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HUBS192 > Overview of upper resp tract > Flashcards

Overview of upper resp tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

To provide conditions to breathe optimal quality air

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2
Q

What allows us to breathe in quality air?

A

Connected organs and
structures that function to
conduct clean, warm & moist air into close proximity with the
blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.

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3
Q

What does the resp system need to be effective?

A

A surface for gas
exchange
* Blood and air brought
close together but
separated through caps
* A path for air to flow to
reach the gas exchange
surface in optimal
condition
* Ability to draw breath in
and out

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4
Q

What else does the respiratory system do?

A

Provides sound production through talking and olfaction

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5
Q

How many compinents is the resp system divided into?

A

3:
URT
LRT
Gross anatomy structures

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6
Q

Parts of the URT

A

*Nose
*Nasal cavity
*Paranasal sinuses
*Pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx

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7
Q

LRT parts

A

*Larynx
*trachea
*Bronchioles
*Respiratory bronchioles
*Alveoli

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8
Q

Gross anatomy structures

A

*Thoracic cavity
*Joints
*Respiratory muscles

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9
Q

What does the conducting zone do?

A

*Just before GE
*Nose to bronchioles
*Ensure air is warm, clean and moist

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10
Q

What does the respiratory zone do?

A

*well inside the lungs
*bronchioles to alveoli
*true sites of GE

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11
Q

Oral cavity also aids in respiration because:

A

You can also breathe in through ur mouth

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12
Q

What is the epitheleum tract lined with?

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

What is the epitheleum tract composed of?

A

A sheet of epitheleum cells attatched via the basement membrane to connective tissue Lamina Propria

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14
Q

What is lamina propria

A

Proper layer

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15
Q

There are 4 types of Epitheleum that:

A

Change along the length of the tract to reflect function

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16
Q

Most of the conducting region contains

A

Respiratory epitheleum

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17
Q

Where food and air contains:

A

Stratified squamous epitheleum that provides protection

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18
Q

Site of Gas exchange contains

A

Simple squamous epitheleum for easy Gas exchange over short distances

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19
Q

Olfaction contains:

A

Olfactory Muscosa

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20
Q

What are most body organs lined with?

A

Mucosa

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21
Q

What cells make up the mucosa?

A

The epithelia, the basement membrane and the lamina propria

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22
Q

What does the connective tissue of the muscosa do?

A

Gives strength

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23
Q

What do the glands of the mucosa do?

A

Produce mucus

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24
Q

What is below the mucosa layer

A

Submucosal layer
-More connective tissue
- Depending on the region, may contain many glands

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25
Q

Real name of the respiratory epitheleum

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheleum with goblet cells

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26
Q

Where is respiratory epitheleum found?

A

Found in the nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, larynx, trachaea and bronchii

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27
Q

Why is the respiratory layer called pseudostratified?

A

All columnar cells are directly attatched to the basement layer but the cells appear stacked

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28
Q

What do Goblet cells do?

A

-Traps debris,
- moistens air

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29
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

A
  • Patterned movement
    pushes mucus
    towards pharynx
  • Swallowed and
    digested by stomach
    acid
30
Q

Why does your nose run on a cold day?

A

In cold temperatures, cilia will stop beating. With nothing to help move the mucus towards the pharynx, it can ‘dribble’ out of your nose.

31
Q

Why do we cough up mucus when we are unwell?

A

Normally produce 1-2L of mucus a day. When we’re sick, the body produces more, so we cough to help the cilia move the mucus

32
Q

Why do smokers cough?

A

Cigarette smoke paralyses and destroys cilia. This leads to mucus accumulation and coughing to try and dislodge it.

33
Q

Functions of the URT

A

Conducting passage (not only air) + food
*Prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange)
- Warm
- Clean
- Moist
* Paranasal sinuses- resonating chambers for speech
* Olfaction – sensory receptors

34
Q

What is the functions +parts of the nose?
(4 main pts + subpoints)

A

-Primary passageway for air
- Cartilages
* Soft, flexible
* Maintain patent
(unobstructed) airway
- Nostrils
*External nares
- Vestibule lined with skin
* has sebaceous and sweat
glands, hair follicles
- Vibrissae (hairs) filter inhaled air

35
Q

Why is the anterior of the nose wiggly and soft?

