Questions based of formative (except neuro)

Question 1

Primary vs Secondary active transport

Answer 1

Primary active transport = energy is derived directly from the breakdown of ATP
Secondary active transport = uses an electrochemical gradient set up by primary active transport + cotransporter molecules

Question 2

What are the types of secondary active transport transmembrane proteins

Answer 2

Symporter = the two ions/molecules move in the same direction
Antiporter = the two ions/molecules move in opposite directions

Question 3

Examples of primary active transport

Answer 3

Sodium potassium pump

Question 4

Examples of secondary active transport

Answer 4

Na+/glucose symporter (SGLT1). Found in PCT and small intestine
Sodium/Calcium antiporter

Question 5

What is a high energy bond

Answer 5

A chemical bone that releases as much as or more energy when broken down than is released by ATP hydrolysis

Question 6

What is the rate limiting enzyme of Krebs

Answer 6

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 7

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

Answer 7

Phosphofructokinase

Question 8

What is beta oxidation

Answer 8

Breaks down fatty acid chains to produce Acetyl-CoA

Question 9

Why is pCO2 low in diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 9

Hyperventilation to remove CO2 to increase pH

Question 10

Do membrane channels use active transport

Answer 10

No, they do not use energy

Question 11

What surfaces of the heart does the right coronary artery supply

Answer 11

Inferior surface

Question 12

What organ synthesises clotting factors, fibrinogen and prothrombin

Answer 12

the liver

Question 13

What is the main enzyme of fibrinolysis

Answer 13

Plasmin

Question 14

What is the inactive form of plasmin and where is it produced

Answer 14

Plasminogen. Produced in the liver

Question 15

What are the three coagulation pathways

Answer 15

Extrinsic, intrinsic, common

Question 16

Which clotting factors require vitamin K

Answer 16

X, IX, VII, II

Question 17

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 17

thrombin (from prothrombin)

Question 18

What is the general stimulus for the intrinsic vs extrinsic pathway

Answer 18

Intrinsic = damage to vascular edothelium, collagen
Extrinsic = tissue factor

Question 19

What are the three major types of granules found in platelets

Answer 19

Alpha granules (most common), dense granules, lysosomes

Question 20

What do dense granules contain

Answer 20

Serotonin, histamine, ADP, ATP

Question 21

What do Alpha granules contain

Answer 21

vWF, fibronectin - clotting factors

Question 22

What is the normal duration of the PR interval

Answer 22

120 - 200ms (0.12 -0.2s)

Question 23

What is the normal duration of the QRS complex

Answer 23

less than 0.12s

Question 24

What leads correspond to which coronary arteries

Answer 24

Lateral = circumflex
Anterior = LAD
Inferior = right coronary

Question 25

What is another name for Leydig cells

Answer 25

Interstitial cells of the testes

Question 26

Which hormone released by the hypothalamus is required for spermatogenesis

Answer 26

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

Question 27

What does the blastocyst hatch through

Answer 27

the zona pellucida

Question 28

What is the first example of differentiation in an embryo

Answer 28

Compaction. When, in a blastocyst, the trophoblast is split from the inner cells mass (embryoblast)

Question 29

What happens after embryonic gene activation

Answer 29

Cleavage

Question 30

What is syngamy

Answer 30

the fusion of gametes resulting in the formation of a zygote

Question 31

Morula vs Blastula

Answer 31

- Morula is a solid mass of blastomere cells - Blastula has an inner cavity (blastocoel) and an outer layer of blastomeres

Question 32

Zygote --> Morula

Answer 32

Cleavage

Question 33

Morula --> Blastula

Answer 33

Bastulation

Question 34

What is formed in gastrulation

Answer 34

the trilaminar disk

Question 35

When does meiosis I occur in females

Answer 35

In utero, before 12 weeks

Question 36

When does meiosis II occur in females

Answer 36

Immediately after the sperm enters the secondary oocyte. Pre-fertilisation, the oocyte is blocked in metaphase of meiosis II

Question 37

When does meiosis occur in males (I and II)

Answer 37

Puberty, in the seminiferous tubules

Question 38

What does absence of the SRY gene result in

Answer 38

causes the Wolffian duct to regress and the Mullerian duct to develop

Question 39

Do type A or B spermatogonia become actual sperm

Answer 39

Type B become primary spermatocytes and go on to form sperm Type A acts as reserve, continue to undergo mitosis

Question 40

Spermatogenesis vs spermiogenesis

Answer 40

Spermatogenesis = primordial germ cells --> sperm Spermiogenesis = spermatids --> spermatozoa

Question 41

What are the products of meiosis I in males

Answer 41

2 secondary spermocytes

Question 42

What are the products of meiosis II in male

Answer 42

4 spermatids

Question 43

What is the final stage of sperm maturation

Answer 43

Capacitation. Occurs in the female reproductive tract, is necessary for fertilisation

Question 44

How do the energy uses of am embryo change pre vs post implantation

Answer 44

Pre implantation = pyruvate Post implantation = glucose

Question 45

What are the 3 phases of embryo implantation

Answer 45

1) Apposition 2) Attachment 3) Inversion

Question 46

What is decidualization

Answer 46

Hormone changes which result in the endometrium changing in preparation for/during pregnancy

Question 47

What produces hCG

Answer 47

the placenta

Question 48

What does hCG do

Answer 48

is important in early pregnancy. Ensures the corpus lutem continues to produce progesterone, preventing menstruation

Question 49

On what day is embryo transfer done (IVF)

Answer 49

DAY 5

Question 50

What are dietary sources of phosphate

Answer 50

protein and carbonated drinks

Question 51

Are fast twitch fibres aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 51

Mostly anaerobic. Slow twitch fibres are aerobic and have lots of mitochondria

Question 52

What is uric acid produced from

Answer 52

Purines

Question 53

What is the main regulator of serum calcium level

Answer 53

Parathyroid hormone. Increases serum calcium. Calcitriol also increases and calcitonin decreases

Question 54

What component of bone causes stiffness

Answer 54

Hydroxyapetite (minerals - calcium and phosphate)

Question 55

What component of bone causes toughness

Answer 55

collagen

Question 56

What is osteomalacia

Answer 56

the softening of bones.

Question 57

what is the body lacking in osteomalacia and rickets

Answer 57

Calcium, often caused by lack of vitamin D

Question 58

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 58

gene mutation causes structural change to type I collagen.

Question 59

What are the main components of tendons and ligaments

Answer 59

collagen

Question 60

What is the order of fracture healing

Answer 60

Haematoma (hrs) Inflammation (days) Repair (weeks) Remodelling (yrs) = HIRR

Question 61

What cells senses strain in the skeleton

Answer 61

Osteocytes. This is communicated to osteoblasts which form more bone dur

Question 62

What does the anterior cruciate ligament do

Answer 62

prevents anterior translation of tibia and rotation stability.

Question 63

What does the posterior cruciate ligament do

Answer 63

prevents posterior translation of tibia and rotational stability

Question 64

What does the medial collateral ligament do

Answer 64

Prevents valgus forces

Question 65

What does the lateral collateral ligament do

Answer 65

Prevents varus forces

Question 66

What cells produce synovial fluid

Answer 66

Type B synoviocytes