Gastrointestinal

Question 1

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

Answer 1

5

Question 2

What are aponeuroses

Answer 2

Essentially flat tendons

Question 3

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen

Answer 3

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, right lower quadrant

Question 4

What are the 9 regions of the abdoment

Answer 4

• R hypochondriac, epigastric, l hypochondriac
• R lumbar, umbilical, l lumbar
• R iliac fossa, hypogastric, l iliac fossa

Question 5

What are the lines that divide the 9 regions

Answer 5

• Both midclavicular lines
• Subcostal line = goes just underneath 10th rib
• Intertubercular line = through the tubercules of r + l iliac crest

Question 6

What is the transpyloric plane

Answer 6

Horizontal line along the bottom of the 9th ribs

Question 7

What is the transumbilical plane

Answer 7

Horizontal line at the umbilicus. Varies depending on body fat. Around L3

Question 8

What is the intercristal plane

Answer 8

Horizontal line between the highest points of the right and left iliac crests (posterior)

Question 9

Where is McBurneys point

Answer 9

2/3rd of the way along line from umbilicus to right anterior superior iliac spine

Question 10

What are the muscles on the sides of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 10

External obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominus

Question 11

What muscles are found towards the middle of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 11

rectus abdominus

Question 12

What is the orientation of the transversus abdominis

Answer 12

horizontal

Question 13

What is the orientation of the rectus abdominis

Answer 13

Vertical

Question 14

What forms the rectus sheath

Answer 14

Anterior RS = EO + anterior IO aponeurosis
Posterior RS = posterior IO + TA

Question 15

What is the midline called where the rectus sheath fuses

Answer 15

linea alba

Question 16

What is the blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 16

Musculophrenic artery, superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery

Question 17

What is the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 17

• Thoraco-abdominal nerve
• Subcostal nerve
• Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve

Question 18

What is a hernia

Answer 18

An abnormal protrusion of tissues/organs from one region to another through an opening or defect

Question 19

What is a laparotomy

Answer 19

The surgical opening of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 20

What is the membrane that lines abdominal wall

Answer 20

Peritoneum

Question 21

What are the two layers of the peritoneum

Answer 21

Parietal and visceral

Question 22

What are the two layers innervated by

Answer 22

Parietal = somatic nerves
Visceral = visceral sensory nerves

Question 23

What is the difference in pain between the parietal vs visceral peritoneum

Answer 23

Pain in the parietal is sharp and well-localised, pain in the visceral is dull and diffuse

Question 24

D) Intraperitoneal

Answer 24

When abdominal viscera are almost completely covered by peritoneum

Question 25

D) Retroperitoneal

Answer 25

When abdominal organs are behind the peritoneum so only their anterior surface is covered

Question 26

D) Secondarily retroperitoneal

Answer 26

When abdominal organs were intraperitoneal in early development but then became retroperitoneal

Question 27

What are the 4 types of peritoneal folds

Answer 27

Mesenteries, omenta, ligaments, just peritoneal folds

Question 28

What do mesenteries attach to

Answer 28

Small intestine and large intestine

Question 29

What does the greater and lesser omenta attach to

Answer 29

Greater omentum = stomach to s intestine Lesser omentum = stomach + duodenum to liver

Question 30

What is contained in the lesser omentum free edge

Answer 30

The portal triad - hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct

Question 31

What is the falciform ligament

Answer 31

Fold of peritoneum that connects the liver to abdominal wall

Question 32

What is are the coronary and triangular ligaments

Answer 32

connect the liver to the diaphragm

Question 33

What are the medial umbilical folds a remnant of

Answer 33

The umbilical arteries

Question 34

What is peritonitis

Answer 34

inflammation of the peritoneum

Question 35

What are the parts of the stomach

Answer 35

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal

Question 36

What are the 3 main unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta (top to bottom)

Answer 36

coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

Question 37

What does the coeliac trunk supply

Answer 37

the embryological foregut

Question 38

What organs are in the embryological foregut

Answer 38

stomach, first half of duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Question 39

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk

Answer 39

common hepatic artery, splenic artery, left gastric artery

Question 40

What does the common hepatic branch into

Answer 40

right gastric, gastro-duodenal, hepatic artery proper goes to l + r hepatic

Question 41

What forms the l + r gastromental

Answer 41

l gastro omental from splenic r gastro omental from gastroduodenal

Question 42

What is the sympathetic innervation of the stomach

Answer 42

Greater splanchnic nerve

Question 43

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve originate

Answer 43

T5-T9

Question 44

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the stomach

Answer 44

Vagus nerve