A

Due to the cartilage

36
Q

How many bones in the nasal bridge?

A

Two nasal bones

37
Q

Why is the cartilage to the posterior of the forehead hard?

A

To help keep the nasal passageways open

38
Q

What seperates the nostrils?

A

The nasal septum

39
Q

Another word for pathway

A

Vestibule

40
Q

How do vibrisiaee filter the air?

A

They trap dirt, debris and pathogens

41
Q

Type of tissue lining the nose

A

Strat squamous epitheleum

42
Q

Where is the nasal septum?

A

In the midline i.e coronal plane

43
Q

What is beside the nasal septum?

A

Two nasal cavities

44
Q

Anterior of the nasal septum is made of:

A

Cartilage

45
Q

The posterior of the nasal septum is made of

A

2 nasal bones

46
Q

What is the floor of the cavity made of?

A

Hard and soft palates

47
Q

Bones that make up the roof of the mouth

A

The ethmoid and sphenoid bones

48
Q

Where are the conchae found

A

The lateral walls

49
Q

How many projections of the URT?

A

3
* Superior
*Middle
*Inferior

50
Q

What are the conchae also called and why?

A

They are also called turbinates because they swirl the air inside

51
Q

How do the conchae help to make the air clean + warm + moist?

A

They are covered in respiratory epitheleum, to whicg particles stick to the mucosa –> traps due to more time in the nasal cavity

52
Q

Region that picks up smells

A

The nasal/ olfactory epitheleum, area on the roof of the nasal cavity (above the conchae) that contains olfactory receptors

53
Q

What does the epitheleum sit on?

A

The lamina propria

54
Q

What is the lamina propria filled with?

A

Thin walled vascular plexus which is capable of dilating

55
Q

How does the plexus warm air in cold temps

A

The plexus dilates in cold temps, allowing the incoming air to get warm with the help of the conchae

56
Q

How do nosebleeds occur?

A

Due to very cold temps –> more dilation

57
Q

Where does the clean warm air travel through?

A

The internal nares (nostrils)

58
Q

What is the paranasal sinus

A

Empty air filled spaces around the nose

59
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses

A

Above the eyebrows, just below the eyes and just above the lips

60
Q

Where do the sinuses drain into?

A

The pharynx

61
Q

Functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten skull
* Increased surface area to
clean, warm, moisten air
* Sound resonance
* Infected mucus can block
drainage = blocked sinuses

62
Q

Why does your head feel heavy when your ill

A

The sinuses fill up with mucus + we sound nasal

63
Q

What is your throat aka

A

Pharynx

64
Q

Structure of the Pharynx

A

Muscular funnel-shaped
tube shared by
respiratory and digestive
system

65
Q

The air only passageway of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx

66
Q

Features of the nasopharynx

A
  • Lined with the respiratory mucosa
  • Posterior to the nasal
    cavity
  • From internal nares to soft
    palate
  • Soft palate and uvula
    block the nasopharynx
    during swallowing to
    prevent food from entering
    the nasal cavity
  • Auditory tubes drain here
    from the middle ear
  • Pharyngeal tonsils
    (adenoids) on the
    posterior wall
67
Q

Why do the pharangeal tonsils swell up when sick

A

Contain lymphoid tissue that create immune components to fight off pathogens

68
Q

3 sets of tonsils found in the pharynx

A

*Lingual
*Palatine
*Adenoid

69
Q

Parts of the oropharynx

A
  • Air and food
  • Stratified squamous
    epithelium = protection
    against abrasion
  • Posterior to oral cavity
  • From soft palate to hyoid bone
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Lingual tonsils
70
Q

Why are the palatine tonsils the first tonsils removed during tonsilitis

A

They are the 1st to come into contact with pathogens when eating food yada yada

71
Q

Features of the laryngopharynx

A

Air and food
* Stratified squamous
epithelium
* From hyoid bone to opening of
larynx/beginning of esophagus
* Ends at level where respiratory
and digestive tracts diverge
* Food has ‘right of way’ during
swallowing

HUBS192 (21 decks)

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