Cardiovascular system and anatomy of the heart

Question 1

Components of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Organs
- Heart
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
- Lymphatic system

Question 2

What are organs made of

Answer 2

Vascular tissue i.e connective and cells
the Cells are made of epithelia and muscle

Question 3

Heart…

Answer 3

Is the the pump

Question 4

Arteries

Answer 4

Carry pressurized blood away from the heart

Question 5

Capillaries

Answer 5

Facilitate the exchange of nutrients between tissues and is the reason why the system exists

Question 6

Veins

Answer 6

Take deoxygenated and nutrient exhausted blood back to heart

Question 7

Lymphatic

Answer 7

Where the fluid from the blood is drained and then redrained (idk a word for this)

Question 8

Blood vascular system

Answer 8

A continuous system i.e a closed supply and drainage system

Question 9

Lymphatic system

Answer 9

A one way system i.e an open -entry drainage system
It drains the fluid that scapes the caps, joins larger vessels and reunites with the blood again in the heart

Question 10

Structure of the lymphatic system

Answer 10

Porous set of capillaries that surround the blood caps that drains fluid and redrains it to prevent the tissues from swelling up

Question 11

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 11

Deox blood from RHS –> lungs –> reox –> LHS

Lymphatic system also drains on RHS and rejoins with veins on RHS of heart

Question 12

Systemic circulation

Answer 12

LHS –> to the body tissues where Gas exchange occurs –> RHS

Question 13

What is the only supply path?

Answer 13

Arteries

Question 14

Why are major arteries situated deeply?

Answer 14

A is v pressurised so situated deep in the trunk, back of knee, flexor aspects of limbs, to protect them

Question 15

Why do major structures have more than one supply?

Answer 15

eg the head has 4 so that if one is compromised, the others will continue the supply

Question 16

What are the 3 degrees of the exchange network aka capillaries?

Answer 16

Capillaries of varying degrees of permeability
* Continuous (controlled ~ tight)
* Fenestrated (leaky)
* Sinusoidal (very leaky)

Question 17

Why are there diff degrees of leakyness

Answer 17

Depends on how the tissue wants to manage its supply by changing the lining of the epitheleum

Question 18

Where is the pressure the highest?

Answer 18

The supply path i.e the arteries

Question 19

Where does the pressure and velocity first drop for a good exchange?

Answer 19

The capillaries

Question 20

Where is the pressure the lowest and the CSA twice that of the arteries?

Answer 20

In the drainage system

Question 21

Drainage system

Answer 21

• Deep veins
• Superficial veins
• Lymphatic system

Question 22

Deep veins

Answer 22

Run alongside the supply arteries and is also deep, runs in the opp direction

Question 23

Superficial veins

Answer 23

Eg the hands, big veins with low pressure so no risk of bleeding out if cut
The hands have small arteries

Question 24

Lymphatic system

Answer 24

Captures any fluid that leaves the caps and redrains it

Question 25

Shape of the heart

Answer 25

A blunt cone

Question 26

What is the broad end of the heart called?

Answer 26

The base

Question 27

What is the pointed end of the heart called?

Answer 27

The Apex

Question 28

Where does the heart lie?

Answer 28

In the midiastinum (cavity between the two pleural cavities)

Question 29

Size of the heart

Answer 29

Loosely closed fist on the sternum

Question 30

Where is the base of the heart

Answer 30

At the 2nd/3rd rib

Question 31

Where is the Apex

Answer 31

In the intercostal space between the 5th and 6th rib after going to the midclavicular line

Question 32

Where is the heart the loudest?

Answer 32

At the Apex peak, can also see the heart moving and pushed fully against the chest wall in a lean individual

Question 33

Position of heart from a transverse slice

Answer 33

- 2/3 to the left from the midline - Pushed against the pleural cavity - Base is tilted posteriorly to the left - Apex points anteriorly

Question 34

Right pump

Answer 34

From systemic circuit --> right atrium (receiving space of deox blood) --> right ventricle --> pulm circuit

Question 35

Left pump

Answer 35

From pulm circuit --> left atrium (receiving space of ox blood) --> left ventricle --> systemic circuit

Question 36

How does deox blood travel?

Answer 36

- Superior vena cava - from head, upper limbs, chest, neck - Inferior vena cava - Below the diaphragm - Coronary sinus brings blood that supplies the heat itself - Right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery

Question 37

How does ox blood travel?

Answer 37

Left and right pulm veins + 2 more veins (4 pulm veins in total) --> valve --> left atrium --> bicuspid valve --> left ventricle --> Aorta

Question 38

The atria are...

Answer 38

Thin walled as they do not do a lot of work, just receive the blood

Question 39

3 layers of the heart

Answer 39

Endo Myo Epi cardium

Question 40

What is the pericardium

Answer 40

Around the heart, a bag of connective + epithelial tissue

Question 41

What is the function of the pericardium

Answer 41

- Provide an oily surface that the heart beats againts i.e lubricated to prevent abraision - Protects from external injury

Question 42

What does the endocardium consist of

Answer 42

* Squamous epithelium (endothelium) * Loose irregular fibrous connective tissue (FCT) * (small) Blood vessels * Purkinje fibres

Question 43

What does endothelium do?

Answer 43

-Lines all structures of the cadiovas system - Prevents the blood from hitting tissues and clotting i.e it provides a smooth surface

Question 44

What are Purkinje fibres

Answer 44

Electrical pathways of the heart (NOT nervous tissue)

Question 45

Diff in myocardial thickness

Answer 45

Left is 1.5cm - thicker to pump the blood around the body Right is 0.5cm - to pump blood to the lungs

Question 46

Parts of the epicardium

Answer 46

- Visceral serous pericardium i.e part of both epi + peri - Blood vessels - loose regular FCT, adipose tissue

Question 47

How does the percardium form

Answer 47

During embryo development, serous mem is formed around the heart - Like a balloon, the mem adhering to the heart is the visceral mem and to the cavity is the parietal mem, connected to fibrous pericardium like a tough leathery bag - the space in between is the pericardium cavity with pericardial fluid

Question 48

What does the loose Irregular FCT do

Answer 48

Scaffold for the blood vessels to run through in the epicardium

Question 49

What is the fibrous pericardium

Answer 49

A tough leathery bag that is thin but v strong and made of lots of collagen