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Medicine > The lungs > Flashcards

The lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of intercostal muscles

A

External, internal, innermost

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2
Q

Upper limb muscles

A

Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

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3
Q

What does pectoralis major attach to

A

upper humerus, clavicle, sternum, upper 6 ribs

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4
Q

What does pectoralis minor attach to

A

coracoid process of scapula and ribs 3-5

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5
Q

What does serratus anterior attach to

A

scapula and upper 8/9 ribs

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6
Q

How are external intercostal muscles orientated

A

antero-inferiorly

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7
Q

How are internal and innermost intercostal muscles orientated

A

postero-inferiorly

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8
Q

Costal groove

A

a groove on the inferior surface of the rib that contains the neurovascular bundle

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9
Q

Where is the intercostal space located

A

below the rib

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10
Q

What are anterior intercostal arteries a branch of?

A

Subclavian –> Internal thoracic artery

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11
Q

What are the posterior intercostal arteries a branch of?

A

the descending aorta (in posterior thorax)

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12
Q

Where do anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

The internal thoracic vein

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13
Q

Where do posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

The azygos system of veins

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14
Q

Are the intercostal nerves somatic or autonomic?

A

somatic, they come from T1-T11

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15
Q

What is the pleura

A

Parietal and visceral membranes that cover the lungs and structures passing out of the lungs

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16
Q

Where is the pleural cavity

A

Between the parietal and visceral membranes

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17
Q

Which pleura membrane is visible

A

Parietal is visible, visceral is not

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18
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the parietal pleura?

A

Cervical = top
Costal = sides
Mediastinal = centre
Diaphragmatic = bottom

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19
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

The sharp corner between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae

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20
Q

Importance of the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

Where fluid most commonly collects

21
Q

What is the costomedial recess

A

The corner between the mediastinal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae

22
Q

Importance of the costomedial recess

A

Area the lung expands into during forced inhalation

23
Q

What are the parietal vs visceral pleura innervated by

A

Parietal = somatic, v painful
Visceral = autonomic, not conscious

24
Q

How many lobes does right lung have

A

3 - superior, middle, inferior

25
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have

A

2 - superior and inferior

26
Q

What is the lingula?

A

Extension the the superior lobe of left lung that extends over the heart

27
Q

Oblique fissure in left vs right lung

A

Right = between middle and inferior
Left = between superior and inferior

28
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure

A

In right lung between superior and middle lobes

29
Q

Surface of the lungs

A

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

30
Q

Borders of the lungs

A

anterior, posterior (rounded), inferior

31
Q

What are the indentations on the mediastinal surfaces of the lungs from

A

Left = left ventricle + descending aorta
Right = superior vena cava + azygous vein

32
Q

What is the root of the lung

A

the combination of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchi between the heart and the lung

33
Q

Hilum of the lung

A

the region where the PA,PV and bronchi enter the lungs

34
Q

At the hilum of the right lung…

A

the pulmonary artery and right bronchus are next to each other, with the bronchus being on the inside

35
Q

At the hilum of the left lung…

A

The pulmonary artery is at the top

36
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate

A

At the sternal angle (2nd rib)

37
Q

Which bronchi is most likely to be obstructed

A

Right, it is shorter, wider and descends more vertically

38
Q

Divisions of bronchus

A

Trachea–> Main bronchi –> lobar bronchi –> segmental bronchi –> bronchioles

39
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment

A

A functionally independent region of the lung. There are 10 in each lung

40
Q

What do parasympathetic fibres in the lungs stimulate

A

Bronchoconstriction + secretion from glands in bronchial tree

41
Q

What do sympathetic fibres in the lungs stimulate

A

Bronchodilation + inhibits secretion from glands in bronchial tree

42
Q

Where do the lungs end vs the parietal pleura

A

The parietal pleura ends lower (2 ribs lower) than the lungs

43
Q

Along which ribs does the oblique fissure run

A

From the 4th rib posteriorly to the 6th rib anteriorly

44
Q

What kind of muscle makes up the diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle

45
Q

What is the diaphragm attached to

A

the xiphoid process, the costal margin , tips of ribs 11 + 12, lumbar vertebrae

46
Q

What is the costal margin

A

the line formed by ribs 7-10

47
Q

Is the diaphragm only muscle

A

No, the middle part is the central tendon

48
Q

How many/which openings are there in the diaphragm

A

1) Caval hiatus = inferior vena cava, T8
2) Oesophageal hiatus = oesophagus, T10
3) Aortic hiatus = aorta, T12

49
Q

What are the accessory muscles of breathing

A

sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major + minor, serratus anterior

Medicine (15 decks)

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