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Medicine > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

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2
Q

What are aponeuroses

A

Essentially flat tendons

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3
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen

A

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, right lower quadrant

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4
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdoment

A
  • R hypochondriac, epigastric, l hypochondriac
  • R lumbar, umbilical, l lumbar
  • R iliac fossa, hypogastric, l iliac fossa
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5
Q

What are the lines that divide the 9 regions

A
  • Both midclavicular lines
  • Subcostal line = goes just underneath 10th rib
  • Intertubercular line = through the tubercules of r + l iliac crest
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6
Q

What is the transpyloric plane

A

Horizontal line along the bottom of the 9th ribs

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7
Q

What is the transumbilical plane

A

Horizontal line at the umbilicus. Varies depending on body fat. Around L3

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8
Q

What is the intercristal plane

A

Horizontal line between the highest points of the right and left iliac crests (posterior)

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9
Q

Where is McBurneys point

A

2/3rd of the way along line from umbilicus to right anterior superior iliac spine

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10
Q

What are the muscles on the sides of the anterior abdominal wall

A

External obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominus

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11
Q

What muscles are found towards the middle of the anterior abdominal wall

A

rectus abdominus

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12
Q

What is the orientation of the transversus abdominis

A

horizontal

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13
Q

What is the orientation of the rectus abdominis

A

Vertical

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14
Q

What forms the rectus sheath

A

Anterior RS = EO + anterior IO aponeurosis
Posterior RS = posterior IO + TA

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15
Q

What is the midline called where the rectus sheath fuses

A

linea alba

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16
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall

A

Musculophrenic artery, superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery

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17
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall

A
  • Thoraco-abdominal nerve
  • Subcostal nerve
  • Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve
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18
Q

What is a hernia

A

An abnormal protrusion of tissues/organs from one region to another through an opening or defect

19
Q

What is a laparotomy

A

The surgical opening of the anterior abdominal wall

20
Q

What is the membrane that lines abdominal wall

A

Peritoneum

21
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum

A

Parietal and visceral

22
Q

What are the two layers innervated by

A

Parietal = somatic nerves
Visceral = visceral sensory nerves

23
Q

What is the difference in pain between the parietal vs visceral peritoneum

A

Pain in the parietal is sharp and well-localised, pain in the visceral is dull and diffuse

24
Q

D) Intraperitoneal

A

When abdominal viscera are almost completely covered by peritoneum

25
Q

D) Retroperitoneal

A

When abdominal organs are behind the peritoneum so only their anterior surface is covered

26
Q

D) Secondarily retroperitoneal

A

When abdominal organs were intraperitoneal in early development but then became retroperitoneal

27
Q

What are the 4 types of peritoneal folds

A

Mesenteries, omenta, ligaments, just peritoneal folds

28
Q

What do mesenteries attach to

A

Small intestine and large intestine

29
Q

What does the greater and lesser omenta attach to

A

Greater omentum = stomach to s intestine
Lesser omentum = stomach + duodenum to liver

30
Q

What is contained in the lesser omentum free edge

A

The portal triad - hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct

31
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

Fold of peritoneum that connects the liver to abdominal wall

32
Q

What is are the coronary and triangular ligaments

A

connect the liver to the diaphragm

33
Q

What are the medial umbilical folds a remnant of

A

The umbilical arteries

34
Q

What is peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

35
Q

What are the parts of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal

36
Q

What are the 3 main unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta (top to bottom)

A

coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

37
Q

What does the coeliac trunk supply

A

the embryological foregut

38
Q

What organs are in the embryological foregut

A

stomach, first half of duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

39
Q

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk

A

common hepatic artery, splenic artery, left gastric artery

40
Q

What does the common hepatic branch into

A

right gastric, gastro-duodenal, hepatic artery proper goes to l + r hepatic

41
Q

What forms the l + r gastromental

A

l gastro omental from splenic
r gastro omental from gastroduodenal

42
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the stomach

A

Greater splanchnic nerve

43
Q

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve originate

A

T5-T9

44
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the stomach

A

Vagus nerve

Medicine (15 decks)

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