles of breathing

Answer 49

sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major + minor, serratus anterior