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Medicine > Questions based of formative (except neuro) > Flashcards

Questions based of formative (except neuro) Flashcards

1
Q

Primary vs Secondary active transport

A

Primary active transport = energy is derived directly from the breakdown of ATP
Secondary active transport = uses an electrochemical gradient set up by primary active transport + cotransporter molecules

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2
Q

What are the types of secondary active transport transmembrane proteins

A

Symporter = the two ions/molecules move in the same direction
Antiporter = the two ions/molecules move in opposite directions

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3
Q

Examples of primary active transport

A

Sodium potassium pump

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4
Q

Examples of secondary active transport

A

Na+/glucose symporter (SGLT1). Found in PCT and small intestine
Sodium/Calcium antiporter

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5
Q

What is a high energy bond

A

A chemical bone that releases as much as or more energy when broken down than is released by ATP hydrolysis

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of Krebs

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

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8
Q

What is beta oxidation

A

Breaks down fatty acid chains to produce Acetyl-CoA

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9
Q

Why is pCO2 low in diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Hyperventilation to remove CO2 to increase pH

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10
Q

Do membrane channels use active transport

A

No, they do not use energy

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11
Q

What surfaces of the heart does the right coronary artery supply

A

Inferior surface

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12
Q

What organ synthesises clotting factors, fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

the liver

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13
Q

What is the main enzyme of fibrinolysis

A

Plasmin

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14
Q

What is the inactive form of plasmin and where is it produced

A

Plasminogen. Produced in the liver

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15
Q

What are the three coagulation pathways

A

Extrinsic, intrinsic, common

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16
Q

Which clotting factors require vitamin K

A

X, IX, VII, II

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17
Q

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin (from prothrombin)

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18
Q

What is the general stimulus for the intrinsic vs extrinsic pathway

A

Intrinsic = damage to vascular edothelium, collagen
Extrinsic = tissue factor

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19
Q

What are the three major types of granules found in platelets

A

Alpha granules (most common), dense granules, lysosomes

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20
Q

What do dense granules contain

A

Serotonin, histamine, ADP, ATP

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21
Q

What do Alpha granules contain

A

vWF, fibronectin - clotting factors

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22
Q

What is the normal duration of the PR interval

A

120 - 200ms (0.12 -0.2s)

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23
Q

What is the normal duration of the QRS complex

A

less than 0.12s

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24
Q

What leads correspond to which coronary arteries

A

Lateral = circumflex
Anterior = LAD
Inferior = right coronary

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25
Q

What is another name for Leydig cells

A

Interstitial cells of the testes

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26
Q

Which hormone released by the hypothalamus is required for spermatogenesis

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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27
Q

What does the blastocyst hatch through

A

the zona pellucida

28
Q

What is the first example of differentiation in an embryo

A

Compaction. When, in a blastocyst, the trophoblast is split from the inner cells mass (embryoblast)

29
Q

What happens after embryonic gene activation

A

Cleavage

30
Q

What is syngamy

A

the fusion of gametes resulting in the formation of a zygote

31
Q

Morula vs Blastula

A
  • Morula is a solid mass of blastomere cells
  • Blastula has an inner cavity (blastocoel) and an outer layer of blastomeres
32
Q

Zygote –> Morula

A

Cleavage

33
Q

Morula –> Blastula

A

Bastulation

34
Q

What is formed in gastrulation

A

the trilaminar disk

35
Q

When does meiosis I occur in females

A

In utero, before 12 weeks

36
Q

When does meiosis II occur in females

A

Immediately after the sperm enters the secondary oocyte. Pre-fertilisation, the oocyte is blocked in metaphase of meiosis II

37
Q

When does meiosis occur in males (I and II)

A

Puberty, in the seminiferous tubules

38
Q

What does absence of the SRY gene result in

A

causes the Wolffian duct to regress and the Mullerian duct to develop

39
Q

Do type A or B spermatogonia become actual sperm

A

Type B become primary spermatocytes and go on to form sperm
Type A acts as reserve, continue to undergo mitosis

40
Q

Spermatogenesis vs spermiogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis = primordial germ cells –> sperm
Spermiogenesis = spermatids –> spermatozoa

41
Q

What are the products of meiosis I in males

A

2 secondary spermocytes

42
Q

What are the products of meiosis II in male

A

4 spermatids

43
Q

What is the final stage of sperm maturation

A

Capacitation. Occurs in the female reproductive tract, is necessary for fertilisation

44
Q

How do the energy uses of am embryo change pre vs post implantation

A

Pre implantation = pyruvate
Post implantation = glucose

45
Q

What are the 3 phases of embryo implantation

A

1) Apposition
2) Attachment
3) Inversion

46
Q

What is decidualization

A

Hormone changes which result in the endometrium changing in preparation for/during pregnancy

47
Q

What produces hCG

A

the placenta

48
Q

What does hCG do

A

is important in early pregnancy. Ensures the corpus lutem continues to produce progesterone, preventing menstruation

49
Q

On what day is embryo transfer done (IVF)

A

DAY 5

50
Q

What are dietary sources of phosphate

A

protein and carbonated drinks

51
Q

Are fast twitch fibres aerobic or anaerobic

A

Mostly anaerobic. Slow twitch fibres are aerobic and have lots of mitochondria

52
Q

What is uric acid produced from

A

Purines

53
Q

What is the main regulator of serum calcium level

A

Parathyroid hormone. Increases serum calcium. Calcitriol also increases and calcitonin decreases

54
Q

What component of bone causes stiffness

A

Hydroxyapetite (minerals - calcium and phosphate)

55
Q

What component of bone causes toughness

A

collagen

56
Q

What is osteomalacia

A

the softening of bones.

57
Q

what is the body lacking in osteomalacia and rickets

A

Calcium, often caused by lack of vitamin D

58
Q

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta

A

gene mutation causes structural change to type I collagen.

59
Q

What are the main components of tendons and ligaments

A

collagen

60
Q

What is the order of fracture healing

A

Haematoma (hrs)
Inflammation (days)
Repair (weeks)
Remodelling (yrs)
= HIRR

61
Q

What cells senses strain in the skeleton

A

Osteocytes. This is communicated to osteoblasts which form more bone dur

62
Q

What does the anterior cruciate ligament do

A

prevents anterior translation of tibia and rotation stability.

63
Q

What does the posterior cruciate ligament do

A

prevents posterior translation of tibia and rotational stability

64
Q

What does the medial collateral ligament do

A

Prevents valgus forces

65
Q

What does the lateral collateral ligament do

A

Prevents varus forces

66
Q

What cells produce synovial fluid

A

Type B synoviocytes

Medicine (15 decks)

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