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HUBS192 > The LRT > Flashcards

The LRT Flashcards

1
Q

Components of LRT

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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2
Q

Functions of LRT

A
  • Conducts air to/from the
    site of gas exchange
  • Completes cleaning,
    warming and humidifying
    of air
  • Provides a barrier between
    the air and blood, and a
    large surface area for gas
    exchange
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3
Q

Features of the larynx

A
  • Passage of air only
  • Anterior to esophagus
  • From the hyoid bone to the trachea.
  • Cartilages protect and maintain an open airway (patent)
  • Epiglottis closes over the airway when swallow
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4
Q

What is the largest cartilage around the larynx

A

The thyroid cartilage

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5
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage

A

A solid ring of cartilage that goes around the entire tube

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6
Q

How is the adams apple formed

A

In biological males, the cartilage grows thicker and becomes more prominent at the laryngeal prominence

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7
Q

How many folds

A

*Vestibular folds
*Vocal folds

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8
Q

What are the vocal folds?

A
  • ‘True’ vocal cords
  • Passing air causes vibrations =
    sound waves
  • Used for normal phonation
  • Testosterone affects cartilage
    and muscle, resulting in longer folds
    thicker cartilage = deeper voice
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9
Q

What is the Glottis

A

The voice box

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10
Q

Vestibular folds

A

’False’ vocal cords
* Superior to vocal folds
* Prevent foreign object entry to
glottis
* Can produce very deep sounds

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11
Q

Where is the trachaea

A
  • Anterior to esophagus
  • Between the larynx and primary
    bronchi
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12
Q

Features of the trachaea

A
  • Maintain patent airway
  • C-shaped cartilage rings
  • Ends connected by a band of
    smooth muscle: trachealis
  • Contracts for coughing
  • Many elastin fibres in lamina
    propria & submucosa
  • Clean, warm, humidify air
  • Respiratory epithelium
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13
Q

What forms the mucus glands

A

A bunch of goblet cells

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14
Q

What does coughing do?

A

Removes the debris from the trachaea and puts it in the esophagus

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15
Q

What does the mucociliary escalator do?

A

*removes
debris to the pharynx,
to be swallowed and
digested
* Mucus from goblet
cells and mucous
glands coat surface
of epithelium
* Debris becomes
trapped
* Cilia move mucus to
pharynx

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16
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Where the bronchi and blood vessels branch into

17
Q

Why is the base of the lungs curved?

A

Due to the diaphragm

18
Q

Why does the left lung have only two lobes?

A

Due to the heart taking up space

19
Q

What is the grooves in between where the heart sits in the left lung

A

Cardiac notch

20
Q

What is the curved shape of the base of the lungs aks

A

Dome shaped

21
Q

What is the costal surface?

A

The lateral surface of the lungs that comes into contact with the ribs

22
Q

What does the trachaea branch into?

A

The bronchiole tree

23
Q

Pathway of branching

A

Trachaea –> 1º bronchii –> 2º bronchii (lobar) –> 3º bronchii (segmental) –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles –> Alveoli

24
Q

Features of the trachaea

A
  • Trachea
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • C-shaped cartilage rings
  • Trachealis muscle at posterior
25
Q

Features of the 1º bronchii

A
  • 1o bronchi
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Cartilage and smooth muscle rings
    complete
26
Q

Features of the 2º and 3º bronchii

A
  • 2o & 3o bronchi
  • Respiratory epithelium starts to
    decrease in height, goblet cell
    numbers reduce
  • Cartilage plates
27
Q

bronchioles

A
  • Bronchioles <1mm
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  • No cartilage but thick smooth muscle
    for bronchoconstriction/dilation
28
Q

Terminal bronchioles <0.5mm

A
  • Each supplies a pulmonary lobule
29
Q

Features of the respiratory zone

A
  • Pulmonary lobules made of
    many alveoli (air sacs)
    arranged like bunches of
    grapes
  • ~150 million alveoli per lung
  • Most of lung volume
  • Enormous surface area
  • Alveolar walls very thin:
    simple squamous epithelium
    on a thin basement
    membrane
  • External surface of alveoli
    covered in fine network of
    pulmonary capillaries
30
Q

How is GE made possible

A

Thin wall of the endotheleum of the caps and the think walls of the epitheleum of the alveoli

31
Q

What are the cells of the alveoli

A

Pneumocytes (lung epithelial
cells)

32
Q

2 types of Pneumocytes

A
  • Type I squamous
  • Type II cuboidal
33
Q

Type 1 squamous

A
  • Forms the respiratory
    membrane/blood-air barrier
    with capillary wall and shared
    basement membrane
34
Q

Type II cuboidal

A
  • Scattered amongst Type I
  • Secrete surfactant, a complex
    lipoprotein (phospholipid) that
    reduces the surface tension of
    the alveolar fluid

HUBS192 (21 decks)

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