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HUBS192 > Anatomy of the skin - Part 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the skin - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is hair found?

A

All over the body except the palms, soles and lips

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2
Q

What is a hair shaft?

A
  • Projects from a hair follicle
  • Made of keratinized cells and is dead
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3
Q

What does the erector pilli muscles do?

A

They pull on the hair shaft causing it to stand upright, trapping a pocket of hair that aids in insulation –> goosebumps

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4
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Collection of sensory nerves at the base of each follicle and heightens sensation

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5
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Epithelial tissue that secretes sebus

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6
Q

Sebum

A

An oily secretion that is H2O repellent, nourishes the hair shaft and mousturizes the skin

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7
Q

How is acne caused?

A

Too much sebum, blocks the shaft and if is infected with bacteria, leads to acne

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8
Q

Sheep sebum

A

Lanolin

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9
Q

Eccrine functions

A
  • Found in most areas of the skin
  • Pour watery secretions directly
    onto the skin surface aka sweat
  • Important in thermoregulation
    and excretion
  • Some antibacterial action
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10
Q

Apocrine function

A
  • Found in specific areas eg: armpit,
    groin and around the nipples
  • Secrete sticky/oily and at times,
    potentially odorous secretions
    into the base of the hair follicle i.e not directly at the skin surface
  • Influenced by hormones, eg.
    lactation
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11
Q

3 Types of receptors

A
  • Tactile (close to surface)
  • Lamellar
  • Bulbous
    all are also called corpuscles
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12
Q

Nails functions

A
  • Protect fingertips / toes
  • Enhance sensation
  • Sensory receptors require deformation due to pressure to activate it and nails protect from too much deformation
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13
Q

When do we see visible changes in the skin?

A

Around the 45 year mark

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14
Q

What does reduced blood flow from the subpap layer cause to the epi + dermis

A
  • Affects cells in the stratum basale –> they divide less
  • Affects sweat glands –> less cooling
  • Affects the melanocytes so less melaning production –> paler
  • Affects the sebaceous glands so drier skin
  • Slower skin repair as less nutrients are transported to the skin
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15
Q

What causes saggy skin?

A

The collagen in the reticular layer is less produced

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16
Q

What does smoking do to skin?

A

-Contains agents that thins out epi + dermis and hence accelerates aging
- Affects blood flow and hence affects the collagen and elastin production in the dermis
- also leads to poor wound healing, acne, skin and oral cancers

17
Q

What causes premature aging?

A

Tobacco

18
Q

What does vaping do to skin?

A
  • Nicotine reduces blood circulation
    in the dermis
  • Contact dermatitis (skin
    inflammation) due to metal coating
    on e-cigarettes that flakes off, can cause other type of cancers if ingested
19
Q

What is melanin?

A

A yellowish brown pigment

20
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale and are not shed

21
Q

What do melanosomes do?

A

They are vesicles that transport melanin to any layer of the epidermis and can be shed with keratinocytes

22
Q

What is a mole?

A

A lot of melanocytes in the stratum basale clusters, overproliferation can be caused by sun exposure

23
Q

Freckles

A

Melanocytes produce too many melanosomes due to sun exposure, can be shed

24
Q

What does vit D deficiency cause?

A

No active form of vit D i.e calcitriol and hence this causes rickets

25
Q

How is vit D synthesised?

A

Through UV exposure of the skin

26
Q

Who is susceptible to vit D deficiency?

A

Highly pigmented people at higher latitudes especially during winter

27
Q

Who is susceptible to vit D deficiency?

A

Highly pigmented people at higher latitudes

28
Q

Why does NZ have one of the highest skin cancer rates?

A

Air is thinner, ozone hole so lightly pigemented ppl are more suscepible

29
Q

Two types of cancers

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

30
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A
  • common but Usually benign
  • Originates in stratum basale
  • metastasis is rare as the cells of the stratum basale move up from the blood circulation
31
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A
  • common but Usually benign
  • Originates in stratum basale
  • metastasis is rare as the cells of the stratum basale move up from the blood circulation
32
Q

Malignant melanoma

A
  • Rare but deadly if not treated
  • Originates in the melanocytes
  • Highly metastatic, gets thicker and spreads into the dermis
  • Mortality rate depends on tumor
33
Q

Where is the tattoo ink deposited?

A

Artificial pigmentation (usually ink) deposited deep within the skin
– Dermal layer, ie. Not shed
– captured (but not broken down) inside immune cells/scar tissue
* ‘Lena” tattoo, pigmentation of lymph node

34
Q

Why is there pain during a tattoo?

A

There is a lot of pain receptors and free nerve endings in the dermis layer

HUBS192 (21 decks)

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